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THE JOURNAL OF THE

AUSTRALIAN

CENTRE FOR UFO STUDIES

Pub I i shed by:

The Australian Centre for UFO Studies

P.O. Box 546 Gosford, NSW 2250 Australia

Registered for posting as a Publication - Category B

THE JOUfi\JAL Of THE AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR UFO STUDIES - Volume 1. Number 6.

December 1980.

(C) No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written consent of ACUFOS, except for UFO organisations. Credit must be given.

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Editorial

UFOCON 5 - 1980

Tho 1978 Missing Cessna A R8V iew Report

Event ...

Opinion Polls & Uf0s(l947-1977)

Some Biological Explanations for UFO Trace Cases and Related Phenomena (Part I)

PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FROM ACUFOS

ACUFOS Bibliography Service

Editorial

Author Pages.

H. Griesberg & K. Basterfield 1-2

H. Griesberg 2

K. Basterfield 3-4

J. Prytz 5- 9

Matthew c. Dick , 10-13

13.

J. Prytz 14-16

·by H. Griesberg & K. Basterfield.

Ted Phillips of the USA has collected at least 1477 physical trace events which appear at first glance to relate to the UFO phenomena. Dave Webb and Ted Bloecher also of the USA have collected around about 1500. (plus) global entity reports. Richard Haines again of the USA has reportedly amassed something like 3,000 cases involving observations by aircraft crew.

On a more modest level, Bill Chalker of Sydney has compiled a listing of 227 Australian physical trace events, whilst Keith Basterfield and others have gathered 105 Australian and New Zealand entity reports. One might be overjoyed at the sheer numerical volume of these UFO observations. Alas! It is not quite so s�mple. Ted Phillips himself has said: "After a long and critical look at the 1447 ground trace-reports on file, I have.found that the vast majority lack information to such an extent as to preclude rating the case objectively. Of the total cases, 68 appear to offer a high level of strangeness."

Bill Chalker in talking at UFOCON 4 of physical trace cases in Australia wrote: "One would expect to be able to take the exant evidence and give a clear unambiguous picture of the nature of the phenomenon. Unfortunately this has not been the case."

The overall physical trace collections include many caused by fungi, slime mould, leaf smut, lightning, vehicles, and hoaxes. Perhaps as little as 5-10% remain of real mystery. Keith Basterfield in examining the 105 entity events reduced to 21 the number which appeared to be worthy of further study based on the available evidence. The purpose of drawing your attention to this matter is that if we wish to provide "watertight" cases for scientific study WE must be the ones to eliminate all the events conventionally caused and WE must be satisfied that we have eliminated all possible causes before we press the attention of science to the residue. To date we don't believe that UFO researchers in general have been critical enough in their review of events. Vast catalogues of events which appear to relate to UFOs are not enough. They are very necessary in the first

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instance to enable the population size and type of events to be gauged, but by themselve� they �re not,the end result we need to go for.

It is our suggestion that those who have vast catalogues of material should, wherever possible publish all available details for others to assist in the reduction to a level where the residue really presents an enigma. Only then can we expect the conventional scientist to come to the party �nd he� with research.

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UFOCON 5 - 1980. by Harry Griesberg.

UFOCON � was the 5th annual conference which was organised by ACUFOS and was held at the Belconnen Way Motel in Hawker A.C.T. between Saturday 29th November Bnd Monday 1 December. A total of 18 participants, including representatives from membEB:' organisations of ACUFOS, individuais and ACUFOS scientific consultants underwent three days of presentation of papers and discussions on a variety of topics related to the UFO phenomena. In my opening speech, I mentioned that a lot of changes for the better had taken place.over the last twelve months within Australia, with more to come in the future. I further added that I hoped the three day conference would be as stimulating as the previous four and that the Australian UFO research organisations & individuals would leave richer in knowledge and with more gaols to aim for. I feel that no-one at the conference departed ·with any less. A number of projects were initiated, methods discussed and future aims decided upon. Personally, I feel that by next year's conference, to be hold �n October in Adelaide, South Australia, we will be further ahead than ever before, if everyone carries out what they have promised. The Papers presented were titled as follows: 1� UFO Photographers are very peculiar people - Frank Gillespie. 2 Retrospective Investigation - David Reneke. 3. Australian SET! 1980 - Jane Brooks & John Prytz. 4. Rating Australian UFO Reports in order of merit -Michael Hough. 5. The UFO Physical Trace Experience in Australia - Bill Chalker. 6. Imagery, can we explain certain close encounters with the UFO phenomena?

- Keith Basterfield. ?. Psychol ogical reactions to UFO events - Mark Moravec. 8 . The mystery of a machine to go through the air - Bill Chalker. 9. UFOs and Anthropoids - Mark· MoraVec. 10. It's later than you think -Dr. Ralph Molnar. 11. Geomorphological features potentially mistaken for UFO landing traces -

. Michael Hough. 12. A Study of Leonard Cramp's th�ory of UFO propulsion -Martin Gottschall. 13. UFOs: A Unified Extraterrestrial theory - John Prytz. l4o An indepth review of Australasian UFO related entity reports - Keith Basterf'ield. 15. Flying Saucers - Colin Phillips. .

All in all, the conference was another tremendous success, and we're all looking forward to next year's conference.

NOTE: If anyone is interested in a selection of the papers presented at UFOCil'J 5, p J..ease forward $5 (overseas customers note - AUSTRAL! AN CUHREN CY) to ACUFOS P.O. Box 546 Gosford NSW Australia 2250. We have available several copies of s2lectcd papers until stocks run out.

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The 1978 Missing Cessna Event - A Review Report

by Keith Bsaterfield.

I n the ACUFOS Journal Vol 1 No. 2 April 1980 w� announced that we . would undertake a review of the incident of 21 October 1978 in which an aircraft pilnted by Frederick Valentich disappeared whilst on a flight to King I sland in Bass Strait.

A re-examination of all the available material has been undertaken since that announcement. We will not repeat the basic details of the story as it has been described on numerous occasions.

We are left with an incident which consists of a reported conversation between a pilot and an air traffic controller relative to an unusual phenomena which the pilot claimed to be observing near him.

Numerous side issues emerged such as a psychic claim to have contacted the pilot, reported observations of UFOs on that day from surrounding localities, a photograph showing an anomalous object taken closely after the plane disappeared, etc. etc.

Removing these side issues as items which cannot be said to add to the validity of the aircraft event, the only item left is the radio conversation. An accurate transcript of the conversation is as follows:-1906:14 -DSJ: Melbourne this is Delta Sierra Juliet is there any known traffic below five thousand. FS: Delta Sierra Juliet no known traffic. DSJ: Delta Sierra Juliet I am, seems (to) be a large aircraft, bela. five thousando 1906:44 -FS: Delta Sierra Juliet what type of aircraft is it? DSJ: Delta Sierra Juliet I cannot affirm it is four bright, it seems to me like landing lights. 1907: FS: Delta Sierra Juliet. 1907:31 - DSJ: 'Melbourne this (is) Delta Sierra juliet the aircraft has just passed over me at least a thousand feet.· above FS: Delta Sierra Juliet roger and it is a large aircraft confirmed? DSJ: Er unknown, due to the speed its trav�lling is there any airforce aircraft in the vicinity? · .

FS: Delta Si�rra Juliet no known aircraft in the vicinity. 1908:18 -DSJ: Melbourne it's approaching now from duo east towards me. FS: Delta Sierra Juliet. 1908:41 � (Open microphone for two seconds) . 1908:48 - DSJ: Delta Sierra Juliet I t seems to me that he's flying over me two three times at a time at speeds I c6uld not identify. 1909 - FS: Delta Sierra Juliet Roger what is your actual level? DSJ-My level is four and a half thousand four fiv� zero zero. FS: Delta Sierra Juliet and you confirm you cannot identify the aircraft. DSJ: Affirmative. FS: Delta Sierra Juliet roger standby. 1909:27 - DSJ: Me�bourne Belta Sierra Juliet It's not an aircraft it is (open microphone for two seconds) 1909:42 - FS: Delta Sierra Juliet Melbourne can you describe the er aircraft? DSJ: Delta Sierra Juliet as it's flying past its a long shape (open microphone for three seconds) cannot identify more than that it has such speed (open microphone for three seconds) before me right now Melbourne. 1910 -· FS: Delta Sierra Juliet roger and how large would the er object be? 1910:19 -DSJ: Delta Sierra Juliet Melbourne it seems like its sta�ionary what I 'm doing right now is orbiting and the thing is just orbiting on top of me also, its got a green light and sort of metallic (like) it's all shiny (on) the outside. FS: Delta Sierra Juliet. 1910:46-DSJ: Delta Sierra Juliet (�pen microphone for five seconds) it's just vanished. FS� Delta Sierra Juliet. 1911 - DSJ: Melbourne would you know what kind of aircraft I've got is it (a .type ) military aircraft? FS: Delta Sierra Juliet confirm the er'aircraft just vanished?

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03Jg Say again FS: Delta Sierra Juliet is the aircraft still with you? DSJ: Delta Sierra Juliet (its ah nor (open microphone for two seconds)) now aaproaching from the . . southwest. FS: Delta Sierra Juliot., 1911:50-0SJ: Delta Sierra Juliet the engine is rough idling I've got it set at tweAty three twenty four and the thing is (coughing). FS: Delta Sierra Juliet roger what are your intentions? OSJ: My intentions are eh to go to King Island ah Melbourne that strange aircraft is hovering on top of me again it (open microphone for two seconds) is hovering and its not an aircraft. FS: Delta Sierra Juliet. 1912:38-DSJ: Delta Sierra Juliet Melbourne (open microphone for seventeen seconds.

As much speculation was rife concerning various aspects of the a�count, a number of questions were raised with the Australian Department of Transport, the relevant government authority �n charge of civil aviation�

lo Was the aircraft identified on gny radar at any stage during which the pilot advised the presence of an unidentified phenomena? Was any "ynknown" sighted on radar at any stage auring the incident?

"Because the aircraft was operating outside controlled airspace no radar uatch was maintained nor, indeed, was required; No "unknown" was sighted on �le lbourne radar at any time. "

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2o Was �here a check made of possible alternative airstrips/airports made, as suggested by the media? If so, was there any indication of the plane's whereabouts identified by this means?

" In accordance with established search and rescue procedures, a check was made? of all known landing areas in the vicinity. with no result."

3. It was reported that the aircraft was fitted with a radio survival beacon. �as it in fact so equipped? If so, what is the Departmental attitude to the fact that this was apparently never heard?

;, It is believed the aircraft was not carrying a VHF survival beacon (VSB) ".

4 . It has b�en suggested that other aircraft pilots heard the radio transmissions and one " theory" has it that the pilot was advised to switch frequencies for a " message" from the Department of Defence. uJhat is the Department's attitude to this " theory".

" Melbourne_ flight service was monitoring other traffic on the same frequency and it is possible that other pilots heard the transmissions. However, the suggestion that Valentich was advised to switch frequencies 'for a message from the Department of Defence' is not, repeat not, correct. "

5. Wide coverage was given to the reported fact that the pilot had not reques�ed the lights at Currie to be switched on for his arrival. Is this in fact the case? �ould this request be a normal requirement when filing a flight plan for Currie? ioe. would the fact of non-request have been necessarily checked before the flight plan would be approved?

"It is normal procedure for a pilot contemplating a. landing at King Island after dark to have the airfield lights switched on. In this case, Valentich did not rerquest the lights. This is a pilot responsibility. 11

In summary, the event as reconstructed by the Department of Transport is that of a one sided verbal report with no radar confirmation or denial from a pilot who had logged a nocturnal flight plan to an island where he had not requested landing lights. Following this review our conclusion is that the reported observation does not have any connection with the phenomena under study by the Australian Centre for UFO Studies aod deserves no further attention by serious UFO researchers.

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Opinion Polls and UFOs (1947-1977) by John P ryt z.

Ever since UFOs (then "Flying Saucers" ) hit world hendlines in mid-1947, opinion has been divided as to what exactly this sort of phenomena was, and what it represented. Often that opinion has been expressed individually in private and/or print (newspapers, journals and books) and/or electronic media ( television and radio) . Now and again however, there has been a collective statistical publishing of opinions on UFOs. It is the history of the latter that I wish to deal with in this article.

Whatever UFOs are, they of course will in no way change the nature of their reality because of opinion polls. However, those opinion polls �ver the years, are interesting in themselves, and comprise a unique sub­division in the history of the UFO phenomena. It is the purpose of this article to briefly survey 9 such polls from the year 1947 through 1977. No doubt many more exist,and the author would be greatful to receive knowledge of these either c/o ACUFOS or directly at P.O. Box 1703, Canberra City AoCoT. 2601.

Given that the UFO first reached national and world-wide fame in mid-1947, it is not at all surprising to learn that the first American Gallup poll was conducted within weeks of the Kenneth Arnold et. al sightings . According to historian Dr. David Jacobs:

"Almost everyone assumed the objects were real but easily explained - that witnesses had simply misidentified conventional phenomena. An August 1947 Gallup Poll projected that 90 percent of the adult pdpulation had heard of flying saucers and that most people thought the objects were illusions, hoaxes, secret weapons, or other explainable phenomena. According to the poll, very few

people thought the objects came from space." ( Jacobs - P• 41)

The UFO spaceships theory however didn't really got rolling for a couple of years, in fact until it became obvi.ous the "Flying Saucers" weren't going to fly away and become just another brief fad. Spearheaded by Donald Keyhoe's article in True Magazine ( Jan . 1950) and book THE FLYING SAUCERS ARE REAL ( 1950) (same title as the TRUE article) , which concluded in favour of the extraterrestri3l nature of UFOs, articles followed artimlo and book followed book all pressing the extraterrestrial case. Such publicity wasn't lost on the American public and no doubt George Gallup found the climate ripe for a second Gallup Poll on the UFO issue. Jacobs relates the findings�

0Although most people, according to a 1950 Gallup Poll, believed UFOs represented secret weapons, hoaxes, misidentifications, and the like, a g·rowing number thought UFOs might be 1 something from another planet. 1" ( Jacobs - p. 56)

By 1952, the United States Air Force was well and truly stuck into UFO investigations, and as UFU buffs are well aware, 1952 was the flap year to end all flap years! The USAF, up tu thPir necks in sightings (many of them now

considered among "The Classics'' ) , and short-. of t1.·;::dned personnel to investigate them, hired an as.tronomer to act as ari advisor and coJJsiJlt.ant. Although the USAF would be aware and mindful of public opinion and feelings on the U-FO problem, it would be far and away more interested in outside scientific opinion on the phenomena (such as the now famous 1952 Robertson PaTiel ttnrl even more famous mid-19601 s University of Colorado 11Condon" study) . Part of that scientific opinion would be gathered by Bluebook's consultant on astronomy during conferences with his professi�nal colleagues in 1952, and was publis�ed in PROJECT BLUE BOOK - REPORT NO. B, 31 December 1952 . ( It is interesting to compare these scientific opinions with those in 1971 and 1977 which are related below . ) NICAP's reprinting of that report shows that:

11During the past summer a professional astronomer ( J. Allen Hynek) , under contract with ATIC (Air Technical Intelligence Centre ) as a consultant on

Project Blue Book, held conferences with 44 professional astronomers in the

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U.S.A. and submitted a report o� his ·findings • • • Df these, 5 had observed objects �� ���nomena they could not readily· explain (a far higher percentage than the ovGrall general community) . The feelings of the 44 astronomers toward the investigation of unidentified flying objects were as follows:" 1

% Total

16% 27% 40% 17%

Number

Completely indifferent Mildoly indifferent [ 1i lde ly interested Vc:ry interested

(i'i ICAP - ·p �- 137) 100%

7 12 1 7

8

44

For whatever the reason (s) , although UFOs didn't go away, concern over them as expressed in terms of opinion polls, faded away for 14 y8ars! 1966 saw published the results of two opinion polls, only one of which is well known and uill be dealt with second.

In 1966, the United States Air Force found itself on the receiving ond of th2 opinion questionnaire! The author, who had only recently enlisted in the USAF and whos interest in UFOs had only flowered a couple of years before, thought it would bo a grand idea to interview USAF personnel on the UFO phenomena for sake of comparison with the "official" USAF position on the UFO phenomena (at that tiffia under very heated attack from NICAP in particular, Congress, and the American public for this was the "Swamp-Gas" Era,tho end result being the forming of the independent University of Colorado UFD Study) . Anyway, my USAF survey, which was informal and oral, which sampled 590 Airmen, N.C.O.'s and Officers over a 6 month period showed that overall:

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a) 48 0 USAF personnel believed in the reality-of the UFO phenomena (although that ieality covered a wide range �f explanations)

bi 571 USAF personnel believed the UFO phenomena should be treated seriously by civilians, the military and scientists alike

c) 552 USAF personnel believed that the USAF and/or U.S. Government either did or probably did censor to some degree or another some information it had on UFOs (which of course turned out to be lOO% correct)

To the best of my knowledge, this is the only Qplnlon poll ever done within the military branch conducting UFO investigations, while those investigations wore still part and parcel of that organisation's responsibility and policy.

The UFO flap period of 1965/66 ( which extended into 1967) saw another outpouring of UFO publicity as well as articles and books, in particular those by John G. Fuller ( Interrupted Journey and Incident at Exeter) , to help flame publ{c opinion. Within woeks of the "Swamp-Gas" sightings, the third Gallup Poll on UFOs was conducted. The turning point had truly arrived! Goorge Gallup tells the talc� 'Moro than five million Americans claim to have seen somothin� they believed

to be a 'flying saucer.' And, about 10 times as many people - or nearly half of the U.S. adult civilian population - believe that these frequently reported flying objects, while not necessarily 'saucers', are real and not just a figment of tho imagination. � • • almost everyone (96%) has at least heard or read something about flying· S3Ucers� For something so highly publicized as these objects, this finding may, Gt first, not seem unusual. However, in terms of the history of the public's awareness of other incidents or events, this figure is extraordinarily high. In fact, this awareness scoro is ono of the highest in the 30-yoar history of the: Gallup Poll.

, • • (the results represent) quite a change in public attitudes towards the credibility of 'flying saucers' since a Gallup survey conducted almost 20 years �go. At that time - shortly after the flying saucers were first noted - four out of every ten called the saucers either a hoax or a product of some overheated imagination. In 1950, another Gallup survey showed that attitudes had begun to ch�nge. More persons that year held the view that the saucers were a reality.

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• • • Ono person in every three (34%) who participated in this survey said they beliove life does exist on other planets." (Gallup - 1966)

By the time the next UFO poll wns conducted, the USAF had gone out of the UFO business: Con�rossional hearings on UFOs had come and gone, and the final definitive report had been released on UFOs (the 11Condonn study) . Thure was nothing left for the UFO phenomena to do but (like old soldiers) "slowly fade away" 0 Of course as we all know, UFOs were very much alive? and well, thank you very much! Although the general public may have taken the 'Condon" Report at face valus, ... the sciGnti fie c.ommunity woren' t so ensily

snowed. Thus, while no doubt Mr� Gallup W3sn't considering another UFO poll, a scientific journal, Indu3trial Research, was. It was conducted in �arly 1971. They introduced their poll as follows:

"With all the tenncity of a festering sore that won1t heal, the phenomenon of unidentified flying objects lingers oh long after the 'final definitive report' has been publishod. " (Industrial Research - Jnn.'71)

Several issues later, they published their results, stating:

"Unidentified Flying Objects are not as easily dismissed by the technical community as they are by government agencies and study groups. Although only B% of the 2,700 respondents to the January 'Opinion Poll' definitely claimed to have observed a UFO, 54% believed that UFOs exist. Only 31% felt they did not exist. Most of the survey participants believed thct the government is withholding information on UFOs and BD% claimed that the Condon Rdport was not definitive. The respondents were evenly split as to the value of further government research to investigate UFOs. A surpri�ing 32% of the respondents felt that UFOs originated in outer space, 27% cited natural phenomena as the cause, nnd only 0.6% considered UFOs a development from behind the iron curtain.il (Industrial Research - April '71)

With more and more of the scientific community coming out and expressing opinions such as the abovo, coupled with another UFO flnp in 1973 (with resulting publicity in particular rGgarding CE3 cases) , the time was ripe for the 4th Gallup Poll.

"The 1973-74 sighting wave, ns all other sighting. waves,. hnd nn impact on American public opinion. A November 1973 Gallup Poll indicated that 5 1% of adult Americans believed UFOs were 'real' and not products of imagination or hallucinntion. Furthc:rmore, 11%, a projected fifteen million pe,Jple, said they had seen a UFO, which was more than double the 5% figure in 1966 •

• • • The poll also revealed the remarkable statistic that 95% of the adult population in the U.S. had road or hoard about UFDs. This awareness was one of the highest in the history of the Gallup Polls." (Jncobs - p. 296)

The New York Times report on the 1973 Gallup Poll also said:

"· • • that nearly half of all persons polled, or 46/�, believe that there is intelligent life on other planets. This represents a sharp increase of 34% over the 1966 poll. It is also indicated that those persons who belibvG in the existence of life on other planets are far more likely to believe that UFOs are real. In fact, seven in ten of those who think there is such life say UFOs are real." (Nr.;w York Times - 29 Nov. '73)

In 1974, the results of.an Australian Sales Research Bureau Poll on the

question of extraterrestrial intelligence came to hnnd. It showed that 15% of adult Australians were convinced of the existence of ETI, and a further 51% thought it possible that ETI existed elsewhere in the universe. Part of the survey involved UFOs however.

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"Those people who thought there was or could be intelligc:nt life? elsewhE?re were the� �skGd whether that intelligence had already tried to make? contact with earth. A number of possible contact methods were presented. The unidentified flying 2ojoct provGd the most favoured form of contact. Forty-nine per cent thought that UFOs represented contact with intelligent lifo somewhere in the universe. ��oThe people who were convinced that other life existed wore also more convinced that cont2ct had been tried. 61% saw UFOs as an example of contact • • • " (The Sydney Morning Herald - 14 Jan. 174)

The third poll conducted on professional scientists (and the final one in this survey) was done a year latc:r by Dr. Peter Ao Sturrock, professor of space science and astrophysics at Stanford University. The results were published in 1977. It can be contrasted to the 1952 Bluebook/Hynok poll as in both cases the polled scientists were professional astronomers and mE?mbers of the American Astronomical Society. However, in contrast to Hynek's survey of 44 astronomers Sturrock surveyed 2, 61 1 members.

"'�.nidentified Flying ObjE?cts should be investigated further, a majority of train0d astronomical observers said in a survey disclosed today. oa.53% of 1, 356 members of the American Astronomical Society who responded to : survey believe UFOs 'certainly' or 'probably' should be investigated further. �nother 2 7% said that 'possibly' there should be further investigation. 1 7)b· said that any further investigntion should probably not be undertakE?n, and 3� s aid that 'certainly' there is no need for further investigation of these reports." (New York Times - 17 March 177.)

11It was a surprising result, since it was - and still is - widE?ly believed that only a small percentage of scientists regard UFOs as demonstrating anything more than the? fallibility of human observation.11 (The SydnE?y �1orning Herald - 15/9/79)

Othor interesting data to emerge from Sturrock's questionairo ( sent to 21611 members; replied to be 1,356 members) inc�uded such things as: a) Astronomers are still worried about the ridicule factor nssociated with

UFOs as only 2 respondents agreed to waive anonymity. b) ,75% replied that thuy wished to know more about UFOs. c) 3% estimated tha probability of UFOs being "alien" d) 78% estimated the probability of UFOs being conventional phenomena.

�onclusions: In rogarding the nine op1n1on polls (five public, three scientific community, one military) conducted over the first 30 years of the? UFO phenb�ena, c�rtain trends are evident. In general they·are: a) Over time, an increasing percentage of the population has had at least

one UFO experience ( obviously), b) Over time, an increasing percentage of the population (including scientists)

take UFOs with increasing seriousness. \

c; Over time, an increasing percentage of the population tend to give credibility to tho ETI theory regnrding UFO origins.

G) Over time, an increasing percentage nf the population support the idea of ETI in general.

,:) Public awareness of the UFO pheno(l1ena has reached just about the maximum possible, at least in the United States.

83SGd on the trends evident over the period 1947-1977, I can only conclude ·:�;��n: tuith respect to points a) through d) above, those trends can only continue. J·r.::::nd b) augurs well for the future of Ufology.

0i_blioqr� 1\ American Astronomical Society Poll (1977) 11 fdGlson, Edward -Who Goes There? The Search for Intelligent Life in the

�nivcrse - Ooubleday, NoV. - 1979 - p.B5. 2) nFurther Study of UFOs Endorsed in n Survey" - The New York Times, 17 March 1977. 3) :'Humnn Error, Soy Most Scientists" - The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 September 1979.

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4) Schwartzman, Onvid W. - "The Absence of Extr ater r estrials on Earth and the Prospects for CET I" - Icarus, ·oecember 1977 - p.474. 5) Sturrock , P. - Survoy of the Membe r ship of the American Astronomicnl Society Concerning the. UFO Problem - Stanford University Institute for Plasma Resenrch, Report No. 681, 1977.

II) Australian Sales Research Bureau Poll ( 1974) 1) "Other Lifo In Universe? Survey Shows Many BelievG So11 - The Sydnoy Morning_ Herald, 14 Jnnuary 1974. 2) White, Sally - 11Australia.ns are Believers in Life Among the Stars" - The (Melbourne) Age, 14 January 1974. 3) if1Jide Belief in Space Lifo" - The Canberr·a Times, 15 January 1974.

III ) Gallup Poll ( 19L�7) 1) Gallup, Goorge H. - Tho Gallup Poll� Public Opinion 1935-1948 - Random House ��v. - 1972 - p.666. 2) Jacobs, Oavid M. - The UFO Controversy in America - Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indi8na - 1975 - po41.

IV) Gallup Poll ( 1950) 1 ) Gallup, George H. - The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1949-1958 - Random House, N.Y. - 1972.- p. 911. 2) Jacobs ( 1975) - op.cit. - p.56. V) Gallup Poll ( 1966) 1 ) Flammonda, Paris -The Age of Flying Saucors - Hawthorn, NoV. - 1971 - p.l87-8. 2 ) Gallup, Boorge H. - The Gnllup Poll: Public Opinion 1959-1972 - Random House, N • Y • - 19 72 - p • 2 0 0 4. 3 ) Gallup, George H• - "Gallup'Poll: More than five million have seen "Flying Saucers"" - ThG (Now Orleans) Times-Picayune, 9 May 1966. 4) Jacobs ( 1975) - op.cit. - p. 200� . VI ) Ga�lup Poll ( 1973) l ) 115+% in Gallup Poll Say They Be).ieve UFOs Are Real" - The Now York Timos, 29 �Jovembe·r 1973. 2) Flammonde, Paris - UFO Exist ! The Latest Citings - G.P. Putnam 's Sons, 1\J • y g - 19 76 - p. 32 -3 3. 3) H�nek, J. Allen & Vallee, Jacquo$ - The Edge Of Reality� A Pro6r ess Report on Unidentifiod Flying Objects - Regnery, Chicago - 1975 - p.289-290. 4 ) Jacobs (1975) - op.cit4 - p.296.

VII) Industrinl Research Poll ( 1971) 1 ) Flammonde, Paris ( 1976) - op.cit. - p.32. 2 ) 11UFOs: Fact or Fancy11 - Industrial Research, January 1971 - p.60. 3 ) " UFOs Probably Exist" - Industrial Research, April 1971 - p.75

VIII ) Project Bluebook's Astronomers Poll ( 1952) * 1) Condon, Edward U. - · scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects·- Bantam Books, N. Y. - 1969 - p.516-5l7o 2) NGtional Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena - United States Air Force Projects Grudge and Bluebook Reports 1-12 - NICAP, Washington, O.C. -1968 - p.l37-138. 3) Steiger, Brad ( Editor) - Project Bluebook: The Top Secret UFO Findings Revealed - Ballantine' Books, NoV. - 1976 - p.268-285.

IX) Prytz Poll of USAF Personnel (1966) 1) Prytz, John - " The Air Forae Opinion on UFOs" - Flying Saucers, October 1966 - p.26-27.

*Conducted by Dr. J. Allen Hynek of members of the American Astronomical Society for Pr oject Bluebook (Report no. B, 31 December 1952) .

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C.rrne B � o_l��ic_ �.�-- �-xp_��!2_�t�-?�-�---�-�-� _ _uFo !rc:ce_5_���_:�d-�elate? Phenom:_�_a (PART I)

by Matthew C. Dick.

1. Introduction

Whero low altitude UFO activity has been reported there is a possibility that several natural phenomena, if found nearby, might unwittingly be suspected as h8ving some connection with the sighting. Even in the absence of aerial �ightings, some of these could mimic certain aspects of classical types of UFO traces& This article is an attempt to bring together explanations for the most commonly reported physical traces of biological origin which might be mistaken for evidence of UFO effects on the environ�ent.

�� Circles on the ground.

a) RINCS ON THE GRASS: 'Fniry Rings' in grassland are the·result of local plant death due to the growth of the mycelium ('spawn') of mushrooms and tondstooilis (Order Agaricales, Class Basidiomycetes). The familiar umbrella-shaped parts are only the fruiting bodies of a much larger organism which grows �elow the soil surface as a tangled mass of fin� pale threads. All colonies start 2t a single point and grow outwards in a more or less circular· formation, although varying conditions con distort or obli�erate this pattern� As the fungus grows it compotes for water and nutrients with shallow-rooted plants such as grasses, causing them to become stunted or die. In time, the older part of the mycelium itself dies and decays, thereby releasing nutrients which may stimulate noticeably taller, lush growth of plants just inside the ring of dead grass. As the nutrient l�vels of the previously affected sbil return to �ormal by leaching nnd other natural ·pr�cesses, the vegetati6n in ·the oldest part of the ring resumes its usual appearance. Old rings may be many metres in diameter and several hundred years old.

These rings of dead or dying grass may appea� to have been damaged by heat, radiation or chemicals. If either tho fungus or the grass is not actively growing due to unfanourable conditions, the ring may become quite indistinct for a time, only to reappGar comparatively suddenly, particularly after rain. Fruiting bodies appGar after rain as well, often in autumn, although it can happen at almost any time of. year.

There are several ways in which those rings can be distinguished from those o� more esoteric origin. Fresh or dried remains of the fruiting bodies may be found in or near the ring, but .. even when. these are not present, a soil sample from the ring itself will usually show the·pale. threads of mycelium, and will be �rler than a sample of soil from a nearby area. Even if the threads are not L'bv ious. to the naked eye, a microscopic examination of comparative samples will confirm the presence of mycelium in the dead zone. It should be noted here that samples of fungi decay very rapidly while moist (in as little as a few hours), and if required for future identification should be stored in a porous container ��9· pape��r cloth bags, and allowed to dry.

b) UNUSUAL MUSHROOMS: There have be�n a few reports of unusual fungi found growing in tho immediate vicinity of a reported landing, a short time after the event. Jhidby Island, in Washington, USA, was the location of ono such event in February

J964. An ellipsoidal metallic-object was seen to 'dip' its rear portion into th� ground while moving-slowly around an isolated house, and 1some little while' �ftDr this visit, a 'strange' .fungus was observed to be growing at the point �here the object had touched the ground. This case is described in more detail lr Cramp, pp 337 -338. A place near Necochea in Argentina was the site of a rt..:portod .UFO landing, .and subs.equent growth in November 1968 of giant mushrooms. Ir1side a 5. 5m diameter circle of calcined· earth were 8 giant mushrooms, the largest of which was almost 0.9m in diameter; similar cases have been reported from 3anta Fe province as-well (Vallee, p. 38. )

It is possible that plants and soil faunn killed by intense local heat or raaiation might subsequently provide enhanced nutrient levels for fungi living dcGper in the soil and thereby having been- protected from damage.

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Competition from other species for water and nutrients would also be reduced. However, one might expect that fruiting bodies would simply be more abundant rather than larger in size following improved conditions, and it is quite possib10 that some other mechanism may be involved. Apparently thero has been some research in the USSR on stimulation of fungal growth by radiation, but unfortunat-· ely these references were not available at the time of writing.

Several species of mushrooms occuring in Australia can grow to a very large sizo. The horse mushrooms ( Agaricus arvensis) is closely related to the common eqible field mushroom which it resembl8s in appearance and habitat, and can attain a diameter of 25cm (Cribb, 1974) . Most bracket fungi are fairly small� but have been known to reach a width of 6Dcm. Another 'mushroom' (Phaeogyroporu� portentosus) has pores instead of gills. on the underside of the cap, and reaches the massive dimensions of 5Dcm diameter with a height of 45cm. The cap is up to 15cm thick, and is dark brown above and yellowish below, while the stalk is about 2Dcm thick and stains dark blue �hen bruised. This fungus liVes in Eucalyptus forests in the oaster states, but may occasionally appear in suburban gardens in Sydney.

£L.[LATTENED PATCHES: Another phonomonon of interest to ufologists is the sudden appearance of flattened patches, often circular, in cereal crops. Where this is of natural origin it is known as lodging, and when occuring ov�r large areas may be due to wind, heavy rain, hail or snow. Localized patches aro most commonly a result of parasitic fungi attacking the stems or roots and thP;reby weakening thorn. Even if lodging does not happen at the timo of attack, the plants may fall over in later severe weather. Like the fungi responsible for fairy rings, these also start growth from one point and spread outwards in a circle. However? thoy can spread quite rapidly with an infected patch growing to several metres in diameter in a few days.

'Eyespot' is specific to wheat, and may be identified by pale patches on the stems of affected plants, circular or irregular in shape and often with a darker centre. The responsible organism is Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides? which occurs in southern NoS.W. The other common form of lodging is 'take-all1 which infects wheat, resulting in circular, bare patches in newly germinated crops or yellow, stunted growth on older plants. The lower stems and roots of those plants are rotten and discoloured dark brown to black; it is caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis. If positive identification of the fungus is required, specimens of affected and healthy plants (for comparison ) should be dried between stacks of newspapers undor pressure (such as h�avy books or bricks on particle board ) $ The papor should bo changed daily until the specimens are dry, and the latter can then bu placed in sturdy envelopes to prevent later breakage,

Some animals leave flattened patches in long grass where they have rested for a time. Cattle� sheep, foxes, hares, kangaroos and many other mammals may do so; kangaroos sometimes dig out a shallow hole to lie in, either for contact with cooler subsurface soil or to make their large hips more comfortable. Tho source of such traces should not be too difficult to deduce from the size and shape of the area of flattened vegetation, and the presence of footprints droppings or the animals themselves nearby. Failing this, hairs found at the site can be used by mammalogists to identify the species responsible.

d) DYING TREES: Patches of dead trees and shrubs aro sometimes found in otherwise healthy bushland. If the damage is rec2nt, parts of the plants may seem to be unaffected� and leaves will still be attached to dead branches. From n distance, the effects of such damage can resemble the effects of a local fire, but on closer examination some low-growing plants or branches will be found to be intact, and the leaf litter will be unburnt. Several types of root-rot fungi can be responsible, one of the most common being Phytophthora cinnamoni which occurs patchily throughout N. S.W. and Queensland; it has recently spread to Western Australia and Victoria. The spores of this fungus aro producGd underground and are ablG to migrate short distances under their own power, but dispersion over greater distances is by passive transport in soil water. Patterns of attack aro closely related to soil drainagG, and plant deaths are most likely in poorly drained areas after heavy rain.

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D iagno s i s o f t his o r other soi l-dwe llin g fun g i i s di ffi c u lt , a s t hose s ymp tom$ v is i b le t o t he n ak e d eye are s imi lar to simp le water - loggin g , an d

. • L. � i n much t h e s ame con dit ion s e I f p o sitiv e iden t i fi cat ion is r equired in o rder to eliminate other p o ssib le caus e s , s ov er a l s amp les o f r e cent ly dead twigs o r b r an c hes s ho uld b e c o l l e ct e d , ensuring that the cambium ( gr e e n layer un d e r the b ar k ) i s dried out in ap p �arance while the sap wood i s s t i ll moi s t � I t i s on ly fro m those r ec en t ly i n fo cted tiss ues t h a t the fungus c a n be i s o lnt ed an d c u lt u r e d . Matcrial w hi ch has bee n d ead for some t i me ( in di cated b y n bri tt l e fr a ct ure and dr y sap woo d ) can har bour many sp e cies o f s ap r op hytin fungi whi c h can o b s c ur e the origin a l i n fect io n . I n the case o� s usp e cted ��ytoQbt ho r a a t t a ck , to o s amp les s hou ld be p laced in a s e a lo d contai ner an d d e livered t o a lab o r ator y as soon as p ossib le , as the fungus must be a liv e to be i denti fied • . T h is fung us is high ly in fec t ious , so fie ld g e ar s uch as s e cateurs , s p ad e , b o ot s and other items in cont act with soil or infect ed p lan ts s ho u ld be s t eri lized wit h b leach be fore being allowed in con t a ct with domes t i c g ar d ens ( Br uh l , p er s . comm . )

3 u P owd�ry D epo s i t s � a ) S MU T FUN G I � Smuts ar e p aras i t i c fun gi o f th� Order U sti lagin a les in the C las s Basidiomycet es . The myc e l i um of those o r g an isms liv es inside t he leav es o r st e ms o f p lant s and p ro d uces a dar k p owdery layer of sp o r es on · the ·s ur face w hi ch cou ld be easi ly mist aken for dep osits of e xt e r n a l origin . Micros cop ic oxaminat ion of t his ' dust ' is us ua lly s u f ficient to identi fy its sour ce , as the sp o r e s a r e r e lativ e l y uni form in s i ze 1 app r o ximat e l y sp her i ca l in s hap e a n d genera l ly with a dist inctiv e ly s c u lp t ured s ur face . Un lik e air borne d ust , t b o p a tches are d en s e and d is c r ete , and can o ccur on the un dersides o f loav es and t wi g s as we ll as an ywhere e ls o on the p lant ; t he y ar e a lso fair ly s p e ci fi c t o p art i c u lar s p e cies o f p lan t s . W hi le t his lat t er char acterl� t ic m a y n o t b e he lp f u l in s ep ar at in g n a t ur a l from ' unn atura l ' · causes in crop s ( whoro on ly one sp e ci es of p lant is p r es e nt ) , it c an b e a us e fu l g ui d e in mixed p lant commun itios u I f a p o sit iv e identi fic at ion is r e quired , co llection an d p r es ervat ion o f tp ecimcns s ho u ld fo l low t he p ro c e d ure descri bed ear lier for lodging fu ngi c� a lker , p ors . c omm . )

b ) S OOT Y MOU LDS : S o o t y mou lds ( Ordor C ap n o d i a les , C las s As com y cetes) s up e r ficia lly r o s om b le the smuts , form i n g dark p owder y dep o si t s of s p o r es on p lant s . Th ey dj ffer from t he smuts i n that thoy are s ap rop hyt i c ( feedin g on dead or decayin g m at er i a l) r at h er t han p arasit i c ; t h e i r myce lium i s external t o t h e p lant tfuss ues , an d w hi le some p lants har bour t h em mor o o ft en than others , they are n o t sp Gcios -sp e ci fi c . S o ot y m o u ld s g�nerally grow on s ugar 9 snp or g um exudates F � o m p lants ; t hese may be from h e a lt h y Sp e cim on s ( e o g o n e ct a r r un s from 3 Q0ks ia flowers ) , fr om p hy s i c a l l y damaged p lants ( e . g o gum from A cacia or ��-�Qt u s ) or from p la nts p a r as i t i z �d by i n s e c t s whi c h p ro d u c e waxy or s ugar y s e c r etions ( � . g . L ept osperrnum spp .· - tea trees ) . I n mo st cas es t he s u bstance on which t h e mou ld is g r o wing is fair ly abun dan t an d its s o u r c u is n ot difficult t o d e t�rmine o I n s ome cas e s , though , t r o c s cou ld hav e n ectar- laden flowers or i n s ect in fes t at ions i n upp er bran ches , an d t h e origin of t he s u bstanc e may n o t b o immGdi at e ly o bv i o us fr om th e g r o u n d ( N ?W Dep t . A gric u lt ur e , 1974) o

c ; S L I ME M OU L D : T he s e v a r y p rimitiv e fungi be lon g t o thG c lass Myxomyce tes , and s p e nd mos t o f t heir liv e s as amo e b�- like organ i sms in damp p lace s . I n fav our ab le �onditio ns - g en er a lly warm , damp spring wooth e� - larg o numbers o f t he amoeboid p hos e coa les c e to form a p lasmod i um . T his con be s lu g -like ( t hough very sma ll) · n s ome sp ecies , but mo r e common ly o c c urs as a t hin s limy la yer � limbing on to v er t ic a l sur fac es s uc h as p lan t s , fen ces or wa lls ; co lour ran g es from ye llow , p i nk or g r e y t o a lmost co lour los s o As t h � p lasmodium dries , the s limy p r o t op lasm undergoes ce l lu lar c h an g es t o form a mass of sma l l roun d ed or club­G tlnp o d gran u les which c an r esemb le a mass of ins ect e g g s . These sp oran gia contain t n o sp ores an d v ar y gr eat ly in co lour , being p i n k , ye l±ow , gr2on , p urp lis h , b r o wn o r g r e y . Tho p at ch es o f s p o r angia range from lcm t o lm - i n ar ea , and are < or1 0timos a lm o st p er fect ly c i r c u lar in s hap e . W ith t hoir b i z zare app ear anc e and t noi r abi li t y t o app ear ov ern i ght it is eas y to s ee why they hav e o ft en been mist nken for ev idence o f more unusua l v isit a t ions .

A lo w-p ower han d lens wi ll r e v e a l t ho app roximate un i fo rmit y o f s i z e � G d shap e o f t h e sp o r an gi a , and i f a f e w are c r us h ed , microscopic e xamin ation

•

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wi l l s ho w t h e r o und e d , s c u lp t ur ed sp o r es t yp ic a l o f fung i . I n cont rast , t h e s i z e o f s o o t or d ust g r ain s v ar ies c on si d erab ly , an d t h e y aro irr e g u lar in shap o ( N SW Dep t . A g r i c u lt ur e ; 0 a lkor , p ers . comm . )

( To b e c o nt inued i n t h e n ext iss ue o f the ACU FOS J OU RN AL 8 )

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ACLJfGS B i b li o g r ap hy S e rv i c e : L i fe in t h e So lar Syst em - r·1ars ( P art 2 -P os t V iking ) --: · li " "'r- - - ·- - - -· --· ----.. --- ------ ---- -- - · - --- --

b y J o hn P ryt z .

:cmp i ler 1 s N o t e � T h e imp ortance o f d is cov ering t h e existence o f even the most simp le form o f e xtrat er rest r i a l li fc- c an n ot b e underst at e d . Tho c lo s e s t an yone has come to t he d e fin i t iv e answer to dat e has been wi th respect t o t he American 1j U j_n g e xp eriment s . V ik in g yielded a v ery d e fi n it i v e n mayben to t h e ques tion o f li fe on mars . P art two of t his bi b liogrFJp hy on the t op i c o f 1 1 L i fe on Mars" covers tho V ik in g ora t hr o ug h t ho p resent . I n addit ion t o t his b i b liograp hy , int e r es t ed p art i es aro a l s o d irect ed t o scan maj o r newsp ap ers for t he lat ter fj_v o months o f 197 6 for a 1 1 b lo w by b lown cov erage o f the exp erimen ts as they ev o lv ed . THE N EW YORK T I MES is in p arti c u lar r ecommen ded , as lack o f space p r o h i b its p r es en t in g . e v e r y n owsp ap or ent r y in exi st enc o o For simi lar r easons books an d artic les o n g en era l p lanet ary as t ronomy , Mars & V ikin g in g ener a l , 0 x u b io logy an d u fo log y hav e not b o e n list ed , o v en t h o u g h p arts cou ld b e re lated J.: c t his t op i c .

i l " P, Mnrtian Mudd le : DN A t h e D r y W a y ? " - Science N ows , 30 Apr i l 1977 - p . 2 7 6 -277o 2 ) B o lot in , H . H .. - " I n S ea r c h o f L i fe on Mars" - Tho (Me lbour ne) Age L 13 J u ly 197 6 . 3 ) B ur g o s s , E r i c - " B io log y , Chemist r y - or Bot h ?" - N e� S cientist ,

L� N ov c2mbor 1 97 6 - p .. 2 72 -2 74 . ·i) B ur ge ss , E r ic - " Li fo on Mars C reep s C los e r " - N ew S c i c.?ntist , 2 Sop t o rnber 1976

_ , p ., 480 0

] ) C hon cJ ler , D av id L .. - 1 1 L i fe o n M ar s ' ' - The A t lan t i C2., June 1977 - p .. 29-36. �1 ) Chan d ler , David L . - ,hi fo on l"l ars_ - E . P .. D ut ton , N . Y . - 1979 . 7 ; C o op e r , H enr y S . F .. - " A Report er A t Large : Tho Search for L i fe on Mars : I ­

I rnp or t ant , Uni que , and Excit in g Th in g s " - �� Yorker , 5 F e b r uar y 1 979 - p. 41 - 9 7 .. ·i ) f: o op er , H e n r y S . F .. - " A Rop o r t o r At L a r g o � T he S e a r c h for L i fe on Mars : I I -

A Residue o f Doubt" - N ew Yorkor , 12 F ebruary 1979 - p . 48-87 •

. J ) Fo inborq , Gorald & Shap iro , Robort - ; ' Mars T o da y � I s Ther e L i fo A fter Vikin g ? ' ' -T ho S ci e n ce s , May/J un e 1980 - p .. l3- 15 , 2 6 -2 7 .

:_o ) L; r o s s J Barr y - " Discov e r y o f P rimit iv e Li fe o n Mars K ep t S ec ret - Astronomer 11 _T.�£ N orth e r n Torrit.Q.t.Y. N e�s , 22 r� arc h 1 980 ..

� , ) Gwynn e , P et or - 1 1 Eart h R o cks fi ov eal Mars L i fo C lue 1 1 - 1Jldust r_ia l R es earch/ _Q_ovo lopmont , !"l a r c h 1 9 78 - p . 45-46 ..

1/ ) rl orowit z , N o rman H . ·- " Th e Search ' fo r L i fe on M :1rs" ··· S cient i fi c American , N ov ombor 1977 - p . 52 - 6 1 o

13 ) Horowit z , N orman H .. et . al:.!_ - T hG V i k in g Car bon Assimi lat ion Exp er iment s : I nt or i m R ep o r t 1 1 - S c i Gn c e � 17 O oc omber 1976 - p - 132 1 -22 ..

I K l.oin 7 Harold P . - 1 1 T h o V i k ing Bio log i c a l Exp erimonts on Mars" - I carus J une . 1978 - p . 6 6 6 -- 671� .

: 5 ) K loin , H ar o ld P . o t . al . - " Th .;. tiking Miss ion S ea r c h for L i fo o n Mars" -�at u£g, l J u ly 1976 - p . 24-2 7 �

· . 6 ) K uh n , W . R . et .. a 1 o - " Th o R osp o n s o o f S o1o ctod T orrestrial Organisms t o the �l ar t ian Env ironmen t : A Modo ling S t udy" - J car us , Januar y 1979 - p . 336-34 6 •

.L 7 ) L en orov it z , J e ffrey M .. - " Vik in g r�ars Data Y ie ld N o Sign o f Li fe " -Av iation W e e k & Spac e T ec hno logy 7 5 Fobruary 1979 - p . 57 , 59 .

��-B) Lev in , G i lb er t . V o & S traat , P a t r i cia Ann - " V ikin g L ab e led R e lease Biology E xp e r imont : I n terim R o s u l ts " - S cience , . 13 Do c omber 1976 - p . 1322 - 132 9 .

:�. 9: L ew in , Roger - " L i fo on �lc:trs : C uriouser and C ur io us or " - N ow S c i entist , 12 A ug us t 19 76 - p . 328-3 30 .

) r ) L ewin , R o ger - " T h e S Gar c h for Li fe on M a r s 1 1 - �cw S cion t is t , 1 Ju ly 1976 -· p 0 2 6 -2 7 .

) ! ) L ow i s , R ic hard - " Yes , T here I s L i fe On Mn :cs " - N ow S�ientis t , 1 2 O ctober 1978 - p . l0 6 - 108 .

" 2 ) : ' L i fe O n Mars I s S t i l l A Quest ion " - Sci e n c e I\J £_U2.§_, 24 S ep t e mber 1 977 - p . l96 - 197 .. . -) 3 ) " r·�ars And The Absont O r g nn i c r�o locules" - .S cic: 1 c o N o�, 9 October 1 97 6

- p 0 22 8 -2 2 9 . ? 4) " Mars � L i fe A fter A l l ?" - N owswe ok F ocus , J un e/J u ly 1 980 - p . 5 . 25 ) 1 1 Martian l i fe May B e H a r d T o F i n d n - The C an b e . T a T imes , 22 J u l y 1976 . ?. 6 ) " Ma r tian Organ i cs and G l ow Dis char g e s " - S cien , ;c N ew�, 1 7 S ept embor 1977 -

p 0 183 .

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38 )

3 9)

40 )

4 1 )

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' l � l u n� U n � lor t i.an O r g an i cs " -� S clence r·.Jc ws , 7 O ctob(.]r 1 9 78 -:- . P - 2 49 . " N o Martian s F eat urod i n M ars· L i fe Story 1 1 - N o w Scientist , 10 August 19 78 p 40 5 . " Oc c am ' s R a z o r : V i k in g ' s T h in Edge?" - S c iGn ce N ews , 4 Sept ember 19 76 - p 0 1 4 9 - 15 0 . " P udd les o n Mars" - N c:w S cientist , 2 3 A u g ust 1 9 79 - p . 5 90 . R i s e bo r o u g h , D o n - " I s The r e Really L i fe On Mars ? 1 1 - T h e (Syd ney) S un -H er a ld 8 A ug us t 1 9 76 . R usse ll , Christino - f'l an ' s S ea r ch for L i fo o n Mar s " - T h e Canberra T imC?s , 22 J u ly 19 76 . S agan , Car l - 1 1 L i fe o n l"brs ?11 - T h e: Sydney f�orning Herald , 22 J u ly 19 76 . S agan , Car l & L ed e r berg , Jos hua - " The P rosp ects for Li fe on Mar s : A P ro­Viking AssossmGn t " - I c ar us 1 J un o 19 76 - p . 2 91 -30 0 . " V ikin g : A L iv o ly L ook For L i fo 1 1 - S c ionc e N ews , 7 A ugust 1976 - p . 8 4-8 6 . " Viking : St i ll S e ekin g the: l'flartian s " - S cien ce N ews , 6 N ov ember 19 76 - p . 2 92 . " V ik in g : T h e Quost for O r g anic r·lo lo c u lGs" - Science N ews , 2 5 S ep tem ber 1976 - p .. l96 - 19 7 ., " V iking ' s L i fe Exp e riment s : P ointing Toward Bio logy1 1 - S c ience N ews , 2 8 A ug ust 19 76 - p . l32 . " Vi k i n g ' s L i fo S e ar c h : Tant a li zin g S igns and an Agoni zing Wait 11 - S cion ce N c:ws 14 A u g ust 1 9 76 - p . 99- 10 1 . " V ikin g ' s S earc h - for L i fe : An other Mystery" - S cien c e N ews , 19 F ebruar y 1 9 77 - p . l l6 - l l 7 . Youn g , Ri c hard S . - "P o s t -V ikin g Exo bio lo gy" - B io S c i en c e , A ug ust 1978 -p . 502 -5 0 5 .

gi._b liography UfJdat e s :_

I.xo bio loqy .. 1) B en for d , G r r?g o r y - " A liens I H av e Known " - Futuro L i fe , Sep t em ber 198 0 - p . 7 1 3 2 ) Forwar d , R o b e r t L . - " Li fe On A N Gutron S t a r " - Omn i , S ep t em ber 1980 p . 6 0 -6 4 3 ) P ol lard , \.:J i lliam G . - " Th e P rev a lenco o f Ear t h liko P lanets" -

Amer ican S cientist , N o v/D o c . 1979 - p . 6 5 3-65 9 .

C ar l S agan - A b9ut . 1) " Ca r l Sogan ' s C osmos" - Omni , S c:p t ember 198 0 - p . 10 4-10 7. 2 ) 1 1 1 C osmos ' Spnces hip R e ady for F light 1 ' - S tar log , S op t t?mbor 198 0 - p . 9 . 3 ) Go lden , Frodc:ric & Sto lor , Peter - " Th e C osmic Exp lnin cr" - T ime

A ustra lian E d it ion , 20 Oct ober 198 0 - p . 70- 77 .

�n identi fiod F lying Ob je cts . 1 ) Asimov , I saoc - " U F O ' s - W hGt I Think 1 1 - SciGnce Oiqcst , J un e 1966 - p .. 44-- 47 .. 2) B ut z , J . S . -· " Gr eat Ba lls o f F ire: ! " - Air For ce Moqo zine , Apri l 1 968 - p .. l49-52 � 3 ) Cohcn , D anie l - " U F O ' s - W hat A N c:w I nv estigat ion r·1Gy R ev ea l" - Sc ic:n c e Diqc:st

D e c em ber 19 66 - p . 5 4-6 3 . 4) F u l ler , John G . - 1 1 A board n F lying S a ucer " - L ook , 4 O ctob e r 1966 -

p . 44-56 ; Look , 18 October 1966 - p . lll - 12 1 . 5 ) Hoag lan d , H uds on - 1 1 B o ings F"rom Outor S p ac e - C orp oroa .l an d Spirit ua l"

( editor i a l) - S cien ce , 14 Fe b r uary 1 969 . 6 ) H yn ek , J . A llon - " Th e: U FO G ap " - P layboy ( American Edition ) , DGc embor 1 96 7

· - p .. l43-l 46 , 26 7 -2 7 1 . 7 ) H ynok , J . A l l en - n u F0 1 s M e r i t �ci c:n t i fic S tudy 1 1 ( le t t er t o th o edit o r ) -

S ci en c e , 2 1 O c t o b e r 1966 - p . 32 9 . B ) K lass , P hi lip J . - "P lasma Theor y May E xp la in Man y U FOs" - Av iation uJ ee k

& Sp ac e? Te c h n o l ogy , 2 2 A ugust 196 6 . 9 ) L ca r , J o h n - 1 1 A S cienti fic Exp lanat ion for t he U FOs ? 1 1 - Saturday Rev i e1J

1 O c t o b er 1966 - p . 6 7-69 . 10 ) L ear , J ohn - n T he Disp ut od C I A Document on U F0s 1 ' - Saturday Rev iew ,

3 Sep t embor 1966 - p o 45 -5 0 . 1 1 ) L eb e lson , H ar r y - � ' U F O U p dat e : J ung I d c:as" - Omn i , Sept o 198 0 - p . 32 , 111. . 12 ) Markowit z , W i l liam - " Th o P hy sics and �1c.:�ap hys ics of U nidenti fied F lyin g

O bj ect s " - S c i e n c e , 15 S ep t om bGr 196 7 - p . =.2 74- l2 79 .

-.. '-

( 1 6 )

1 3 ) O b e r g , J am e s - ; ' U FO U p d a t e : Rep eaters " - Omn i , Augus t 198 0 - p . 32 .

l t� ) Og les 1 George W o . - "W hat Does th e Air For ce R e a l l y Know About Flying �1 2u cers ?n - Tho A irman , J u ly 1 98 7 - p 8 4- 9 ; Jhe A irman , A ugust 1 9 6 7 - p . 2 6 - 3 1 .

1 5 ) S anders o n , I vcn T o - : r v i sitors F r om O u t e r Sp ace " - Argosy, February 1 96 9 - p . 3 2 - 3 5 , 7 1 - 72 .

J 6 ) Ty lc:: r , S t e v en - " W h y t h e; A ir Force H ides t h e Tr ut h A bo ut F lying S aucc;rs ; ' -pag2an t , J uly 1 9 6 6 - p . 42 - 5 1 .

1 7) "U FO ' s F o r R e a l 7 1 1 - N ewsweek ( Ameri can E d ition ) , 10 O ct o b e r 1 9 6 6 - p . 70 .

1 8 ) " U F O 1 s N ot F rom l"lars" - S ci en c o N C! W S , 3 S ep t em b o r 19 6 6 .

1 9 ) " ' U FO ' S ' - They ' r e Back I n N ew S i zo s , Sh Gp e s , Co lours " - U . S . N ews & W or ld Roo ort , 2 2 Aug u s t 1 96 6 - p . 5 9 - 6 0 .

2 0 ) W ar ren , D on a ld I . - 1 1 S t at us I nc on s isten c y T he o r y an d F lying Sa ucer Sight ings" -

�ci en co , 6 N ov e m b e r 1 9 70 . p . 5 9 9 - 6 0 3 .

rlo ns t er"s : m-�-

l ligan ' Doug las - 1 1 S ciC!ntists an d f�onst e rs 1 1 - Omni ' Aug ust 1 98 0 - p . 40 .

2 ) D ixon , B ernard - " L i fe � Sea S e rp ent S u r v e y " - .Qmn i , S ept Gmber 1 98 0 - p . l8 . 3 ) · ' H un t O n For B a s s S t r ait filon_st or ;' - T hc-)___ll.aunces t on) Examin e r , 4 S c; p t emb e r 1 9 8 0 . t1 ) �\ r ns n o ff , B ar bara - " I n S earc h o f Ch in ese Big foo t " - F ut ur e! Li fe ,

S ep t 2 m b e r 1 98 0 · - p . l3 •

. ?.P. 2c e C o lon i t: s : 1) Arno ld , JamC!s R . - " The Fr ontiers I n Sp ac u " - Ame ri can S ci c::ntist ,

i ' l :� y/ J un EJ 1 9 8 0 - p . 2 9 9 - 3 0 4 o

_Do lp hin/H u man Communi cat i o n : 1 ) F loury , B r uc e E o - "The A li c::n s I n O u r O co<-m s : Do lp hins As An a logs 1 1 -

C osmic Sc:: arc h , Sp r in g 1 9 8 0 - p . 2 -5 .