The Islamic Gunpowder Empires 1500-1800 Global Interdependence and Exchange.
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Transcript of The Islamic Gunpowder Empires 1500-1800 Global Interdependence and Exchange.
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The Islamic Gunpowder The Islamic Gunpowder EmpiresEmpires
1500-18001500-1800
Global Interdependence and Global Interdependence and ExchangeExchange
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Trio of EmpiresTrio of Empires
Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire (1289-1918)(1289-1918)
Safavid Empire Safavid Empire (1501-1722)(1501-1722)
Mughal Empire Mughal Empire (1523-1739)(1523-1739)
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IslamIslam
Central to nation-state expansion Central to nation-state expansion Religion, culture & civilizationReligion, culture & civilization Quran – Holy book. Revelations Quran – Holy book. Revelations
given to Mohammed.given to Mohammed. Sharia – Totality of political, religious, Sharia – Totality of political, religious,
social and private life.social and private life.
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5 Pillars of Islam5 Pillars of Islam
Declaration of IslamDeclaration of Islam PrayerPrayer Fasting – RamadanFasting – Ramadan Almsgiving – ZakatAlmsgiving – Zakat Pilgrimage - HajjPilgrimage - Hajj
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Islam is not monolithicIslam is not monolithic
Sunni – Approximately 90% of Sunni – Approximately 90% of Muslims. Muslims.
Shi’a – Re-established with the Shi’a – Re-established with the emergence of the Safavid dynasty.emergence of the Safavid dynasty.
Sufi – Mystic tradition.Sufi – Mystic tradition.
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Ottoman Empire 1298-1918Ottoman Empire 1298-1918
First of the threeFirst of the three Reached its peak in Reached its peak in
16001600 Survived through Survived through
WWIWWI Present day TurkeyPresent day Turkey
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Ottoman – BeginningsOttoman – Beginnings
Grew from remnants of Turkic Grew from remnants of Turkic peoples after fall of Mongol Rulepeoples after fall of Mongol Rule
Ghazi Warriors Ghazi Warriors Osman BeyOsman Bey
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Empire Building 1300-1400Empire Building 1300-1400
Janissaries (yeni cheri)Janissaries (yeni cheri) Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and former Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and former
YugoslaviaYugoslavia Official recognition of Orthodox Official recognition of Orthodox
Christian ChurchChristian Church Invasion of Timur destroyed most of Invasion of Timur destroyed most of
empireempire
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Mehmed the Conqueror 1451-Mehmed the Conqueror 1451-8181
Taking of Taking of Constantinople Constantinople
““Sovereign of the Sovereign of the Two Lands and the Two Lands and the Two Seas” – Two Seas” – Established Ottoman Established Ottoman Empire in Europe Empire in Europe and Asiaand Asia
Artillery & naval Artillery & naval powerpower
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Military Campaigns 1480-1520Military Campaigns 1480-1520
Shift focus from Christian Europe to Shift focus from Christian Europe to Islamic Empires in Egypt and PersiaIslamic Empires in Egypt and Persia
Fierce campaign against the SafavidsFierce campaign against the Safavids Mecca and MedinaMecca and Medina
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Suleyman I 1520-66Suleyman I 1520-66
Suleyman the Suleyman the MagnificentMagnificent
Height of the Height of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
Further move into Further move into Europe Europe
Renewed hostilities Renewed hostilities with Safavidswith Safavids
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Franco-Ottoman Alliance Franco-Ottoman Alliance 15361536
Roman Empire vs FranceRoman Empire vs France Ottomans sided with FranceOttomans sided with France Cornerstone of European diplomacy Cornerstone of European diplomacy Countered other European alliancesCountered other European alliances Suleyman able to focus on conquest Suleyman able to focus on conquest
of other Islamic Empiresof other Islamic Empires
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Relations with SafavidsRelations with Safavids
Renewed hostilitiesRenewed hostilities Took Baghdad and Tabriz, the capitalTook Baghdad and Tabriz, the capital By 1538 controlled Persian Gulf and By 1538 controlled Persian Gulf and
Red SeaRed Sea Treaty of 1555 returned Tabriz to Treaty of 1555 returned Tabriz to
SafavidsSafavids
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Death and DeclineDeath and Decline
Loss to Europeans at Malta - 1565Loss to Europeans at Malta - 1565 Suleyman died in 1566Suleyman died in 1566 By 1600 lost much of its powerBy 1600 lost much of its power Survived until the end of WWISurvived until the end of WWI
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Safavid Empire 1501-1722Safavid Empire 1501-1722
Origins as a Origins as a religious sectreligious sect
Officially a Shi’ite Officially a Shi’ite empireempire
Short livedShort lived Present day IranPresent day Iran
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Shah Ismail 1501-26Shah Ismail 1501-26
Twelver Shi’ism Twelver Shi’ism official religionofficial religion
Violent conversionViolent conversion Qizilbash Qizilbash Claimed Ottoman Claimed Ottoman
landland
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Instability 1524-87Instability 1524-87
Death of Ismail – 1524Death of Ismail – 1524 Power struggle among QizilbashPower struggle among Qizilbash Move to more secular administrationMove to more secular administration Attempt to return to Sunni originsAttempt to return to Sunni origins Number of rulers unable to stabilize Number of rulers unable to stabilize
empireempire
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Abbas the Great 1587-1629Abbas the Great 1587-1629
Rejuvenated Rejuvenated empireempire
Quelled internal Quelled internal revoltsrevolts
Faced OttomansFaced Ottomans Enhanced trade Enhanced trade
with Europeanswith Europeans
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Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs
Permanent paid army to counter Permanent paid army to counter Qizilbash infightingQizilbash infighting
Centralization of powerCentralization of power Relocation of capital to IsfahanRelocation of capital to Isfahan
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Conflict with the Ottomans Conflict with the Ottomans
Peace Treaty of 1590Peace Treaty of 1590 Retook Tabriz in 1605Retook Tabriz in 1605 Recaptured Baghdad 1623Recaptured Baghdad 1623 By death in 1629 Safavid Empire By death in 1629 Safavid Empire
restored to borders established by restored to borders established by Ismail IIsmail I
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EuropeansEuropeans
Concluded new trade agreements to Concluded new trade agreements to offset losses to Portugueseoffset losses to Portuguese
Traded Persian silks with EnglishTraded Persian silks with English Became middleman for Indian goodsBecame middleman for Indian goods Allied with British against OttomansAllied with British against Ottomans
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DeclineDecline
Abbas I feared ascension to throneAbbas I feared ascension to throne Ceased giving provincial Ceased giving provincial
governorships to Safavid princesgovernorships to Safavid princes No shah was prepared to hold empire No shah was prepared to hold empire
together together Fell to Afghan invaders Fell to Afghan invaders
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Mughal Empire 1523-1739Mughal Empire 1523-1739
Struggle to Struggle to consolidateconsolidate
Succession of Succession of strong rulersstrong rulers
Eventually Eventually absorbed by British absorbed by British Empire in India – Empire in India – mid 19mid 19thth century century
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Founding of the empireFounding of the empire
Previous examples of positive Previous examples of positive Muslim-Hindu relationsMuslim-Hindu relations
Babur established capital at Kabul Babur established capital at Kabul (present capital of Afghanistan)(present capital of Afghanistan)
Consolidated territory of Hindustan Consolidated territory of Hindustan (India) with use of artillery(India) with use of artillery
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Humayun 1530-56Humayun 1530-56
Unstable Unstable administrationadministration
Brothers Brothers challenged for the challenged for the thronethrone
Race for territory Race for territory with Sher Shahwith Sher Shah
Held onto Mughal Held onto Mughal EmpireEmpire
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Akbar 1556-1605Akbar 1556-1605
Consolidated and Consolidated and expanded empireexpanded empire
Put down Put down challenges to the challenges to the thronethrone
Continued tradition Continued tradition of tolerance of of tolerance of Hindu traditionsHindu traditions
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Conquest and ExpansionConquest and Expansion
Rajasthan Rajasthan Province of Bengal Province of Bengal Hindustan Plain Hindustan Plain Province of Province of
KashmirKashmir
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Religion & AdministrationReligion & Administration
Tolerated Hindu religionTolerated Hindu religion Invited missionaries to teach tenets Invited missionaries to teach tenets
of Christianityof Christianity Moved away from orthodox IslamMoved away from orthodox Islam
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TransitionTransition
Campaign for the southern tip of the Campaign for the southern tip of the Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinent
Strained relations between Hindus Strained relations between Hindus and Muslimsand Muslims
Social unrestSocial unrest
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Imperial Islamic SocietyImperial Islamic Society
Military Nation-StateMilitary Nation-State EconomicsEconomics Islam & ArtIslam & Art
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Military Nation-StateMilitary Nation-State
Empires legitimized rule with military Empires legitimized rule with military conquest conquest
Armies were important part of Armies were important part of leadershipleadership
Use of gunpowder artillery turned Use of gunpowder artillery turned tables of warfaretables of warfare
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EconomicsEconomics
Trade – extensive Trade – extensive routesroutes
Agriculture and Agriculture and commerce commerce
Point of exchangePoint of exchange
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Islam & ArtIslam & Art
ArchitectureArchitecture Poetry Poetry PaintingPainting
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Decline of Islamic EmpiresDecline of Islamic Empires
Limits of military stateLimits of military state Economic stagnationEconomic stagnation Cultural islandsCultural islands
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Limits of Military StateLimits of Military State
Inconsistent leadershipInconsistent leadership Costly wars of conquestCostly wars of conquest Internal dissention and competitionInternal dissention and competition
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Economic StagnationEconomic Stagnation
Weak middle-classWeak middle-class Trade routes began to move onto the Trade routes began to move onto the
sea routessea routes Loss of revenue with loss of territoryLoss of revenue with loss of territory
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Cultural IsolationCultural Isolation
European interest was not European interest was not reciprocatedreciprocated
Resistance to outside cultural Resistance to outside cultural influences influences
Faith and tradition vs. technology Faith and tradition vs. technology
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ConclusionConclusion
Empires represented growing Empires represented growing interdependenceinterdependence
Exchange of people, ideas and Exchange of people, ideas and technologytechnology
Use of artillery changed warfareUse of artillery changed warfare Legacy of art, religion and nationLegacy of art, religion and nation