The Jeffersonian Era (1801-1825)

Mr. MarstonDominion Christian High

SchoolU.S. History Fall 2009

1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union)1800 Election Results

(16 states in the Union)

Thomas Jefferson

Virginia Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1%

Charles Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4%

John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7%

Total Number of Electors13

8

Total Electoral Votes Cast27

6

Number of Votes for a Majority

70

1800 Election Results1800 Election Results

AdamsAdams

JeffersonJefferson

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)

1 vote for each State

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)

1 vote for each State

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5%

Aaron Burr New York

Democratic-Republican 4 25.0%

Blank ------- 2 12.5%

Election of 1800

• Tie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr• House of Representatives decided

the presidency• Federalists voted for Jefferson:

promised many federalist office holders they could keep their jobs

Jefferson

• An end justifies the means person• Owed presidency to Aaron Burr:

secure New York’s electoral votes. political crook

• Elbridge Gerry: Governor of Massachusetts: inventor of gerrymandering (moving district lines to ensure constituency is in majority)

Jefferson was full of contradictions

• Idealist (intellectual puritan) BUT wanted to sample all of life’s luxuries

• Slavery: had affair with mulatto slaves, but also hated and feared slavery. Did nothing to end slavery.

• Indebted and borrowed money: Hated the English, but loans were from London

“Revolution of 1800”

• Jefferson thought that Hamilton and Adams had betrayed the original spirit of the republic by their relationship with the British.

Changes were abundant in 1801First inauguration in WashingtonAll Federalist dress style gone (no knee

britches, wigs, swords, or silver buckle shoes)

Jefferson’s Platform

• 1. dismantle federal government built up by Hamilton and pay off national debt that made taxation and the National Bank necessary

• 2. reduce size of military• 3. No favoritism in foreign policy (no

concessions to the British)• 4. free trade and commerce: No tariffs• 5. treated Federalist opponents gently

March 4, 1801

• “We have called by different names brethren of the same principles. We are all Republicans. We are all Federalists.” Thomas Jefferson

Jefferson

Democratic-Republican positions

1. Farmers2. Less government3. States rights

Contradictions to “Revolution of 1800”

• Right to vote under Jefferson decreased: free blacks lost right to vote in many states

• Democrats/Agriculture: Jefferson wasn’t successful farmer.

• Not an enemy of small scale manufacturing

Jefferson in office

• 1. repealed Judiciary Act of 1801: expansion of federal judge offices

• 2. allowed Alien and Sedition Acts to expire

• 3. 12th Amendment: electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice-president

• 4. did not alter the national bank

John Marshall• Chief justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835)

• Marbury vs .Madison (1803): judicial review: right of the court to declare a law unconstitutional (Judiciary Act 1789 was unconstitutional)

• Gibbons vs. Ogden: 1824: protected government’s delegated powers under Constitution: right to regulate interstate commerce.

• Ogden: granted monopoly by NY state• Gibbons: received federal permission to use NY

waterways• Federal government: Gibbons could use waterways

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

• State of Maryland tried to tax the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States out of existence.

• States could not interfere with the ability of Congress to enact legislation that is “necessary and proper” Article I, Section 8, Clause 18.

• Implied powersLoose construction and national supremacy

Foreign Policy

• 1. Barbary Pirates: North African Islamic private kingdoms who earned “bribes” from foreign countries to leave their ships alone while traveling in the Mediterranean Sea.

• May 1801: Pasha of Tripoli raised the annual payoff to the United States.

• Jefferson decides to go to war, which lasts until 1804.

Louisiana Purchase

• Sale of Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million dollars

• United States doubled in size• Jefferson was a strict constructionist.

Where was it permissible in the Constitution to acquire land?

• “The less we say about Constitutional difficulties, the better.” Jefferson

Louisiana Purchase

• United States was as large as Europe• Removed the last doubts about western

expansion and made it virtually certain that America would double in size again in the next few decades

• 830,000 sq. miles for 15 million in cash• America would be ensured to have

enough land for the virtuous and independent farmer

Jefferson’s land policies

• Cut the price of publically owned lands to make land more affordable

• Reduced the minimum size of land required for purchase

• Turned a blind eye towards squatting• 1803: Ohio admitted as 17th state

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

• Captain Meriwether Lewis: Jefferson’s private secretary

• William Clark: Lewis’ associate• 48 man “Corps of Discovery”• Helped by the Shoshone Indian woman,

Sacajawea

• Where were the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase?

• What were its contents?

Instructions from Jefferson

• Map the Louisiana Territory• Evaluate its soil, climate, and mineral

resources• Determine whether the Missouri River

might run all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

• Lewis and Clark expedition was the single greatest scientific expedition of the day

Zebulon Pike

• September 1805: led an expedition to locate the source of the Mississippi River

• 1806: explored the Rocky mountains and Louisiana’s border with area controlled by Spain

• Discovered Pike’s Peak

1803-1807

• British seized over 500 American ships

• French seized over 300• British comes to blows with the U.S.

Navy• War against the other’s trade

1807 Chesapeake Affair

• 1807: British frigate Leopard stopped the U.S.S. Chesapeake and demanded the return British deserters.

• British ship opened fire, killed 3 Americans and wounding 18

• Leopard impressed 4 sailors, 3 U.S. citizens.

• Result: Embargo 1808

Embargo Act 1808

• Banned all trade with both France and Great Britain

• Results were horrendous• 1807: exports 108 million dollars to 22

million in 1808• Imports: 138 million to 57 million• Shipping dropped dramatically and

economic recession took hold of the country.

Non-Intercourse Act (1808-1810)

• Restored international trade with all but Britain and France

• It offered to restore trade with either nation if either one would lift its trade restrictions.

• Didn’t work out either

Macon’s Bill #2

• Abolished the non-intercourse act and restored all trade

• If France or England would restore trade with the United States, then the U.S. would trade with them and not trade with the other side.

• England and France would determine which side would trade with the U.S.

Europe’s reactions

• Napoleon repealed restrictions in 1810.• U.S. didn’t trade with England• Britain rejected the offer. U.S. tried to

force the British to comply• England and France viewed the

American action as bringing the U.S. into the war on France’s side.

• Action started America’s entering the war against Britain