THE IRAQ WARS - Bellarmine College Preparatorywebs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/AP Human...
Transcript of THE IRAQ WARS - Bellarmine College Preparatorywebs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/AP Human...
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““War isWar isGodGod’’s way ofs way ofteachingteachingAmericans Americans geography.geography.””
--Ambrose Bierce, writer (1842-1914)
THE IRAQTHE IRAQWARSWARS
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Mesopotamia, Fertile CrescentMesopotamia, Fertile CrescentOrigin of some of the earliest seed agriculture, citiesOrigin of some of the earliest seed agriculture, cities
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Ancient City of BaghdadAncient City of BaghdadFounded 762, became key Islamic capital, Founded 762, became key Islamic capital,
controlled by Arabs and otherscontrolled by Arabs and others
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Ottoman (Turkish) Empire to WWIOttoman (Turkish) Empire to WWIIraqis welcomed 1917 British liberation, then fought Brits
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British mandate, 1920British mandate, 1920--3232 Mideast dividedbetween Brits, French
Iraqis fought British mandate;
independent 1932
Iraqis ousted Hashemitemonarchy,declared
republic, 1958
King Faisal II
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Oil fieldsOil fields
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TurkeyTurkey
IraqIraq
Water conflictsWater conflicts
Turkey buildingdams on Tigris &Euphrates rivers
upstream from Iraq
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Ethnic &Ethnic &religiousreligiousdivisionsdivisions
Ethnic:Arabs vs.Kurds
Religious:Sunnis vs.Shi’as
Rulers areSunni Arab
Ethnic/religious groups mixed in some regions.
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KurdsKurds
Ethnic group in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria.
Many Kurdsfor state ofKurdistan.
States pit Kurdsagainst each other; US betrays Kurds in 1975
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IraqiIraqiTribesTribes(some cross(some crossethnic or ethnic or religiousreligiousdivides)divides)
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BaBa’’athath Party take power, 1968Party take power, 1968
Arab (ethnic) nationalists;want one Arab country
Against Islamic (religious) fundamentalists
Against Kurdish nationalists, Communists
Saddam took power by 1979,modeled regime on Stalinism;Favored relatives from Tikrit
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IRAN (Shi’a Persian) vs.IRAQ (Sunni Arab leaders)
Iraq seized Iran’s oil fields afterIran’s Islamic revolution, but Iran fought to stalemate
Iraqi Shi’as fought for Iraq, not Iran
U.S. supported Iraq with weaponsalso later supplied weapons to Iran
IranIran--Iraq War,Iraq War,19801980--8888
Iranians
Iraqis
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Chemical weaponsChemical weaponsIsrael first in Mideast to have
nuclear, chemical arms;Saddam wanted to match
Israel bombs Iraqi reactor, 1981
Both Iran and Iraq usedpoison gas in 1980-88 war
Iraq gassed Kurdish minority
U.S. continued to back Iraq; had sold bio-chemical equipment
RumsfeldmeetsSaddamHalabja 1988
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Iraq invades Kuwait, 1990Iraq invades Kuwait, 1990Kuwait small oil-rich monarchy;
Iraq claimed fromOttoman days
U.S. turned againstSaddam, sent troopswith UN backing
Allies paid $52 billion;US paid $9 billion
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Gulf War I, 1991Gulf War I, 1991Large coalition drove Iraqisout of Kuwait
Saddam launched missilesat Israel, Saudi Arabia
Allied bombing focusedon troops in open desert
Month of bombingfollowed by 100-hour ground war
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Gulf War I, 1991Gulf War I, 1991
Iraqi troops surrender
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Gulf War I, 1991Gulf War I, 1991
US bombed retreatingIraqis on “Highway of Death”
from Kuwait to Basra
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Gulf War I, 1991Gulf War I, 1991
Iraqi civilians also died;Civilian infrastructure targeted
(water treatment plants)
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After Gulf War I, 1991After Gulf War I, 1991“Trying to eliminate Saddam...would have incurred incalculable human and political costs. Apprehending him was probably impossible.... We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq....there was no viable "exit strategy" we could see,violating another of our principles. Furthermore, we had been self-consciously trying to set a pattern for handling aggression in the post-Cold War world. Going in and occupying Iraq, thus unilaterallyexceeding the United Nations' mandate, would have destroyed the precedent of international response to aggression that we hoped to establish. Had we gone the invasion route, the United States could conceivably still be an occupying power in a bitterly hostile land.”
From George H.W. Bushand Brent Scowcroft,A World Transformed (1998), pp. 489-90
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Chemical releases in Gulf War?Chemical releases in Gulf War?
Bombing of biochemical sites, 1991
Detections ofchemicals in air
Saddam had chemical weapons;did not use them due to retaliation fears
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ChemicalChemicalarms bunkersarms bunkersin Iraq, 1991in Iraq, 1991
Detonation of Iraqichemical/biological storage
after end of Gulf War
Possible exposure to troops?
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Kuwait oilKuwait oilwell fires, 1991well fires, 1991
Set by withdrawingIraqi forces; alsospilled oil intoPersian Gulf
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Depleted Uranium (DU)Depleted Uranium (DU)Dense munitions to penetratetanks, armor. Made fromnuclear waste.
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Huge cancer rates insouthern Iraq (387 tonsof DU left behind)
Releases radioactivity whenexplodes or burns, leaves behind dust
82% of U.S combat troops inIraq came in contact with DU dust
Depleted Uranium (DU)Depleted Uranium (DU)
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“Agent Orange of the 1990s”
A variety of illnessesreported by military personnel
Increase in personnel cancers, 1991-97
Gulf War SyndromeGulf War Syndrome
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Gulf War SyndromeGulf War Syndrome
CAUSES?
Depleted Uranium?
Chemical releases?
Oil well fires?
Pesticides?
A combination?
Iraqi civiliansalso affected:leukemia victimin Basra hospital.
Children of U.S. troops affected
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ShiShi’’aa Rebellion against Saddam, 1991Rebellion against Saddam, 1991Bush stopped war when Kuwait goals met
Shi’as revolted as he had urged,but US watched as rebels killed
US felt that Shi’as would form Pro-Iran Islamic state;Saddam meant stable Sunni rule
A democratic Iraq could takecontrol of its oil
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SaddamSaddam’’s draining s draining of southern Iraqof southern Iraqmarshes, 1992marshes, 1992
Area was haven for Marsh Arabs, Shi’a rebels
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Kurdish Rebellion against Saddam, 1991Kurdish Rebellion against Saddam, 1991Saddam also crushed Kurds in north
U.S. created safe havensfor Kurds, grew intomini-state
Turkey fears examplefor its Kurds, sent troops
Splits among Iraqi Kurds
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NoNo--Fly Zones, 1990sFly Zones, 1990s
Iraq cannot send aircraftover Kurdish north andShi’a south
Iraq fires on US, British aircraft
Aircraft often bombIraqi military sites
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Economic sanctionsEconomic sanctionsLack of medicines, sanitation,diet led to high infant mortality
Iraq had been modern, educatedtechnological society
Resignations by UN officials;perceive civilians as victims
Iraqi civilians trying to survive;less likely to organize revolt.Saddam can blame US for economy
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Economic sanctionsEconomic sanctions
500,000 + children diedsince Gulf War(UN Food & AgricultureOrganization)
Sec. Albright: “price is worth it.”
One reason for less global support for war to oust Saddam
Infant mortality since sanctions
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UN weapons inspections, 1990sUN weapons inspections, 1990s
Inspectors destroyednearly all chemical weapons
Inspectors destroyed Iraqinuclear capability (IAEA)
Biological weapons moredifficult to track
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Clinton bombing, 1998Clinton bombing, 1998
Iraq blocked some inspections
UN ordered out inspectors
US bombed for 4 days
Inspectors could not return,track developments
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Project for a New American Century, 1990sProject for a New American Century, 1990s
Later leaders of Bush IIAdministration(Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz, Perle etc.)
Pre-emption Doctrine(Don’t need immediate threatto invade)
Start with Iraq, extend to others
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Outgoing Defense Sec. Cohen (R):Iraq kept at bay
Former inspectors:Need to return to confirmdisarmament
New cabinet leaders:Regime change no matterwhat weapons Saddam has
G.W. Bush AdministrationG.W. Bush Administration
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Hijackers almost all Saudi(none were Iraqis); allIslamic fundamentalists
Some nearly accused Iraq,but no evidence found
Bush decision:Afghanistan first, Iraq later
Intelligence led to decision, or decision led to intelligence?(Clarke, O’Neill on 9/11, WMD)
September 11th, 2001September 11th, 2001
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Saddam could aid Bin Laden?Saddam could aid Bin Laden?Bin Laden wanted to fightSaddam on his own in 1991,resented US bases left behind
Bin Laden wants a (religious)Islamic state
Saddam wants a (secular)ethnic Arab state
Bin Laden sees Saddamas “infidel” enemy;Al Qaeda group in Kurdish zone
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New U.S. military basesNew U.S. military basesBASE CLUSTERS
1. Gulf War, 1991
2. Yugoslav Wars,1995-99
3. Afghan War,2001
4. Iraq War,2003
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“Next to the U.S. nuclear monopoly, there was no more universally recognized symbol of the nation’s superpower status than its overseas basing system.”-- James Blaker, former Senior Advisor to the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1990
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Originally unilateralpre-emptive “regime change,”not internal coup
Objections from someformer Gulf WarCommanders (Zinni, Schwarzkopf)
Powell urges Bush to go to UN, appeal on weapons of mass destruction,but little new information
Moves toward war, 2002Moves toward war, 2002
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IAEA confirmed nuclear disarmament views(aluminum tube, Niger uranium stories not hold)
No evidence of biochemical arms
Iraq violated ballistic missile ban,ordered to dismantle
If Saddam had chemical weapons,why not used when cornered?
UN inspectors return, 2002UN inspectors return, 2002
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Bin Laden opposes Bush and Saddam
Sees war as chance for new Islamiccaliphate in Baghdad
Recruiting new followers,planning attacks?
War might radicalize Muslims,especially if quick and successful?
Fears of terrorismFears of terrorism
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War debate in U.S.War debate in U.S.Largest antiwar movement before a war in U.S. history;
Also some pro-war protests
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War debate around worldWar debate around world
U.S., Britain, Australia send combat troops;support from 27 smaller governments
Largest protests in capitals backing war
Germany, France, Russia, China, opposed to war, had most votes in UN
Canada, Mexico, most other countriesopposed to US war without UN backing
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““Shock and AweShock and Awe””1000+ Cruise missiles in 2 days; more intense bombardment than all 1991
U.S. strategy for Iraqi military to surrender
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Civilian casualties & refugeesCivilian casualties & refugees
Kurds fled cities in fear of Saddam
Civilian neighborhoods bombed;Thousands dead or injured.Cluster bombs hit civilians
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Reception for U.S. troopsReception for U.S. troopsShi’a Arabs opposed Saddam(yet hostilities greater in south than expected)
Kurds opposed Saddam and Turks
Sunni Arabs in Baghdad, central Iraqfear Shi’ite (& Kurdish) rule
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BaghdadBaghdad5 million = 2 x Twin Cities metro area
Capital of Sunni Arab heartlandHalf of population under 15
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Winning was the easy partWinning was the easy partNo WMDs found.
Many Iraqis want U.S. to leave now that Saddam captured--the job is done
How to keep together such an ethnically and religiously fragmented country?
Humiliation of foreign occupation?“You have humiliated us more thanour enemies” --Umm Qasr Shi’ite“If [Bush] stays here, he is justanother Saddam” -- Baghdad Shi’ite
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ThumbsThumbs--up to thumbsup to thumbs--downdown
Iraqis glad that Saddam gone, andusing newfound freedoms
Shi’ites hated Saddam, but mistrustU.S.-British intentions on oil.
U.S. failure to provide water, power, security from looters, museum looted,but oil ministry guarded.
Shi’ites sensitive to holy sites.
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Tensions increase, 2004Tensions increase, 2004
Iraqi “sovereignty” June 2004,but U.S. troops/bases staying
Is Occupation preventing a civil war or worsening internal conflicts?
Sunni & Shi’ite opponentsof U.S. banding together?
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Interim GovernmentInterim Government
Lack of democratic history orforeign support for democracy
U.S.-backed exiles divided &unpopular (elite did not suffer)
Training new Iraqi police andtroops has been difficult
Poor Shi’ites are majority; Sunni Arabs & Kurds nervous
Paul Bremer (U.S. administrator)
Iyad Allawi(Secular Shi’itePrime Minister)
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Insurgents: Insurgents: BaBa’’athistsathists
Support Saddam’s Ba’ath Party
Secular Arab nationalists(win over with threat of Iran?)
Former military/police whowent underground during war
Stronghold: Sunni TriangleSaddam’s general
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
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Insurgents: Al Insurgents: Al QuedaQueda in Iraqin Iraq
Support Bin Laden’s Jihad(Struggle) using suicidebombings, kidnappings, terror
Want Sunni religious state
Iraqis, some foreign fighters;not active in Saddam’s Iraq
Stronghold: Fallujahin Sunni Triangle
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
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Insurgents: Insurgents: ShiShi’’iteite MahdiMahdi ArmyArmySupport Shi’ite Cleric Al-Sadr,fought U.S. at holiest mosque
Al-Sadr’s dad was killed by Saddam, who saw him as pro-Iran
Anti-U.S. Occupation, want stateled by poor Shi’ite majority
Strongholds: South (Najaf, Kufa),Baghdad (Sadr City)
Moqtada al-Sadr atImam Ali Mosque
in holy city of Najaf
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Insurgents: Iraqi nationalistsInsurgents: Iraqi nationalistsSome tribes hated Saddam & oppose foreign occupation
Lost family or friends toU.S. bombing or troops
Do not want U.S. bases orsupport for Israel
U.S. fought Saddam’sworst enemies in 2004: Shi’ites & Iraqi nationalists
Iraqis protest U.S.decision to let Ba’athists
in new police force
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Election 2005Election 2005Large turnout by Shi’ite Arabs, Sunni Kurds to elect parliament
Sunni Arabs boycott election, largely left out of government(internal conflict may intensify)
Shi’ites majority in parliament;leaders had been exiled in Iran
Iran ends up with influence inIraq, without firing a shot
PremierIbrahim
al-Jaafari(Shi’ite)
PresidentJalal
Talabani(Kurd)
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The TollThe Toll
2000+ U.S. military
200+ U.S. allies
50,000+ Iraqi civilianswww.IraqBodyCount.net
15,000–20,000+ Iraqi military
Countless injured
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Domestic Debates in U.S.Domestic Debates in U.S.
Anti-war veterans’ rally, Sept. 2004
How long should U.S. forces stay?
Iraq diverting from anti-terrorism?
Losing international support?(Spain, Central America, East Europe)
Will new gov’t bring freedomor more centralized rule?
Will occupation prevent civil waror cause a civil war?
Pro-war rally,March 2003
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How to overcome economic disastersof Saddam, sanctions, and wars?
The Future of IraqThe Future of Iraq