The Islamic WorldThe Islamic World

The Growth of the ReligionThe Growth of the Religion

IslamIslam

How did a small religion with few How did a small religion with few followers that was created in a world followers that was created in a world that harbored two major religions that harbored two major religions flourish? flourish?

IslamIslam

The Death of MohammadThe Death of Mohammad Most of the Arabian world had been Most of the Arabian world had been

converted to Islam at the time of converted to Islam at the time of Mohammad’s deathMohammad’s death

However Mohammad died unexpectedly However Mohammad died unexpectedly someone needed to take his placesomeone needed to take his place

A caliph or a military and religious A caliph or a military and religious leader, head of state, and chief judge leader, head of state, and chief judge and lawmaker was selected to rule the and lawmaker was selected to rule the Muslim EmpireMuslim Empire

Mohammed selects AliMohammed selects Ali

IslamIslam

Abu BakrAbu Bakr One of the first One of the first

followers of followers of Mohammad and Mohammad and Mohammad’s Mohammad’s father in law father in law became the first became the first caliphcaliph

IslamIslam The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 C.E.)The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 C.E.)

Moved the capital of Islam out of Mecca and to Moved the capital of Islam out of Mecca and to Damascus SyriaDamascus Syria

Mecca still remained the religious center for Mecca still remained the religious center for the religionthe religion

Gold and silver became the standard currencyGold and silver became the standard currency Arabic became the official language of IslamArabic became the official language of Islam Conquered people were encouraged to convertConquered people were encouraged to convert

• However they were not required to convert and if However they were not required to convert and if they did not they had to pay a taxthey did not they had to pay a tax

Islam ExpansionIslam Expansion

Military ConquestMilitary Conquest By the end of the By the end of the

700’s the Umayyad 700’s the Umayyad had broken out of had broken out of the Middle East and the Middle East and had conquered had conquered • The Persian EmpireThe Persian Empire• Ruled Iraq, Syria, Ruled Iraq, Syria,

Egypt, most of North Egypt, most of North Africa, modern day Africa, modern day Pakistan, Spain, parts Pakistan, Spain, parts of Italy and most of Italy and most importantly Palestine.importantly Palestine.

Islamic ExpansionIslamic Expansion Military ConquestMilitary Conquest

Several times the Several times the Islamic Empire Islamic Empire under the Umayyads under the Umayyads attacked the attacked the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine The Byzantine Empire was able to Empire was able to hold back the hold back the Muslims and kept Muslims and kept eastern Europe out eastern Europe out of the hands of the of the hands of the Islamic EmpireIslamic Empire

Islamic ExpansionIslamic Expansion Military ConquestMilitary Conquest

After the Muslims were After the Muslims were turned back by the turned back by the Byzantine Empire they Byzantine Empire they turned their attention to turned their attention to western Europe and western Europe and SpainSpain

The Muslims advanced The Muslims advanced through Spain and into through Spain and into FranceFrance

The Muslim Empire was The Muslim Empire was stopped short of Paris by stopped short of Paris by Charles MartelCharles Martel

The Muslims would The Muslims would control most of Spain control most of Spain until 1491.until 1491.

The Umayyad CaliphateThe Umayyad Caliphate SuccessSuccess

The Dome of the Rock The Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalemwas built in Jerusalem

Expansion of the Islamic Expansion of the Islamic EmpireEmpire

ProblemsProblems While the empire While the empire

expanded to actually expanded to actually overextended itself and overextended itself and problems arose over problems arose over controlcontrol

Shi’ite and Sunni Shi’ite and Sunni problems of who was to problems of who was to control the empirecontrol the empire

Class QuestionClass Question

How does overexpansion lead to How does overexpansion lead to over overextension?over overextension?

What are some of the symptoms What are some of the symptoms overextension?overextension?

What are some of the empires in What are some of the empires in history that overexpanded and have history that overexpanded and have caused problems and the destruction caused problems and the destruction of those empires.of those empires.

The Umayyad CaliphateThe Umayyad Caliphate

Destruction of the Umayyad Destruction of the Umayyad CaliphateCaliphate The Shi’ite (Shia) begin to assert The Shi’ite (Shia) begin to assert

control over the Muslim communitycontrol over the Muslim community In a civil war the supporters of Ali or In a civil war the supporters of Ali or

the Shi’ite defeated the Umayyad the Shi’ite defeated the Umayyad empire and replaced it with the Abbasid empire and replaced it with the Abbasid DynastyDynasty

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty

Ruled from 750 Ruled from 750 C.E. to 1258 C.E.C.E. to 1258 C.E.

Built the capital Built the capital city in Baghdadcity in Baghdad Baghdad would Baghdad would

become one of the become one of the great cultural and great cultural and spiritual centers of spiritual centers of the worldthe world

Achieved a Golden Achieved a Golden AgeAge

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty

The Abbasid Dynasty and the Islamic The Abbasid Dynasty and the Islamic world was built around tradeworld was built around trade Under the Abbasid there were some Under the Abbasid there were some

unique ideas about tradeunique ideas about trade• The introduction of creditThe introduction of credit

This freed traders from carrying coins and from This freed traders from carrying coins and from being robbedbeing robbed

• A system of receipts and bills for goodsA system of receipts and bills for goods Allowed merchants to control inventory and Allowed merchants to control inventory and

account for the sale of goodsaccount for the sale of goods

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty

Islamic Islamic AdvancementsAdvancements MedicineMedicine

• Mohammad al-Razi Mohammad al-Razi publishes medical publishes medical encyclopedias encyclopedias unheard of in the unheard of in the world at this timeworld at this time

• Mathematicians Mathematicians expanded the expanded the knowledge of math knowledge of math learned in India and learned in India and this contributed to this contributed to the growth of the growth of algebraalgebra

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty Islam Preserves the WestIslam Preserves the West

A significant role that the Muslim and Abbasid A significant role that the Muslim and Abbasid Dynasty did was to preserve western cultureDynasty did was to preserve western culture

The Arabs did not dismiss the past cultures of the The Arabs did not dismiss the past cultures of the world as Europeans of the time didworld as Europeans of the time did

Instead they studied classical writings fromInstead they studied classical writings from• GreeceGreece• RomeRome

They translated the writings of Plato, Aristotle into They translated the writings of Plato, Aristotle into ArabicArabic

Many ancient writings were translated and Many ancient writings were translated and preserved in Muslim librariespreserved in Muslim libraries

Without the Muslims saving these works many Without the Muslims saving these works many would have been lost foreverwould have been lost forever

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty During the Crusades During the Crusades

the classical writings the classical writings that the Muslims saved that the Muslims saved would again be would again be exchanged between exchanged between Muslims and ChristiansMuslims and Christians

The Europeans would The Europeans would discover their past and discover their past and this would lead Europe this would lead Europe out of the Dark Ages an out of the Dark Ages an into the Renaissanceinto the Renaissance

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty

Islamic TolerationIslamic Toleration While the Islamic Empire tried to convert as While the Islamic Empire tried to convert as

many people as possible, the Islamic Empire many people as possible, the Islamic Empire and especially under the Abbasid were often and especially under the Abbasid were often tolerant of local people and customs in areas tolerant of local people and customs in areas that they conqueredthat they conquered

This was similar to the RomansThis was similar to the Romans Those who did not covert had to pay a tax Those who did not covert had to pay a tax This flexibility of the Islamic Empire and the This flexibility of the Islamic Empire and the

Islamic religion helped lead to its rapid growth Islamic religion helped lead to its rapid growth in many parts of the worldin many parts of the world

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty The SufisThe Sufis

Islamic mysticsIslamic mystics They stressed a They stressed a

personal relationship personal relationship with Allahwith Allah

Encouraged followers Encouraged followers to practice Islam in to practice Islam in their own waystheir own ways

This flexibility allowed This flexibility allowed people to easily convert people to easily convert or to adapt Islam to or to adapt Islam to their own religionstheir own religions

The Sufis became The Sufis became excellent missionaries excellent missionaries and actually converted and actually converted many to Islammany to Islam

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty WomenWomen

In Arabic society women In Arabic society women were seen as more of were seen as more of property then peopleproperty then people

Infanticide was practiced Infanticide was practiced on baby girlson baby girls

In Islamic society women In Islamic society women were still subservient to were still subservient to men however they were men however they were equal before Allahequal before Allah

Infanticide was prohibitedInfanticide was prohibited Women were highly Women were highly

respected and protectedrespected and protected However women However women

• Had to remain veiled in Had to remain veiled in publicpublic

• Testimony in court was Testimony in court was only given half its weightonly given half its weight

• Had to be loyal to an care Had to be loyal to an care for the malesfor the males

Class QuestionClass Question

Something to ponderSomething to ponder George Carlin once statedGeorge Carlin once stated

• Patriarchal societies are always preparing Patriarchal societies are always preparing for war, going to war or recovering from for war, going to war or recovering from war.war.

Do you think this is true? Why or why Do you think this is true? Why or why not?not?

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty The EndThe End

Overextention was a serious problemOverextention was a serious problem• The Muslim Empire had a hard time controlling so many The Muslim Empire had a hard time controlling so many

diverse peoplediverse people Different languages, customs and ethnic backgroundsDifferent languages, customs and ethnic backgrounds

Internal Civil Wars Internal Civil Wars • Shi’ites and Sunnis were constantly fighting for control of Shi’ites and Sunnis were constantly fighting for control of

the empirethe empire Military ThreatsMilitary Threats

• The Crusades and wars with the Byzantine Empire would The Crusades and wars with the Byzantine Empire would drain a large portion of Muslim soldiers and money from the drain a large portion of Muslim soldiers and money from the empire and this would allow for other areas of the empire to empire and this would allow for other areas of the empire to break freebreak free

Nomadic MovementsNomadic Movements• The Mongols would drive into the heart of the Muslim The Mongols would drive into the heart of the Muslim

empire in 1258 C.E. and destroy the Abbasid Empire. The empire in 1258 C.E. and destroy the Abbasid Empire. The remaining Muslims would flee to Egypt and remain remaining Muslims would flee to Egypt and remain powerless until the rise of the Ottoman Empirepowerless until the rise of the Ottoman Empire