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***** THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE
of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION)
Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV
STYLES OF THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE the Series of thematic brochures
Almaty, 2016
***
UDC 72.03 (574/575) THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) / Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV. – The Thematic brochures series: STYLES OF THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE. – Almaty, 2016. – 23 p.
It is the first of eleven brochures of the Thematic series "Styles of the Kazakhstan’s Architecture" – on based the Author’s monograph “ARCHITECTURE OF THE KAZAKHSTAN OF THE 20-CENTURY (Development of architectural-artistic forms)”, 2004. The Brochure includes 102 images of 86 buildings, constructed in Ancient and Medieval times. The set of objects is structured as an aspect of forms style classification.
For architects, art-critics and historians. Keywords: History of the Architecture, Architecture of the Ancientry, Architecture of the Middle Ages, Architectural styles, Kazakhstan The front cover: The Karakhan mausoleum (Satuq-Bugra Khan), Taraz (X c.)
C Samoilov K.I., 2016
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
3
CONTENT INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………
4
ARCHITECTURAL FORMS OF THE ANCIENTRY AND THE MIDDLE AGES ………………………..
6
Set of objects on figures .....…………………………………………………………………………………..
18
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
21
Briefly about the Author ……………………………………………………………………………………….
22
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
4
INTRODUCTION
Architecture of Kazakhstan is represented by specific phenomenon. The republic is situated in the
center of Euro-Asian continent and its territory and poli-ethnic population was multiply involved in major political and economic cataclysms within centuries-old history, alternating by periods of relatively even development. It was naturally reflected on the environment formation. Moreover, every time this process was corrected considering different levels stability of natural-climate and engineering-geological conditions of different areas, availability of local and delivered construction materials, production resources development levels, economics specifics, morals and manner of people, period of residence in the present area and administrative-territorial divisions formed and dissolved public authorities.
Large territory of Kazakhstan comprises parts of number of natural-climate regions with multi-national population living in different level of compactness, including local people and migrants issues who were resettled different period on these lands. Since antiquity and in Middle Ages poli-atnic culture assimilation was developed due to natural and climate factors, controlled corresponding types of management, morals and manners and architectural forms.
Architectural-cultural forms depending on factors are used in different compositions with each others. Their variety considering not only peculiarity of separate components but also new inter-forming deference, comprises collection, which can be structured by any way with definite level of conditional character. Grouping of architectural-artistic forms, which existed different periods of architecture development in Kazakhstan are dominated in plastic construction of theme forms deferential variety, which allows to review evolution of its continents.
This Brochure is part of the Thematic brochures series "Styles of the Kazakhstan’s Architecture" – on based the Author’s monograph “ARCHITECTURE OF THE KAZAKHSTAN OF THE 20-CENTURY (Development of architectural-artistic forms)” [7]:
- THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION);
- THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Nineteenth century (THE FORMS SUMMATION); - THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Beginning of the Twentieth century (THE FORMS
SUMMATION); - THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of 1920’s – the First half of 1930’s (THE FORMS
SUMMATION); - THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Second half of 1930’s – the Beginning of 1940’s
(THE FORMS SUMMATION); - THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Mid-1940's – the Mid-1950's (THE FORMS
SUMMATION); - THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ending of 1950's – 1960's (THE FORMS
SUMMATION); - THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of 1970's – 1980's (THE FORMS SUMMATION); - THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of 1990's (THE FORMS SUMMATION); - THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Early of the Twenty First century (THE FORMS
SUMMATION); - THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE from the Ancientry to the Twenty First century Early (THE
FORMS EVOLUTION). The Brochure includes 102 images of 86 buildings, constructed in Ancient and Medieval times (12
figures: 1 map, 87 photos, 15 drawings, 1 table of the Forms Summation with 35 images). The set of objects is structured as an aspect of forms style classification.
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
5
Figure 1. THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE KAZAKHSTAN
1. Asia (the Physical map)
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
6
ARCHITECTURAL FORMS OF THE ANCIENTRY AND THE MIDDLE AGES
The basic architectural forms reached our eyes more or less safe from ancient and Middle Ages
are chronologically fixed from the time of architecture origin to the end of XVIII century which form the following ensemble.
Ancient period is indicative by architectural forms designed by natural forms and structures made from crude or particular treated different sized stones. Large stones are basically located vertically single situated or by groups. Their forms and location is defined by different associative rows. Square, accurate and round laying are made from fine and middle size stones singly and in combination with timbered – pole structures, ramble, turf and skinning layers. Land and clay embankment created solid and coreless, covered, semi-covered and open structures. Semi-processed and unprocessed surfaces are particularly covered by colored, low-relief and color-relief. An accent of architectural decision with basically lack of significant plastic details is evident in volumetric – planning decisions.
VI-X centuries period is characterized by architectural forms connected with development of different types bricklaying. The walls of the structures have different forms and have tired articulation, embrasures are crowned by arks, semi-spherical and spherical-conical domes have small raise. There are truncated coned and hip crowns, thus, basically in tower. There is combination of plastered and unplastered surfaces and separate details used. By the end of the present period there are structures, in which different figured brickwork is accompanied by mountings from glassing and terracotta tiles. Undeveloped ports are crowned by small turrets with close lamps.
XI century architecture is characterized by use of multi-absorbed bays, round rosettes, frames, notched sashes, half and three-quartered columns with cubic – spherical caps in building elevation, which are used in combination with simple terracotta fancy and shaped tiles in form of fragment and complete lining. There are ribbed coned domes on simple and multi-angled bowls. Facades are flanked by three-quartered towers with tiered detailing. Portal-domical structures are formed by the end of XII – XIII centuries. The walls are divided by scoops and settings, free or filled by glazing tiles. The plane of work is carried out particular or complete by different manner of figured works and by multicolored bricks. There is domes lining over the main structure by glazing tiles. Arched cover of bays and embrasures have lancet and rear semi-circular form. Three-quartered columns are constructed by figured bases. There are structures from large processed stones with simple plastics of facades. By the end of XIV century there are single large structures with fine-detailed plastics accompanied by complete poli-chromic lining with subject to epigraphy reflection. Domes lined by glazing tiles or bricks with enamel have smooth and sometimes crimped surface. Combination of glazing bricks and multi-colored mosaic in lining is evident in XV century. In combination with portal decisions cone formed domes start being used. By beginning of XVIII there are structures with high elliptic and spherical – coned domes appeared on four – eight angled and round basis of different height. Domes lining by ceramic tiles includes medallions and plastered drawings. For XVIII century structures from processed (sometimes bright) and rear unprocessed are indicative. Different sized bays, pylons, scoops, ledges and different forms of figured works are used. Sharing and figured works from ordinary and shaped brick with application of archivolts, stages, settings, pylons and scoops.
After number of evolution stages among various types of mobile houses the dominating place was occupied by yurta, which architectural decision was made by XIX and was developed from monochromic basic bearing walls roofs structure, relief – painted door, mono – poli-chromic banded or patterned fixing elements and wall barriers as well as monochromic external cover with patterned applicative settings and poli-chromic fancy floor.
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
7
Figure 2. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE ANCIENTRY
1. A
tasu
ysko
e se
ttlem
ent,
Kost
anay
regi
on (X
II-XI
c. B
C.);
2. C
ave
Tesi
k-Ta
s, K
arag
anda
regi
on; 3
. Cys
titis
, Kar
agan
da re
gion
; 4. T
omb
Bugu
ly, K
arag
anda
regi
on (X
-VIII
c. B
C.);
5.
Dol
men
, Syn
guyr
1, K
osta
nay
regi
on (X
-VIII
c. B
C.);
6. W
alkw
ay o
f men
hirs
(kan
at-ta
s), K
osta
nay
regi
on; 7
. Tum
ulus
sub
stru
ctio
ns, A
tyra
u re
gion
; 8. W
alkw
ay o
f men
hirs
(kan
at-ta
s),
Kara
gand
a re
gion
; 9. S
tone
con
stru
ctio
n –
Dyn
g; 1
0. M
enhi
r (Sy
m-ta
s), K
osta
nay
regi
on; 1
1. M
enhi
r (Sy
m-ta
s) –
sta
tue
of th
e Be
ar, K
osta
nay
regi
on.
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
8
Figure 3. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE ANCIENTRY
1. T
umul
us-fe
nce
#1, B
uria
l Tek
e-Bu
lak,
Sem
ipal
atin
sk re
gion
(XII-
VIII
c. B
C.);
2. B
abis
h-M
ulla
h-2
mau
sole
um, K
yzyl
orda
regi
on (m
id-I
mille
nniu
m B
C);
3. K
arau
ltobe
tum
ulus
, s.K
aras
pan,
So
uth
Kaza
khst
an re
gion
(V c
. BC
-. I
c. A
D.);
4. F
uner
al C
ompl
ex N
orth
Tag
iske
n, K
yzyl
orda
regi
on (I
X- V
III c
. BC
); 5.
Tum
ulus
18
(afte
r exc
avat
ion)
, s.B
erel
, Eas
t-Kaz
akhs
tan
regi
on (I
m
illenn
ium
BC
); 6.
5a
Mau
sole
um, F
uner
ary
com
plex
Nor
th T
agis
ken,
Kyz
ylor
da re
gion
(IX-
VIII
c. B
C.);
7. M
enhi
rs, c
ompl
ex B
essh
atyr
(VI -
III c
. BC
.); 8
. Ord
abas
y tu
mul
us, s
.Bad
am,
Sout
h Ka
zakh
stan
regi
on (V
cen
tury
BC
-. I
cent
ury
AD.);
9. S
ettlm
ent A
ltyn-
Asar
, Kyz
ylor
da re
gion
(IV
c. B
C -.
VI c
. AD
.); 1
0. T
umul
us, s
.Mih
aylo
vka,
Sou
th K
azak
hsta
n re
gion
(V c
. BC
-.
I c. A
D.);
11.
Bal
andy
-2 m
auso
leum
, Kyz
ylor
da re
gion
(IV-
II c
. BC
); 12
. Shi
rik-ra
bad
mau
sole
um, K
yzyl
orda
regi
on (I
V - I
I c. B
C.)
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
9
Figure 4. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES
1. S
ardo
ba Y
ucca
, Gol
odna
ia S
tepp
e (V
I-IX
c.);
2, 6
. Tow
er B
egim
Ana
, Kyz
ylor
da re
gion
(IX-
XI c
.); 3
. Sar
doba
Mur
za-R
abad
, Gol
odna
ia S
tepp
e (V
I-IX
c.);
4. T
empl
e of
the
Fire
, s.
Kost
obe,
Sou
th K
azak
hsta
n re
gion
(VII
- IX
c.);
5. A
kyr-t
ash
Com
plex
(wal
l uni
t), Z
ham
byl r
egio
n (V
III -
IX c
.); 7
. Tow
er S
arah
Am
and-
Xhos
a, K
yzyl
orda
regi
on (I
X-XI
c.,
build
. Jab
a an
d Ai
dos)
; 8, 9
. Kar
akha
n m
auso
leum
(Sat
uq-B
ugra
Kha
n), T
araz
(X c
.); 1
0, 1
1. B
abaj
i Kha
tun
Mau
sole
um, p
. Ais
ha-B
ibi,
Zham
byl r
egio
n (X
I c.).
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
10
Figure 5. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES
1, 2
, 3, 4
, 5 ,
6, 7
. Ais
ha-B
ibi m
auso
leum
, s. A
isha
-Bib
i, Zh
amby
l reg
ion
(XI c
.).
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
11
Figure 6. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES
1, 3
. Ala
sha
Khan
Mau
sole
um, K
arag
anda
regi
on (X
III c
.); 2
. Aya
kham
yr M
auso
leum
, Zhe
zkaz
gan
regi
on (X
II c.
); 4.
Sar
ly-T
am "I
nkar
Dar
ya" M
auso
leum
, Kyz
ylor
da re
gion
(bui
ld. J
amal
H
ayat
, 127
9); 5
, 6. K
erde
ry M
auso
leum
, Kyz
ylor
da re
gion
(end
of t
he X
III- X
IV c
.); 7
. Joc
hi K
han
Mau
sole
um, Z
hezk
azga
n re
gion
(122
8-12
30);
8. S
arly
-Tam
"Jea
na-D
arya
" Mau
sole
um -
rest
orat
ion,
Kyz
ylor
da re
gion
(XIV
c.);
9, 1
2, 1
3. S
ham
ansu
r (D
avud
bek)
Mau
sole
um -
reco
nstru
ctio
n, T
araz
(XIII
c.);
10.
Bel
euli
Car
avan
-sar
ai, A
tyra
u (X
IV c
.); 1
1. A
ksum
be W
atch
Tow
er,
s. A
ksum
be, S
outh
Kaz
akhs
tan
regi
on (X
II-XI
V ce
ntur
ies.
).
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
12
Figure 7. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES
1, 2
, 3, 4
, 5. K
hoja
Ahm
ed Y
asaw
i Mau
sole
um-k
hana
ka Y
asaw
i, Tu
rkes
tan
(138
9-13
99).
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
13
Figure 8. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES
1. N
orth
ern
wal
l, s.
Sau
ran,
Sou
th K
azak
hsta
n re
gion
(XIII
-XVI
II c.
); 2.
The
Tow
er o
f the
Eas
tern
wal
l, s.
Sau
ran,
Sou
th K
azak
hsta
n re
gion
(XIII
-XVI
II c.
); 3.
Ism
ail-a
ta C
ompl
ex, s
. Tur
bat,
Sout
h Ka
zakh
stan
regi
on (X
I-XIX
c.);
4. W
all,
s. S
aura
n, S
outh
Kaz
akhs
tan
regi
on (X
III-X
VIII
c.);
5. B
uddh
ist s
anct
uary
, Alm
aty
regi
on (L
ate
Mid
dle
Ages
); 6.
Isha
k-at
a C
ompl
ex, s
. Tur
bat,
Sout
h Ka
zakh
stan
regi
on (t
he M
iddl
e Ag
es);
7. K
oshk
ar-a
ta M
auso
leum
, s. T
urba
t, So
uth
Kaza
khst
an re
gion
(the
Mid
dle
Ages
); 8.
Mos
que,
s. T
urba
t, So
uth
Kaza
khst
an re
gion
(lat
e M
iddl
e Ag
es);
9. C
hilly
ahan
a, s
. Tur
bat,
Sout
h Ka
zakh
stan
regi
on (t
he M
iddl
e Ag
es);
10. I
smai
l-ata
Mau
sole
um, s
. Tur
bat,
Sout
h Ka
zakh
stan
regi
on (X
I-XIX
c.).
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
14
Figure 9. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES
1. K
ulak
-ata
Mau
sole
um, s
. Suz
ak, S
outh
Kaz
akhs
tan
regi
on (X
IV c
.); 2
. Aba
t-Bay
tak
Mau
sole
um, A
ktob
e re
gion
(XV
c.);
3. K
ok K
esen
e M
auso
leum
, Kyz
ylor
da re
gion
(XV
c.);
4. A
san-
ata
Mau
sole
um, K
yzyl
orda
regi
on (X
VI c
.); 5
. Kos
mol
a M
auso
leum
, Wes
t Kaz
akhs
tan
(XVI
c.);
6. K
osm
ola
#1 M
auso
leum
, Sem
ipal
atin
sk re
gion
(XVI
I c.);
7. S
hic-
Niy
az M
auso
leum
, Kyz
ylor
da
regi
on (X
VII c
.); 8
. Kos
mol
a #2
Mau
sole
um, S
emip
alat
insk
regi
on (X
VII c
.); 9
. Kar
mak
chi-a
ta M
auso
leum
(XVI
I c.);
10.
Bat
h, T
urke
stan
(XVI
-XVI
II c.
); 11
. Yes
im K
han
Mau
sole
um,
Turk
esta
n (X
VII c
.).
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
15
Figure 10. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES
1. K
aras
hash
-ana
Mau
sole
um, s
. Sai
ram
, Sou
th K
azak
hsta
n re
gion
(XVI
II c.
); 2.
Zhu
nus-
ata
Mau
sole
um, s
. Ica
hn, S
outh
Kaz
akhs
tan
regi
on (X
VIII
c.);
3. T
he M
auso
leum
, a n
ecro
polis
Ka
mys
pay
(XVI
II c.
); 4.
Ak-
Shur
a M
auso
leum
(XVI
II c.
); 5.
Tor
tkul
ak B
aysu
ltan,
Sem
ipal
atin
sk re
gion
(XVI
II c.
); 6.
Tor
tkul
ak T
ogul
-byt
yr, S
emip
alat
insk
regi
on (X
VIII
c.);
7. T
he G
ate
of th
e C
itade
l, Tu
rkes
tan
(XVI
II-XI
X c.
); 8.
Dol
y-ap
a M
auso
leum
(XVI
II c.
).
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
16
Figure 11. NOMAD MOBILE BUILDINGS AND COLLAPSIBLE BUILDINGS
1. M
obile
and
col
laps
ible
tent
(the
Fig
ure
by R
ubru
k), 2
. Mob
ile a
nd c
olla
psib
le te
nt (t
he F
igur
e by
Mar
co P
olo
– XI
II c.
), 3.
Yur
t (th
e Ira
nian
min
iatu
re) –
from
figu
res
by K
.Ibra
eva;
4.
Anci
ent T
urki
c yu
rt (th
e be
ginn
ing
XIII
– th
e XI
V c.
), 5.
Edz
henh
orey
yur
t and
Haz
arey
yur
ty, 6
. Yur
t of M
ongo
lian
nobi
lity
(the
mid
dle
of th
e XV
c. )
, 7. Y
urt o
f Mon
golia
n no
bilit
y (th
e en
d of
th
e XV
of t
he fi
rst h
alf o
f the
XVI
c.),
8. M
ongo
lian
yurt
(XV
– th
e se
cond
hal
f of t
he X
VI c
.), 9
. Kaz
akh
yurt
(XIX
– b
egin
ning
of t
he X
X c.
) – fr
om f
igur
es b
y B.
Gla
udin
ov; 1
0. T
he M
ongo
lian
yurt,
11.
Kal
myk
yur
t (To
rgou
t yur
t) –
from
figu
res
by D
.Pyu
rvee
v; 1
2. T
urki
c ca
mpi
ng te
nts
(med
ieva
l min
iatu
re),
13. T
he n
omad
ic a
ul (X
IX –
beg
inni
ng o
f the
XX
c.),
14. K
azak
h yu
rt (X
IX
– be
ginn
ing
of th
e XX
c.)
– fro
m fi
gure
s by
K.Ib
raev
a;
Kaza
kh y
urt –
from
the
figur
e by
A.N
urdu
baev
a
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
17
Figure 12. ARCHITECTURAL FORMS OF THE ANCIENTRY AND THE MIDDLE AGES
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THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV, 2016
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Set of objects on figures
Figure 1. THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE KAZAKHSTAN 1.Asia (the Physical map) Figure 2. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE ANCIENTRY 1. Atasuyskoe settlement, Kostanay region (XII-XI centuries BC.); 2. Cave Tesik-Tas, Karaganda region; 3. Cystitis, Karaganda region; 4. Tomb Buguly, Karaganda region (X-VIII centuries BC.); 5. Dolmen, Synguyr 1, Kostanay region (X-VIII centuries BC.); 6. Walkway of menhirs (kanat-tas), Kostanay region; 7. Tumulus substructions, Atyrau region; 8. Walkway of menhirs (kanat-tas), Karaganda region; 9. Stone construction – Dyng; 10. Menhir (Sym-tas), Kostanay region; 11. Menhir (Sym-tas) – statue of the Bear, Kostanay region. Figure 3. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE ANCIENTRY 1. Tumulus-fence #1, Burial Teke-Bulak, Semipalatinsk region (XII-VIII c. BC.); 2. Babish-Mullah-2 mausoleum, Kyzylorda region (mid-I millennium BC); 3. Karaultobe tumulus, s.Karaspan, South Kazakhstan region (V c. BC -. I c. AD.); 4. Funeral Complex North Tagisken, Kyzylorda region (IX- VIII c. BC); 5. Tumulus 18 (after excavation), s.Berel, East-Kazakhstan region (I millennium BC); 6. V-a Mausoleum, Funerary complex North Tagisken, Kyzylorda region (IX-VIII c. BC.); 7. Menhirs, complex Besshatyr (VI - III c. BC.); 8. Ordabasy tumulus, s.Badam, South Kazakhstan region (V century BC -. I century AD.); 9. Settlment Altyn-Asar, Kyzylorda region (IV c. BC -. VI c. AD.); 10. Tumulus, s.Mihaylovka, South Kazakhstan region (V c. BC -. I c. AD.); 11. Balandy-2 mausoleum, Kyzylorda region (IV- II c. BC); 12. Shirik-rabad mausoleum, Kyzylorda region (IV - II c. BC.) Figure 4. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES 1. Sardoba Yucca, Golodnaia Steppe (VI-IX c.); 2, 6. Tower Begim Ana, Kyzylorda region (IX-XI c.); 3. Sardoba Murza-Rabad, Golodnaia Steppe (VI-IX c.); 4. Temple of the Fire, s. Kostobe, South Kazakhstan region (VII - IX c.); 5. Akyr-tash Complex (wall unit), Zhambyl region (VIII - IX c.); 7. Tower Sarah Amand-Xhosa, Kyzylorda region (IX-XI c., build. Jaba and Aidos); 8, 9. Karakhan mausoleum (Satuq-Bugra Khan), Taraz (X c.); 10, 11. Babaji Khatun Mausoleum, s. Aisha-Bibi, Zhambyl region (XI c.). Figure 5. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 6, 7. Aisha-Bibi mausoleum, s. Aisha-Bibi, Zhambyl region (XI c.). Figure 6. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES 1, 3. Alasha Khan Mausoleum, Karaganda region (XIII c.); 2. Ayakhamyr Mausoleum, Zhezkazgan region (XII c.); 4. Sarly-Tam "Inkar Darya" Mausoleum, Kyzylorda region (build. Jamal Hayat, 1279); 5, 6. Kerdery Mausoleum, Kyzylorda region (end of the XIII- XIV c.); 7. Jochi Khan Mausoleum, Zhezkazgan region (1228-1230);
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8. Sarly-Tam "Jeana-Darya" Mausoleum - restoration, Kyzylorda region (XIV c.); 9, 12, 13. Shamansur (Davudbek) Mausoleum - reconstruction, Taraz (XIII c.); 10. Beleuli Caravan-sarai, Atyrau (XIV c.); 11. Aksumbe Watch Tower, s. Aksumbe, South Kazakhstan region (XII-XIV centuries.). Figure 7. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Khoja Ahmed Yasawi Mausoleum-khanaka Yasawi, Turkestan (1389-1399). Figure 8. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES 1. Northern wall, s. Sauran, South Kazakhstan region (XIII-XVIII c.); 2. The Tower of the Eastern wall, s. Sauran, South Kazakhstan region (XIII-XVIII c.); 3. Ismail-ata Complex, s. Turbat, South Kazakhstan region (XI-XIX c.); 4. Wall, s. Sauran, South Kazakhstan region (XIII-XVIII c.); 5. Buddhist sanctuary, Almaty region (Late Middle Ages); 6. Ishak-ata Complex, s. Turbat, South Kazakhstan region (the Middle Ages); 7. Koshkar-ata Mausoleum, s. Turbat, South Kazakhstan region (the Middle Ages); 8. Mosque, s. Turbat, South Kazakhstan region (late Middle Ages); 9. Chillyahana, s. Turbat, South Kazakhstan region (the Middle Ages); 10. Ismail-ata Mausoleum, s. Turbat, South Kazakhstan region (XI-XIX c.). Figure 9. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES 1. Kulak-ata Mausoleum, s. Suzak, South Kazakhstan region (XIV c.); 2. Abat-Baytak Mausoleum, Aktobe region (XV c.); 3. Kok Kesene Mausoleum, Kyzylorda region (XV c.); 4. Asan-ata Mausoleum, Kyzylorda region (XVI c.); 5. Kosmola Mausoleum, West Kazakhstan (XVI c.); 6. Kosmola #1 Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (XVII c.); 7. Shic-Niyaz Mausoleum, Kyzylorda region (XVII c.); 8. Kosmola #2 Mausoleum, Semipalatinsk region (XVII c.); 9. Karmakchi-ata Mausoleum (XVII c.); 10. Bath, Turkestan (XVI-XVIII c.); 11. Yesim Khan Mausoleum, Turkestan (XVII c.). Figure 10. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES 1. Karashash-ana Mausoleum, s. Sairam, South Kazakhstan region (XVIII c.); 2. Zhunus-ata Mausoleum, s. Icahn, South Kazakhstan region (XVIII c.); 3. The Mausoleum, a necropolis Kamyspay (XVIII c.); 4. Ak-Shura Mausoleum (XVIII c.); 5. Tortkulak Baysultan, Semipalatinsk region (XVIII c.); 6. Tortkulak Togul-bytyr, Semipalatinsk region (XVIII c.); 7. The Gate of the Citadel, Turkestan (XVIII-XIX c.); 8. Doly-apa Mausoleum (XVIII c.). Figure 11. NOMAD MOBILE AND COLLAPSIBLE BUILDING 1. Mobile and collapsible tent (the Drawing by Rubruk) – from the drawing by K.Ibraeva, 2. Mobile and collapsible tent (the Drawing by Marco Polo – XIII c.) – from the drawing by K.Ibraeva, 3. Yurt (the Iranian miniature) – from the drawing by K.Ibraeva; 4. Ancient Turkic yurt (the beginning XIII – the XIV c.) – from the drawing by B.Glaudinov, 5. Edzhenhorey yurt and Hazarey yurty– from the drawing by B.Glaudinov, 6. Yurt of Mongolian nobility (the middle of the XV c.) – from the drawing by B.Glaudinov, 7. Yurt of Mongolian nobility (the end of the XV of the first half of the XVI c.) – from the drawing by B.Glaudinov,
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8. Mongolian yurt (XV – the second half of the XVI c.) – from the drawing by B.Glaudinov, 9. Kazakh yurt (XIX – beginning of the XX c.) – from the drawing by B.Glaudinov; 10. The Mongolian yurt– from the drawing by D.Pyurveev, 11. Kalmyk yurt (Torgout yurt) – from the drawing by D.Pyurveev; 12. Turkic camping tents (medieval miniature) – from the drawing by K.Ibraeva, 13. The nomadic aul (XIX – beginning of the XX c.) – from the drawing by K.Ibraeva, 14. Kazakh yurt (XIX – beginning of the XX c.) – from the drawing by K.Ibraeva; 15. Kazakh yurt – from the drawing by A.Nurdubaeva. Figure 12. ARCHITECTURAL FORMS OF THE ANCIENTRY AND THE MIDDLE AGES (Image combinations with figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11) The Ancient period; VI-X c. period; XI c. period; XIII-XIV c. period ~ XV-XVII c. period; XVIII c. period; Mobile buildings; Collapsable buildings.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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The Scientific-methodological Edition
THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE of the Ancientry and the Middle Ages (THE FORMS SUMMATION) / Research paper by Konstantin I.SAMOILOV. – the Thematic brochures series: STYLES OF THE KAZAKHSTAN’S ARCHITECTURE. – Almaty, 2016. – 23 p.
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