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![Page 1: The Islamic Republic of Iran. Quick Facts Capital: Tehran Population: 80.8 million Growth rate: 1.22% Size: slightly larger than Alaska Major Languages:](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c27854/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Islamic Republic of Iran
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Quick Facts• Capital: Tehran
• Population: 80.8 million
• Growth rate: 1.22%
• Size: slightly larger than Alaska
• Major Languages: Persian (Farsi)- 53%, Turkic - 18%, Kurdish - 10%, Arabic – 2%
• Religion - Shi’a Muslim (89%), Sunni (10%); Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Baha’i (most persecuted) & Christian (1%)
• Gov’t Type: Theocratic Republic
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Quick Facts• Importance of Shi’ism - religion has
united Persians even in defeat; source of identity for the Iranians
• Shi’ism established as state religion in 16th century
• Shi’ites established after death of Muhammad - argued successor should be hereditary while Sunnis said he should come from leadership
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Quick Facts• Shi’ites called heirs of Muhammad
IMAMS, which continued until 9th century when 12th Imam disappeared as a child (HIDDEN IMAM)
• Hidden Imam will eventually return but until he does, rulers of Iran stand in his place as true heirs of Islam
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Political Development• The Safavids (1501-1722)
• Shi’ite identity traces back to this time
• Converted 90% of their subjects
• Sunnism survives in border regions amongst Kurds, Turkmen, Baluchis, & Arabs
• Safavids had special regard for People of the Book (monotheists)
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Political Development• The Safavids had serious economic
constraints, making it hard to rule - no bureaucracy or standing army
• Had to rely on local rulers to keep order & collect taxes
• Fragmented by geography and other political & economic factors caused Safavids to lose power
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Political Development• The Qajars (1794-1925) - Turkish grp.
• Separation b/t gov’t & religion widened as Qajars could not tie their legitimacy to descendant of 12 Imams
• Ruled during era of European imperialism so suffered land losses
• Sold oil-drilling rights to British & borrowed heavily from European banks
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Political Development• CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION
of 1905-1909 - business owners & bankers demonstrated against Qajar’s move to hand over their customs collections to Europeans
• Merchants & industrialists demanded written constitution from shah & British encouraged shah to concede since no army to put down insurrection
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Political Development• Constitution of 1906 modeled after
Western ones (elections, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, Bill of Rights)
• Created Majles - strong legislature to balance executive power
• Given power to make & pass laws & control cabinet ministers
• Sparked debate abt sep.of rel. & state
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Political Development• Shi’ism declared official state religion,
only Shi’ites could hold cabinet positions, created Guardian Council of clerics that had power to veto any legislation passed by Majles
• But during WWI, Iran divided into 3 parts - Persia, one Russian controlled, one British controlled
• 1921- political & economic disarray
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Political Development• The Pahlavis (1925-1979)
• Reza Khan carried out successful coup d’etat & declared himself shah in 1925
• Majles lost power & authoritarian rule reestablished
• 1941 turned power over to son Muhammad Reza Shah
• 2 groups challenged the 2nd shah
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Political Development• Tudeh Party (working class trade
unions) & National Front, led by Muhammad Mosaddeq (middle class nationalists)
• Mosaddeq argued for nationalization of oil, which was controlled by Brits
• Elected prime minister in 1951 & power grew, forcing shah to leave in 1953
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Political Development• Mosaddeq removed from power by
Brits w/help from US, who wanted shah installed to protect from Soviets
• Iranians came to see Brits & US as supporters of autocracy & shah as weak pawn of foreign powers
• Rentier economy - heavily supported by state expenditure, while state receives rent from other countries
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Political Development• Iran received income by exporting its
oil & leasing out oil fields to foreign countries
• Income so great by 1970s that gov’t no longer had to rely on internal taxes for its support but paid most of its expenses through oil income
• Gov’t didn’t need people anymore
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Political Development• One-product economy but shah
encouraged import substitution industrialization for domestic industries
• But oil provided 97% of country’s foreign exchange
• Highly centralized state under 2 Pahlavi shahs
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Political Development• State controlled banks, national radio-
TV network, & National Iranian Oil Company
• 5th largest army in the world by 1979
• Majles became rubber stamper
• Courts secularized with European style judicial system & law code
• Shah implemented WHITE REVOLUTION.
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Political Development• Called that b/c it was meant to counter
the “red communists”
• Focused on land reform, w/gov’t buying land from absentee owners & selling it to small farmers affordably
• Extended suffrage to women, restricted polygamy, & allowed women to work outside of home - further secularization
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Political Development• Pahlavi shahs established tax-exempt
Pahlavi Foundation, a patronage system that controlled large companies that bolstered wealth of shah & supporters
• 1975 - formation of Resurgence Party announced by shah - declared Iran 1-party state w/himself as head
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Political Development• Islamic Revolution & Republic (1979-
today)• Unlike revolutions in Mexico, China,
& Russia, Iran’s was religious in nature w/leader being a cleric
• Revolution resulted in establishment of theocracy while other revolutions generally against religious control of gov’t
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Political Development• Shah had disturbed Iranians –
perceived as totalitarian & not just authoritarian, broke balance between secular & religious, & tied too much to West
• He divided nation – one for modernization & closer ties to West while other side defended traditions, esp. Shi’ism
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Political Development• Charismatic authority of Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini, who defended Islamic fundamentalism
• Depicted US as “Great Satan”• 2 factors brought on revolution – oil
prices decreased while consumer prices increased & US put pressure on shah to loosen restraints on opposition (allowed many groups to speak)
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Political Development• April 1979 – Iranian people voted out
monarchy & constitution drawn up by Assembly of Religious Experts (directly elected clerics)
• Several factors brought clerics popular support – world oil prices rebounded so social programs could be offered, Iraq invaded, & charisma of Ayatollah inspired faith in the gov’t
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Political Development• 1989 – Khomeini died & Khamenei
succeeded him• Not as charismatic or academic• New era began in Islamic Republic• After Iran-Iraq War ended in 1988 &
world oil prices fell again, many called for a more democratic gov’t as population criticized authoritarian rule of clerics
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Political CULTURE• 1. Authoritarianism, but not
totalitarianism
• 2. Union of political and religious authority
• 3. Shi’ism & sharia as central components
• 4. Influence of ancient Persia (distinction from Arab Middle East)
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Political CULTURE• 5. Geographic limitations – mostly
desert
• 6. Escape from European colonization – Iran never officially colonized by Europeans so did not have as direct impact as in Mexico or Nigeria