The Iraq War 16

7/28/2019 The Iraq War 16

1/24

What Price War?

Aghanistan, Iraq, and the Costs o Confict

Anthony Gregory

June 2011


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Independent Policy Reports ar bl by T I I, a oro, oara,

colarly rarc a caoal orgazao a oor comrv o olcal

coomy o crcal ocal a coomc . Nog r ol b cor a carly

rcg vw o T I I or a a am o a or r aag o ay

bll bor ogr.

oyrg 2011 by T I I

ll rg rrv. No ar o ror may b rroc or ram ay orm by lcroc

or mcacal ma ow kow or o b v, clg oocoyg, rcorg, or or-

mao orag a rrval ym, wo rmo wrg rom blr, xc by a

rvwr wo may qo br aag a rvw.

T I I

100 Swa ay, akla, 94621-1428

lo: 510-632-1366 ax: 510-568-6040

Emal: [email protected]

b: www..org

ISN 13: 978-1-59813-047-8


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What Price War?

Aghanistan, Iraq, and the Costs o Confict

A Gg

Introduction

I ca c 9/11, U.S. govrma r a aoal cry olcy a a b

xcgly coly bloo a rar. Ev b-

or, U.S. g wa g by worl a-

ar, ar o rq rvo byo

ao borr, a ar 9/11 g

a caal av mo rcoly.

Tr ar o cao a or aoal c-

ry olc wll cag ar r.

a ay o aocg a o a kll al

aa a ama b a, bama a-mrao maa a war o rror-

m wol co.1 orovr, bo U.S.

govrm a al aa av war a b

a a col lc ralaory aack by

rror work.2

I ay v, aar a b a a

wll o gal a ra rco o -

g or a acclra wrawal o U.S. orc

abroa. log om o govrm acv-

c 9/11 wr l locag b a,

aar a mc o a ll o o w

arrow goal, comlo o wc wa rlav-

ly xv a a o ar o mark a major olcy. Sol amrao c

o cag cor comg mo, ll

mora o look back a la yar a

a co o U.S. a org olcy.

T war gaa a Iraq av b

mo xv a aly or U Sa

c ol ar, a arclar c -

am. ay mrca aw a a coqc

o arclar olcy aroac ak by

org . amrao, a may x-c a rajcory o U.S. org olcy,

cally Iraq b alo gral rm, wol

cag corovrbly, o comlly, oc

arack bama bcam r a a m

o mlm cag. Now, mor a wo

yar o bama rcy, m o xam-

w amrao rcor Iraq a

gaa a gral aroac o org

olcy a war o rrorm. I og o, w

ol comar wa a a o wa wa

rom, a wll a o wa wa rak r-

g la amrao.


4/24

the independent institute2 |

a ak c a cvly awk ac o -

gaa, r wa o rao o b rr

l wa xc a bama camag

wa lyg. I a major c o camag lrar, bama/ camag ar:

bama a b callg or mor roo a

rorc or mo gaa or

yar. bama a wll roc mr-

ca o gra ra o or cry

rrgc o al aa a alba

gaa a Paka.6

I arclar, bama camag rw a lk

bw olly o Iraq a glc ralyo gaa:

T co o va Iraq vr r-

orc rom war gaa, mak-

g arr or o kll or car ama

b a a rror robl

or 9/11 aack. Narly v yar

lar, alba rrg or

gaa wl al aa a

ac rov by Iraq war o rgro,

ra a la or aor aack o U Sa. 2008 wa mo vol

yar gaa c vao

2001. T cal o or loym Iraq

co o back or ably o

g gaa, rocg ac-

cabl ragc rk.

T rom o ror ao a rorc

rom Iraq o gaa wa cocly mma-

rz o x ag, r ag o

g all:

bama wll war Iraq robly

a oc o rg ball ga-

a. H wll loy a la wo aoal

comba brga a $1 bllo ao-

al o-mlary a o gaa. H wll

coo U.S. mlary a o Paka o

r makg rogr o clo ow ra-

Promises of Change

l rg or U.S. rcy 2008,

Saor arack bama raly crczPr org . org olcy. I ar-

clar, arg a Iraq war a b a

aro mak a a a orrly wrawal

wa mrca r. bama crq oc

o ma co o war, U.S. mlary

ovrrc, ra o rlao w U.S.

all, a, la b o la, acal br.

caracrc oo ar a:

T Iraq war a la logr a orl

ar I, orl ar II, a vl ar.or a 4,000 mrca av .

or a 60,000 av b jr a

wo. T U Sa may $2.7

rllo o war a arma, y w

ar l a aro glob a mor -

v a om. rm gy

a a gra roal co, mrca roo

av o rg acc o coa

volc Iraq, b w ll av wrog

ragy o r Iraq o ak roblya om, a ror mrca cry a

ag worl.3

I vowg o go rog ral b-

g, l by l, lmag rogram a o

work, bama maz camag -

omrcal a o o bgg avg w ca

mak o cag or olcy Iraq.4

awl, bama co camag o-

o o 2004 Dmocrac ral caa

Jo rry5 o gaa by argg a amrao a glc ro

war o rrorm. ra o Iraq,

bama camag wa a-war comar o

a blca caa Jo ca, wa

cvly mor ro-war a ro-U.S. rv-

o o qo o gaa. log

may o r orr av xr

aom a bama amrao


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| 3a Prc ar?

g cam, vc org gr a rv

cro borr aack. H wll r U.S.

mlary a rov Paka rmy

rag a caably o go ar al-ba a al aa. I U Sa a

acoabl llgc o locao o

g val rror arg lk ama b

a a Paka wll o or cao ac

o , U Sa wll.

o rogo bama camag wa

vw a gaa war a b -

glc, Iraq war wa a coly rror, a

U.S. ol wraw rom Iraq orr o av

moy, ror aoal oor, a roc -

or o gaa. wo yar o r-

cy, w ca a larg org olcy rom-

o wraw rom Iraq a mor roo

o gaabo o r ow rm a by

aar o wr y av acv wa

wa rom.

Troops in Iraq

I Dcmbr 2008, lam ck Pr org. g Iraq Sa o orc gr-

m (S)7, g a mabl or wrawal.

U.S. roo wr ow cl o lav Iraq c-

by J 30, 2009, a cory a a wol

by o 2011.8 T, Pr-lc bama

rom o graally b aly wraw rom

Iraq wr alray abl U.S. olcy by

m cam o owr Jaary 2009.

I bama brary 2009 c a am

j, bama aoc a la o wraw allroo by o 2011.9 o rra, wa -

ally olcy a agr o wo mo

arlr, alog may commaor ok a

og bama Iraq olcy gal a brak rom

rcor. rrmor, r ma

o rrc o aca-z mbay, m-

gly rma U.S. ba, or rol r-

qr or roco or ba, clg

mlary coracor a roo carg w ra-

g Iraq mlary. H mo co-

g rc, or m bg, o o-combarooalog wo a clar xlaao o

wa roo wol b og.

bama vlg o a wrawal cl

a a alray b clar U.S. olcy wa

o r m bama mora olary

w amrao o Iraq. log

bama, a a a aor, ok o aga

Iraq war bor bga, by 2004 o

ml rg o amrao or

o ow o mov orwar w occao.bama wa amoly qo aChicago ribune

arcl o J 27, 2004, rmarkg: Tr o

mc o a rc bw my oo o Iraq

a org oo a ag.10 lmo

r yar lar, Saor co-

vo o co g war Iraq:

I av b vry clar v a a caa

a, oc w wr , a w wr gog o

av om robly o mak work a

b w col, a mor moraly aor roo a b rorc y -

o g om aly.11

I la mo o ral camag,

Saor bama ol acorma ll lly o

ox Nw a ooro Iraq rga q-

oabl la12 volvg roo calao v

by ral Dav Pra a mlm

ac o Dmocrac crcm13a ac

cc byo or wl ram.14 Nv-

rl, avg am rcy, bama

a crcz rcor o Iraq olcy, -

cally coc o go o war.

So ar, rawow largly o cl.

I Novmbr 2007, a g o rg,

r wr 170,300 U.S. roo Iraq. Tr

wr ovr 144,000 w l ofc Ja-

ary 2009. Sc ay 2003 a l o


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rcy, r wr a all m wll

ovr 100,000 roo Iraq. T mbr

o 98,850 rl o 2010 ( x ). y

g, mbr ro o blow 50,000 low a b c U.S. va

arc 2003.15

Pra bama rv om cr or ol-

lowg rog w la o ar, b ol

vr b orgo a a o x

olcy o wrawal byo wa wa alray

moo by . o comlca mar, D-

Scrary a a oa a o a ro-

log U.S. rc a 2011.16 o wr-

g, a rorly abo o rr Prmr Nr al-alk a or Iraq ofcal o

c wr o or a xo allowg a

U.S. roo rc byo o yar.17

Troops in Afghanistan

bama arg a rao or a g

roo rc Iraq a b a fc

rc gaa. H a rc al-

lg mbalac. l ovrg rcoo gro orc Iraq, accorac w

camag rom, bama a graly cra

U.S. rc gaa. or 2006,

mbr o U.S. roo gaa ov-

r bw 10,000 a 20,000, w xc-

o o a ak Jly 2005. gg 2006,

mbr bga o r, alog lowly.

a o amrao arly

2009, r wr wr a 33,000 U.S. roo

gaa ( x ).

mro occao, bama a a-

oc a cra U.S. roo lvl -

gaa. I brary 2009 aoc a

17,000 mor olr a ar wol loy

o gaa.18 I Novmbr, aoc a-

or 30,000 roo o loy by m-2010.19

bama o o mor roo o ga-

a a b comar o rg ra-

gy Iraq, alog w ol o a om

av rr r o cra roo

rc v mor. blca olca av

acc bama o rg or o-

ly lackaacal roo loym,20 a m-2010, v o U.S. gral ga-

a, Saly cryal, caaloly ok o

blcly, ayg mor roo wr a

bama wa wllg o comm.21 cryal a

c rg a rr.

I ay v, w g mo o

bama rcy, r wr mor a wc a

may U.S. roo gaa a w

l ofc. o J 2010, r wr 91,775

U.S. roo r58,975 mor a a o rcy. T rr arly a

rol cra, w or o v m a may

roo ao gaa a wr r r-

g r v yar o war ( x ).

ll all, comb U.S. roo rc

bo cor cra bama r yar a

a oly cl rom ak by abo o-or

a o wrg ( gr 1). Pra w col

gv cr o r or cl, alog

gv roo lvl w ook ofc w wolrobably xc wr roo gaa ow

o or r acv oc o ao.

T all g a raly o mlary co-

racor, o b c lar.

U.S. Fatalities in Iraqand Afghanistan

U.S. roo Iraq av rc m-

br, o oo av aal. T U Sa

bloo yar Iraq, 2004 a 2007, aw 849

a 904 U.S. a, rcvly. I 2009

mbr ro o 149, a 2010 r wr

60 U.S. roo a Iraql a 10 r-

c o avrag mbr o U.S. roo a

Iraq r yar o war r org . (

abl 1).

am m, U.S. aal av oly -

cra gaa. or bama ook ofc,


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| 5a Prc ar?

2008 wa al yar or U Sa,

w 155 a. avrag o 88 mrca

roo gaa r yar ro

bw 2002 a 2008. Sc bama calaoo war, gr a kyrock. I 2009,

317 a 2010, 499 mor a r

m mbr rg bloo yar o war

gaa r org . , a mor

a v a a al m avrag mbr o

aal rg a ro ( abl 1).

abl 1 ow, alog oal mbr o

U.S. a Iraq a gaa 2010 wa

gcaly mallr a oal mbr a

ac o or yar rom 2004 rog 2007,mor U.S. roo av Iraq a ga-

a comb 2010 a 2001, 2002, 2003,

or 2008.

T roc or a rly ramac cl

U.S. caal aar cog o a mor

coml wrawal rom bo war. orovr,

r rg rk a or v, c

a g coc w Syra or Ira, col

valy comlca roblm.

Contractors andCivilian Employees

rom U.S. roo, r ar alo rva

coracorbo mrca a orm-

loy by U Sa occao o

Iraq a gaa. Drg yar,

o rva coracor wa a mar o major

corovry. r bama, o co-

racor a cra bo war. joral

Jrmy Scall ror J 2010:

ccorg o w ac rla by

Pago, w arack bama a comma-

r--c, r a b a 23% cra

mbr o Prva Scry orac-

2001-09

2001-12

2002-03

2002-06

2002-09

2002-12

2003-03

2003-06

2003-09

2003-12

2004-03

2004-06

2004-09

2004-12

2005-03

2005-06

2005-09

2005-12

2006-03

2006-06

2006-09

2006-12

2007-03

2007-06

2007-09

2007-12

2008-03

2008-06

2008-09

2008-12

2009-03

2009-06

2009-09

2009-12

2010-03

2010-06

2010-09

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Afghanistan

Iraq

Both

Figure 1: U.S. Troop Presence in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Total

Source: Graph created based on Iraq and Afghanistan data from Appendix A.


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or workg or Darm o D

Iraq co qarr o 2009 a a

29% cra gaa, wc corr-

la o bl o orc cory.I Iraq, Pago arb cra

o br accog. , mbr r-

la xlcly o DoD cry coracor.

oma lk lackwar a ccor

rl aoy work o Sa Darm

corac a clar corac-

or ar cl ovrall ac. T

ma, mbr o val cry

coracor col b q gr, a col

co o r xao.vrall, coracor (arm a -

arm) ow mak aroxmaly 50%

o oal orc com [ra

o obly].22

o Jaary 2011, D Darm

ror r ar 87,483 coracor ga-

a a 71,142 Iraq. T aa omwa

coclv, a ofcal ror mbr o

coracor a ca ramacally j a

mar o mo23 ( abl 2).I ol b o a va majory o

coracor ar o U.S. cz. log

a mg laca om mrca, w ol

alo o a gr oly cl D

Darm coracor a o ofcal workg

r or c agc a Sa Dar-

m, wc by o 2011 cl o

av Iraq a a o 17,000 ol, va

majory o wom wll b coracor.24

Prva coracg a allow govr-m o obcr war co bloo. w

2001 a J 2010, 2,008 cvla coracor

av rorly war, comar o

5,531 roo. bama a go o rcor

og rco U.S. aal, -

glc o mo coracor rol

ow yg r lac, ay roor Sv

Scoor o org ago Uvry aw

Scool.

omaravly, a oll amog corac-

or a r aga a o U.S. roo. I

r al o 2010, 250 cvla coracor

Iraq a gaamor a 235

olr wo ll rg am ro. T

comaro am accracy o m-

br, y coracor aal gr may

vry wll b cvly low, c coma-

or wc coracor work omm

o o ror a a jr o abor

Darm.25

D aw aa, m clar a

r a b a ovrall r o a cra r-

c wo cor c bama ook

ofc, v a roo mbr cl Iraq (a

cra gaa).awl, ovrall mbr o cvla

mloy D Darm a r

r Pr bama. T mbr o ll-m

qval mloy a cra rom a ak

o abo 665,000 r Pr o a -

ma 760,000 r Pr bama or

yar 2011 ( x ).

Table 1. U.S. Military Fatalities in Afghanistan

and Iraq, Per Year

Year Aghanistan Iraq Total

2001 12 12

2002 49 49

2003 48 486 534

2004 52 849 901

2005 99 846 945

2006 98 822 920

2007 117 904 1,021

2008 155 314 469

2009 317 149 466

2010 499 60 559

Total 1,446 4,430 5,876SOURCE: Calculated rom data gathered at http://

icasualties.org/.


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| 7a Prc ar?

War and Defense Spending

ky como o bama crq o

org olcy wa ormo x. y w-

rawg rom Iraq, bama rom o av

moy, wc col b or omc ror

a o l rlv mrca b roblm.26

T Iraq war cog l r yar

a r . or 2008, U.S.

mor a $140 bllo Iraq war

g xr, ac, c war

a bg. T rc co o U.S. volvm

Iraq a ro ac yar c bama a

ak ofc wa $95.5 bllo 2009 a

a $71.3 bllo 2010 a rojc o

b $49.3 bllo 2011 a $17.7 bllo

2012 ( x ).

am m, g o gaa a

arly cra. T mo xv yar rg

rcy wa 2008, w a rcag o $43.5 bllo. I 2009, a mbr ro

qckly o $59.9 bllo. I 2010 war wa

cog U Sa $93.8 bllo, a

co rojc o b $118.6 bllo or 2011

a $113.7 bllo or 2012.

g ogr co o wo war,

U.S. ow g mor a xc

2007 a 2008, mo xv yar r

org . . Sg or mo yar r

wa l, rm o acal co or

Iraq a gaa war, a crr war

rc ag r bama ( x ).

mg cor a gr ar c-

v bca o ao. Tr ar aw w

omr Prc Ix27 a fcl o aly

aal PI gr mooly o bg m cal-bra or cal yar, b a rog ajm

o gr o acco or PI ao ca b

o abl 3.

Ev coa 2011 ollar, oal war -

g a ll b corably gr r

bama 2009 ($159.21 bllo) a 2010

($170.49 bllo) a all b la wo

yar o , ak o war g

($181.52 bllo a $189.94 bllo or 2007

a 2008, rcvly). T ma warco or 2011 ($167.9 bllo) ar 72.8 rc

gr a war co 2003, yar o

Iraq vao, v aj or ao. T

U.S. govrm mor o Iraq 2010

a 2003 ( abl 3).

Ev w a carabl look a aa, oay

war g vry g comar o mo yar

r . gaa g

Table 2. Defense Department Contractors in Iraq, Afghanistan, and USCENTCOM (January 2011)

Total Contractors U.S. CitizensThird Country

Nationals

Local/Host

Country Nationals

Aghanistan Only 87,483 19,381 21,579 46,523*

Iraq Only 71,142 19,943 40,776 10,423

Other USCENTCOM

Locations17,536 8,387 8,134 1,015

USCENTCOM AOR 176,161 47,711 70,489 57,961

*The reported number o local national personnel in Aghanistan continues to uctuate as we address the

challenges associated with the day-to-day employment o individual contractors supporting contracts which

meet reporting threshold requirements.

Source: Contractor Support o U.S. Operations in the USCENTCOM Area o Responsibility, Iraq, and Aghani-

stan, DASD, January 2011. Available online at http://www.acq.osd.mil/log/PS/hot_topics.html.


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a mrly ollow ao c 2008 wl

Iraq g a cl a a (a a

wol av ayway, amg U.S. a ol-

low S), rojc g or wowar 2011 wol b $93.7 blloa r-

kg 79 rc lowr a rojc $167.9

bllo bama xc o .

am Iraq g o b a

rojc amo o $49.3 bllo or 2011.

Sockgly, U.S. govrm ll -

g abo a mc Iraq r yar a D

Scrary Doal ml rc war

wol co Jaary 2003, bor vao.

ml a c a bg ofc mbr aomg r $50 bllo, clamg a ol

rv wol l covr co o mlary

orao a ol ow co o mrca

axayr.28

yo g ollar amo volv,

r mar o ow war ar ac.

I brary 2009, Pr bama boa,

accorac w a camag rom, a

wol o, a Pr a, o-bg

gmmck o obcr co o war:T bg look aa yar a ac-

co or g a wa l o r

ol rla or r m, a

cl ll co o gg Iraq a

gaa. or v yar, w av b

a ao a war. No logr wll w

rc.29

D rom o k war g

o bg, vral mo lar J, bama

rog a lmal g bll a

cl $106 bllo or gaa a

Iraq war a wll a $108 bllo or Ira-

oal oary , $660 mllo a or

aza, $555 mllo or Iral, $310 mllo or

Egy, $300 mllo or Jora, $420 mllo or

xco, a $889 mllo or UN ackg

mo.30

I Jaary 2010, bama rq a rcor-

brakg bg o $708 bllo or cal

yar 2011.31 bama D Scrary obr

a a c roo a mbr o rorm o

rc ovra co a av $100 bllo ovrv yarb ma a o rc av-

g o or g ror, c a

orc rcr, mrovg comba ra, a

morzg qm.32 or cal yar 2012,

amrao a rq $671 bllo,

wc abo 5.5 rc lowr a rq

yar bor, b ll ovr 14 rc gr

a la rq or 2009, amog

o $585.4 bllo or D Darm

bg l aoal war o rrorm x-.33 o a baal cag org ol-

cy, U.S. g wll co o rval

a o r o worl comb.34 Ev

wo ramac cag U.S. org olcy

a mrca commm ovra, Dc

ommo a varo -

o av o way o rc g

by o $100 bllo r yar,35 b r ll

g a amrao la o mlm

v mora c aym oo. coom obr Hgg a arg,

ofcal bg o o acco or all

o U.S. g o or xaml,

clar wao rogram a Darm

o Ergy. D Darm olay 2009

amo o $636.5 bllo. o o -

cl -rla xr a Dar-

m o Ergy ($16.7 bllo), Sa Darm

a rla rogram ($36.3 bllo), Darm

o Homla Scry ($51.7 bllo), Dar-

m o ra ar ($95.5 bllo), rary

Darmwc o lary r-

m ($54.9 bllo)or NS, mc o

wc mlary-or ($9.6 bllo); or o

co aoal b r a corr-

o o a g ($126.3 bllo).

Hgg ma acal co o aoal

or 2009 o b ovr a rllo ollar.36 Sm-

larly g gr ca b o bg aa-


11/24

| 9a Prc ar?

ly o g xr low lro r or D Iormao. vrall,

bama la v or omal g

alo xc o o oal aga, -

blca r mo amo or g

g. ccorg o ora Toma oo,

w 2010 a 2013 bama la o

$2.47 rllo o Pago. r o b r-

lc, o aor $2.58 rllo.

T comb oal o $5.05 rllo a wo-

g $840 bllo ao-aj ollar,mor a wa by r ml.37

Obama Starts a New Warwith Libya

arc 19, 2011, g-yar avrary

o U.S. vao o Iraq, bama amra-

o, alog w N all, bga bombg bya

a mlary rakg call rao yyDaw. bama clam mma ro wa

o o bya caor ammar aa rom

cocg a maacr o rbl a or cvla

cory ar cy o gaz.

bo a wk ar rao yy Daw

bga, bama ar ao a lv

c, g aco a bg a maara

rc or a wll a r o U.S. a-

oal cry. D Scrary obr a a

a a bya wa o a val aoal r o U Sa, b wa a r.

I 2007, a a ral caa, bama

ol Boston Globe: T r o o

av owr r oo o la-

rally aorz a mlary aack a ao a

o o volv og a acal or mm

ra o ao. . . . Hory a ow

m a aga . . . a mlary aco mo

Table 3: Estimated War Funding by Operation: FY2001FY2011 (in billions o dollars, adjusted or infation

in constant 2011 dollars, as o Feb 2011)

Operation/

Source of

Funding

FY01

and

FY02*

FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 Cum

Enacted:

FY01-

FY11

Iraq 63.43 88.49 96.41 110.99 139.35 145.35 98.03 71.54 49.3 862.89

Afghanistan 25.46 17.59 16.90 22.55 20.76 41.64 44.49 61.08 96.75 118.6 465.82

Enhanced

Security15.91 9.57 4.31 2.37 .87 .53 .102 .103 .103 .1 33.86

Unallocated 0 6.58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.58

Total 41.4 97.17 109.7 121.33 132.62 181.52 189.94 159.21 170.49 167.9 1369.15

Annual

Change NA 135% 13% 10.6% 9.3% 36.9% 4.6% -16.2% 7% -1.5% NA

Change

Since FY03NA NA 13% 24.9% 36.5% 86.8% 95.5% 63.8% 75.5% 72.8% NA

* Calculated using FY02 metrics.

Note: CPI years and budget scal years might be of by a ew months, but this chart is still illustrative o trends

with ination.

Source: Amy Belasco, The Cost o Iraq, Aghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11, Congressional Re-

search Service, March 29, 2011, p. 3. Consumer Price Index ination calculated using the Bureau o Labor Statisticss Ination

Calculator, available online: http://www.bls.gov/data/ination_calculator.htm. See Appendix C.


12/24


ccl w aorz a or

by lglav brac.38 o k

cogroal aorzao o bg a war w

bya. I, a clo arg Scrary oSa Hllary lo ar a am-

rao wol co mlary orao

bya v ac o a cogroal rol-

o callg o o . 39

log bama aoc a N

wol ak ovr blk o orao, U.S.

rov mo o mcl a g or

allac. ccorg o Norm Dck, or

Dmocra o arorao bcom-

m Ho o rav, ra-o yy Daw a co $550 mllo ol-

lar a o o arc, a wa rojc o

co abo $40 mllo a mo.40 ay 12,

D Scrary a ma a co o

bya war a rac $750 mllo o a.41

awl, bama a g a orr al-

lowg or I or o rbl bya,

wo commar a am o avg

w al aa, rror orgazao ml-

ca 9/11 aack, a wc a oraac o bya rbl.42

rmy ral arr Ham, wo l U.S.

mo ror o N ofcal akovr o ora-

o, a o rl 7 a bca aa wa -

g mlary arg b cvla ara, U.S.

mg cor g gro roo,

bama ra clam a o U.S. roo wol

b loy o gro bya.43

Following Bushs Path on ForeignPolicy and the War on Terrorism

y bgg a w, rvv, o--

v war bya wo colg ogr,

by alg o acclra Iraq wrawal ro-

c abl r , a by aggrazg

war gaa, bama org olcy

aar o b vry mc l w war

o rrorm rm o ovrall aroac a

racc. , rg or r, bama ra

aga blca org olcy lgacy. D-

awk o gaa, Saorrom Illo gav mro a wo

rm a b abrrao a orw moly

amrabl mrca ory. Howvr, crq

wa vr a rcl o-rvo o,

b rar a comao o rckl

a laralm a allgly g

rom U Sa rvo or-

g olcy rao. r, bama cr

U.S. or avg rwr global cry

or mor a x ca.44 I arc 28,2011 c o bya, bama clar a

[]or grao, U Sa o

mrca a lay a q rol a a a-

cor o global cry a a a avoca

or ma rom. . . . o br a

mrca robly a a lar a

mor roolyor robl o

or llow ma bg r c cr-

cmac wol av b a brayal

o wo w ar. Som ao may b ablo r a bl y o aroc or

cor. T U Sa o mrca

r.45

T m omwa a o w cr-

cm o blca by -caa ba-

ma 2008 w a o a -

ca org olcy a qar lgacy

a grao o mrcaDmocra a

blcaav bl. T caa rom

a a commar--c, [] wll vr -

a o ao, b [] wll oly

or roo o arm way w a clar mo a

a acr commm o gv m qm

y bal a car a b y

rv w y com om.46

Tr ca b a logcal cocy olg

rvo rcl wl crczg


13/24

| 11a Prc ar?

alcao o a rcl. may o bama

major crcm o wol m o aly o

ow org olcy. I arora o jg

r rcor arly rm o ow wll a ror mrca olc a qo a

.

Pra r g a w wol o

mc o a brak olcy cam w bama

aoc a wol ra D

Scrary obr a. orovr, bama org-

al coc a commar o Iraoal S-

cry ac orc wa Saly cryal,

a gral mbrol w corovry or avg

block ro rom accg U.S. rocam a or rol covrg r

b Pa llma a.47 T coc

a a obl coy o U.S. org olcy

bw la amrao a crr

o.

T ragy o Iraq war, a bama a ar-

g, lay ac a wa cary. T

raoal or cog a calag war

gaa r o mlarly bo gro.

r o vaq llgal rg ra orlma al aa, wc amrao l

a clam oly a abo 100 mmbr

gaa, war, ow yar, a o

ccl g. I bama wa rg a

Iraq vr cary rorc rom brgg

ama b a o jc, crq wol

m o aly o gaa a wll. rrmo-

r, wol corrgcy argably co-

rrocv aaly Iva Ela arg

a U.S.-l ao-blg occao

gaa lg alba rrgc. I

yo ollow ml, cra r or-

c av brog abo alba raac.48

T rg ar lkly j wag o U.S.

rc, a alba or amog may

ga rr all mor fcl or

U.S. o ovrrow m a a olcy goal.

co maowr a ollar cr-

bl: Joral a Nw o a w

100,000 roo gaa a a ma

yarly co o $30 bllo, ma a or vry

o al aa gr, U.S. wll comm 1,000roo a $300 mllo a yar.49 I ao,

U.S.-back lar o gaa, Ham ar-

za, a rcly call U Sa a -

my, a a a: I I a o coo oay,

I coo alba.50

a o b a, may av

or a ra wrawal rom gaa,

b ol lobbyg wol aar o am

a amrao olcy a cory

wa a ma o g b a a o mcl. I acaly, amrao major goal

gaa o o m acvabl a cr-

r ac, a cory r cocr may

-a : o borr w U.S.

ally Paka, abrca la-

cry by r coloal a vg

Pa ol; a Ilamc amalm a

a ovr yar b rr by r m-

lg; rrbl coo or wom rg a

U.S. govrm a a a rx or -rvo b m caabl o arg a

lag mar; a acoal a rgoal olc

a U.S alo m mo o al.51

ay o bama orr wr cocr-

o j w mrca aal a a-

cal co, b alo w c o war

o orgr lv a worl oo. T

corao ar o ab rom bama

war gaa. ccorg o may ror,

2009 wa wor yar or ga c 2001.

Tr wr mor cvla a c vao

a a cra ar rk.52 log may o

a wr a a o alba, ll

o o ak wll or U Sa rcor

o lbrao a org ably r, gv

a a r U.S. roo a b accoma

by a rmarkabl rg cvla a. or

worl oo owar U.S. global c,


14/24


gy o o waorywao a o

a o rg.61 T amrao

ra o va Erra rl 2009.62

bama a b co o Ira, mgmor lomac a rcor, b a

am m org a g o acoa

clacal ac o bllgrc. D all cao

a Ira a o r clar wao vo-

lao o Norolrao ray, bama a

jm o c v a Ira orao a

om o crcz ao or oly bra-

kg agrm, lack o ar vc

o c malaac.63 I 2007, Naoal Il-

lgc Ema o w g coc a all 2003, ra al clar wao ro-

gram.64 I arc, 2009, w Drcor o Nao-

al Illgc D lar wa ak wr

U.S. llgc commy ll oo by

Naoal Illgc Ema, lar :

r. arma, clar wao ro-

gram o o r como r-

qr or a lvrabl ym, clg

lvry ym a ram. a or

clar wao rogram, crroo am, a Ira a o

clar wao g a waoza-

o acv 2003 a oa o

ar m aga, a la a o m-2007.65

I la vral ror o mar, Ir-

aoal omc Ergy gcy co o vr-

y o-vro o clar clar maral

Ira o mlary or or o-cvla ro.66

om a o ma rg ro,

war o rror alo co mor or l a

l . bama a mbrac olc o

warral wrag, o wo ral,

roo o aba cor, mmy or allg

govrm orrr, al o roco or

wlblowr xog warm wrogog,

rog,67 broa clam o xcv crcy,

cragly vav aror cry mar, a

bloa omla cry bracracy, a

a grally mrov r bama, alog

om o r a rvr omwa -

r Ero. T rab worl, owvr, ll look

o U Sa w co. Egy abcom arclarly rl a rab lvg

or cor av a y wol rr rac,

a, a or vral or ao o b

worl rowr rar a U Sa.

rab or or bama org olcy ook a

arclarly ar v 2010.53

T amrao clam o o

vally wraw all roo rom gaa

a Iraq, b a o ar qo o

mrca mlary ba, om o m mglyrma, bo cor. log D-

Darm o o cl m

oly comrv l o ovra ba,

r ar a la 88 c allao Iraq a

400 gaa.54 U.S. allao

Iraq, wl ccally o a ba rrr o

a a U.S. mbay a ac larg o

worl abo a bg a aca.55

awl, bama a xa war o

Paka, lacg mor a 40 ro rkj r yar alo,56 corbg o

maara cr wr o wo mllo

Paka av b lac rom Swa al-

ly.57 ccorg o rookg Io,

cvla or vry mla kll ro

rk58a mlcly ak or gra

ggo a vry mla, clg ofcr

o alba, a wory arg. T ac a

a Scal orc am, o a ro aack, kll

ama b a, rr callg oo

a o ro cary or rabl

or acal m o U.S.

I ao o ovrg xao o

-Pak war, cra wrawal rajcory

Iraq a a w war bya, bama a bomb

m,59 wc wa lar c a rao

b wol-b Urwar ombr, a

wll a Somala, wc U.S. alo va w

a mall orc60 a a rov w mor a


15/24

| 13a Prc ar?

lgal rg o r o orr aaa-

o o c, aywr o ar, wo a r

o roc.68 T amrao alo m o

clam aory o a a-rror oolcy wo cogroal rrc, a rvral

rom caa bama ac owar -

o olcy.69

Conclusions

T bama amrao a oc

rom Iraq o gaa, b a orw ma-

a rajcory o U.S. o-9/11

olcy a wa moo r a-mrao. T rawow Iraq a b o

o oly obl g o rlav rra, a

a bo xaml, a a b ayg

b cooal, ra, or ambgo, a

moly o cor w wa amra-

o ormally agr o a o rm. T

calao gaa a l o a rg U.S.

g a almo coma or rc-

o g Iraq, a U.S. caal

av o cl arly a mc a may bamaroo a o. T acal co o bo

war comb gr a wa rg all b

wo yar o amrao, v aj-

or ao. I fcl o rc -

acal a ma l co o bama w war

w bya, b way bama ar , wo

colg ogr, rg a clar aga or

x ragy, or covcgly xlag c-

y o U.S. aoal cry, o m o b

o w may o bama crq o

org olcy. log almo all mrca c-

lbra a o ama b a, vry ll

o bama olcy m maly coc o

a goal, a ca by amrao

rmao o co aa w war o

rrorm, rvo bya, a a aggrv

aroac o aoal cry ovrall.

I mo arclar, U.S. olcy a co

rr v o c corovral q-

o a o mlary coracor, rma-

ba, a ma rg ab. I gral

rm, U.S. olcy a xv a rv-

o a bor, a abol ollar rm, U.S. aara largr a vr. I ac,

a rcy a co o a by

o amrao, wc ofcally

or rawow Iraq b o a ca-

lao gaa, col vry wll av ma

a mor mo oor, rc ag, a co

mrca a org bloo a wa, o ,

a b roc by crr amrao.

Notes

1. lo: a Da Do E ar o r-

ror, USA oday, ay 2, 2011. valabl ol a ://

www.aoay.com/w/wago/2011-05-03-b-a-

-lo-war-rror_.m.

2. l-aa orm ama b a Da,

ow alao, Washington Post, ay 6, 2011. val-

abl ol a ://www.wagoo.com/aoal/

al_qaa_corm_oama_b_la_a_vow_rala-

o/2011/05/06/E7_ory.ml.

3. lr or ag: bama a Pla or

mrca, Obama or America, 2008, . 68. valabl ol a

www.barackobama.com//bamalrorag..

4. oml x (a o) o arack bama am-

ag Iomrcal, LA imesblog, cobr 29, 2008. val-

abl ol a ://lamblog.lam.com/wag-

o/2008/10/barack-obama-1.ml.

5. S Srg & Scry or a Nw orl, Jo

rry or Pr. valabl ol a ://www.global-

cry.org/mlary/lbrary/ror/2004/krry_al-cry-

la_aa.m.

6. lr or ag, . 67.

7. rovoal vro o x ca b o r:://www.mcclacyc.com/2008/11/18/56116/o-

cal-ralao-o--raq.ml.

8. ra So, Sg Scry Dal Iraq.

USA oday, Dcmbr 15, 2008.

9. Pr akr, Plg o roo a Iraq,

bama Dal Pllo. New York imes, brary 27,

2009.

10. rz rr bama 2004 mark o

Iraq ar Sac,Media Matters, Jaary 14, 2008.

11. Jam . Pll a ck l, bama D


16/24


ogr, U.S. News and World Report, brary 29, 2009.

valabl ol a ://www.w.com/w/obama/

arcl/2009/02/25/r-obama-ar-o-a-jo-

o-o-cogr?PagNr=7.30. H..2346, Slmal rorao c, 2009.

valabl ol a ://www.ocogr.org/bll/111-

2346/x.

31. bama Sk cor $708 bllo 2011 D

g, Reuters, brary 1, 2010.

32. Sc. a oc Efcc Iav,

U.S. Darm o D, g 09, 2010. val-

abl ol a ://www..gov/rla/rla.

ax?rla=13782.

33. cal ar 2009 Darm D g

la, U.S. Darm o D, brary 4, 2008.

valabl ol a ://www..gov/rla/rla.ax?rla=11663.

34. arl . Pa, Pago Do I,

Christian Science Monitor, brary 2, 2011. valabl o-

l a ://www.cmoor.com/ommary/-

o/2011/0202/Pago-c-o--c-.-a-o-rally-

av-moy--a-w-cry-ragy.

35. Dc ommo Illrav (Dra Doc-

m), avalabl ol a ://www.calcommo.

gov//calcommo.gov/l/ocm/Illra-

v__11.10.2010.. S alo Debt, Decits and De-

ense: A Way Forward, Saabl D ak orc,

J 11, 2010. valabl ol a www.comw.org/a/llx/1006SDror..

36. obr Hgg, D Sg I c Hg-

r Ta o Tk, Te Beacon, rl 17, 2010. val-

abl ol a ://www..org/blog/x.

?=5827.

37. Toma E. oo, Jr., ollback: Repealing Big Gov-

ernment Beore the Coming Fiscal Collapse(ago, D:

gry, 2011), . 1123.

38. ac ckg bama bya Sc, Associated

Press, arc 28, 2011.

39. l rwal, bama Nw w o H w

ar Powr, Salon.com, arc 31, 2011.

40. bya ar o $550 llo So ar, awmakr

Say, Reuters, arc 30, 2011.

41. a P o o bya o a $750 llo,

New York imes, ay 12, 2011.

42. Exclv: bama orz Scr Hl or bya

bl, Reuters, arc 30, 2011; .I.. g bya

rrk a bl, New York imes, arc 30, 2011;

bya bl ommar m gr Hav al-aa

o avor o Iraq g, Te Boston Globe, arc

22, 2007.

12. or a crq, Nr o, T y o

Srg, Rolling Stone, arc 6, 2008.

13. S, g., Jak ar, ov.org ak m a

Pra, Nw, Smbr 10, 2007.

14. bama: Iraq Srg Exc Excao, Associ-

ated Press, Smbr 4, 2008.

15. U.S. roo Iraq Now low 50,000 arg,

Associated Press, g 23, 2010.

16. Naa Hog, Exc a ogr Say Iraq, Say

Dmocrac ogrma, Wall Street Journalblog, br-

ary 17, 2011. valabl ol a ://blog.wj.com/wa-

wr/2011/02/17/xc-a-logr-ay- -raq-ay-mo-

crac-cogrma/.

17. U.S. P Iraq o Dc o roo Exo,Reuters, rl 7, 2011.

18. Jla E. ar a rg llr, U.S. ga orc

o row, LA imes, brary 18, 2009.

19. bama gaa Sragy: or roo ck-

ly, Drawow 2011, CNN.com, Dcmbr 1, 2009.

20. y: So Drg o gaa roo,

MSNBC.com, cobr 22, 2009.

21. cal Hag, T away ral, Rolling

Stone, J 22, 2010.

22. Jrmy Scall, bama Ha 250,000 orac-

or Iraq a ga ar, Icra Nmbr o r-

car, blor.com, J 1, 2009. valabl ola ://rblror.com/o/116277092/obama-a-

250000-coracor--raq-a-aga.

23. omar D D. aa rom Jaary 2011

o Dcmbr 2010 a ay 2010: ://www.acq.o.ml/

log/PS/o_oc.ml; ://www.acq.o.ml/log/PS/_

val/5_ay2010.oc.

24. alr Pc, o Dloma D Sz, o o

Sa D. Prc Iraq, Washington Post, brary 2,

2011. valabl ol a ://www.wagoo.com/w-

y/co/arcl/2011/02/01/2011020106176.ml.

25. . ra llr, T ar, oracor Da

Exc lary Iraq a gaa, ProPublica,

Smbr 23, 2010.

26. Sra, o 2.

27. S llam . ro, a rog w

PI? Te Free Market, g 2001. valabl ol a

://m.org/rmark_al.ax?corol=368.

28. ar olk, o o Iraq ol Sra $1 rl-

lo,MSNBC.com, arc 17, 2006.

29. Pr bama r o a Jo So o


17/24

| 15a Prc ar?

k, Te elegraph, arc 25, 2011; l aa r o

bl bya, Washington imes, brary 24, 2011.

43. ral: U.S. ay or roo bya, CBS/

AP, rl 7, 2011.44. mark by Pr r o Nao

o ay orwar gaa a Paka, -

Ho.gov, Dcmbr 1, 2009.

45. bama bya c: ll x a Dlvr, Po-

litico.com, arc 28, 2011.

46. lx Joo, bama la al Pr-

cy,MSNBC, g 29, 2008.

47. Dav Zr, I Nam o Pa llma: oo -

ac o Saly cryal, Te Nation, ay 25, 2009.

48. Iva Ela, v ac bo gaa, I-

I, cobr 14, 2009.

49. car Eoo a aw ol a ra o,Pr bama Scr: ly 100 l aa Now -

gaa, ABC News, Dcmbr 2, 2009. valabl ol

a ://abcw.go.com/lor/r-obama-cr-

100-al-qaa-ow-agaa/ory?=9227861.

50. ajv arakara, U.S. ga ar,

arza a o ark, Washington Post, Dcmbr 13,

2010. valabl ol a ://www.wagoo.com/

w-y/co/arcl/2010/12/12/2010121203747.

ml?=ow&=S2010121204208.

51. Elzab ol a Pal zgral, Crossing Zero:

Te Apak War and the urning Point o American Empire

(y g ook: 2011).52. ara g, ga vla Da 2009 r

o Sc Ivao, U.N. ay, Jaary 14, 2010.

53. J. rya owr, Erola: rab cor o

lk U Sa mc. Do y lk Ero ay b-

r?, Slate, rl 1, 2011. valabl ol a ://www.

la.com//2290156/.

54. Emr o a 2.0: Nck r: y Noboy

Ev Prow How ay a Hav

vra, CBS News, Jaary 10, 2011.

55. ar lcr, lcom o Nw U.S. Emba-

y, Te imes, Smbr 1, 2007. valabl ol a ://

www.mol.co.k/ol/w/worl/raq/arcl2364255.

c.

56. Pr rg a ar ma, Paka

Dro ar ak a oll o laa vla, CNN,

cobr 29, 2009.

57. Dcla al, Swa ally ol b or g

r c waa, UN ar, Te Guardian ay 18, 2009.

58. Dal . ym, Do arg llg ork?

rookg, Jly 14, 2009. valabl ol a ://www.

brookg./oo/2009/0714_arg_kllg_by-

ma.ax?=1.

59. l rwal, r l ack m,

Salon.com, Dcmbr 21, 2009. valabl ol a ://

www.alo.com/w/oo/gl_grwal/2009/12/21/

rrorm/x.ml.

60. Jao Dz, US roo ack Somala, war.

com, Smbr 14, 2009. valabl ol a ://w.

awar.com/2009/09/14/-roo-aack-omala/.

61. oamm ow, bama Icor Polcy

SomalaAl-Jazeera, Smbr 22, 2009. valabl ol a

://blog.aljazra./arca/2009/09/21/obama-co-

r-olcy-omala.

62. Jao Dz, U.S. Tra o Iva Erra, -war.com, rl 17, 2009. valabl ol a ://w.

awar.com/2009/04/17/-ra-o-va-rra/.

63. S Sco Horo, aly ck: Ira I No a

Nclar Tra, Christian Science Monitor, Smbr 17,

2010, 2010. valabl ol a ://www.cmoor.com/

ommary/o/2010/0917/aly-cck-Ira--

o-a-clar-ra.

64. Naoal Illgc Ema, Ira: Nclar I-

o a aabl, Novmbr 2007. valabl ol a

://www..gov/r_rla/20071203_rla..

65. Ira Ha No ao-ra Uram, ogr

ol, Irishimes.com , arc 3, 2009.66. Imlmao o NP Sagar grm

a lva Provo o Scry ocl olo

Ilamc blc o Ira, IE oar or, Novm-

br 23, 2010. valabl ol a ://www.aa.org/Pbl-

cao/Docm/oar/2010/gov2010-62..

67. S Sco Horo, arg o bama-ra og

llg orr, Hufngton Post, Smbr 11, 2009. valabl

ol a ://www.fgoo.com/2009/08/11/arg-

o-obama-ra-r__256499.ml.

68. or a mmary o bama coao o

a-rror olc a cvl lbr, Eablg a

Nw Normal: Naoal Scry, vl br, a Hma

g Ur bama mrao: 18-o -

vw, U, Jly 22, 2010. valabl ol a ://www.

acl.org/aoal-cry/ablg-w-ormal.

69. oy rgory, Py Poor Imral Exc-

v, Te Beacon, rl 4, 2011. valabl ol a ://

www..org/blog/x.?=10089.


18/24


Appendix A: U.S. Troop Presence in Iraq and Afghanistan

Source: Amy Belasco, The Cost o Iraq, Aghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11. Congres-

sional Research Service. September 2, 2010, pp. 42-3. Original sources listed below.


19/24

| 17a Prc ar?

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*

620

600

640

660

680

700

720

740

760

*FY2010 & 2011 estimates

Appendix B: Civilian Employees in the Department of Defense (thousands of full-time equivalent employees)

Source: Presidents FY2011 Budget.


20/24


Appendix C: Estimated War Funding by Operation: FY2001FY2012 War Request

Source: Amy Belasco, The Cost o Iraq, Aghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11, Congres-

sional Research Service. September 2, 2010, p. 3. Original sources listed below.


21/24

| 19a Prc ar?

Anthony GreGory arc Eor a T I I, a

crrly wrg a book o val lbry a wr o aba

cor.

H a wr r o arcl a av aar Christian

Science Monitor, BusinessWeek, San Diego Union-ribune, Washington imes,

Portland Oregonian, Dallas Morning News, Sacramento Bee, Salt Lake ribune,

allahassee Democrat,Albany imes-Union, Raleigh News and Observer, Contra

Costa imes, Te Star(cago, I), Vacaville Reporter, Palo Verde imes, a

or war; a wll a Human Events, Counterpunch,American Conservative,Alternet,Anti-

war.com a Journal o Libertarian Studies. H alo rglarly wr or mro w a com-

mary wb , clg wockwll.com, a r o rom oao. H ar

baclor gr mrca ory rom Uvry o alora a rkly, gvg rgraa ory commcm c 2003.

About the Author


22/24

Founder and PresidentDavid J. Theroux

Research DirectorAlexander Tabarrok

Senior Fellow andDirector, Center onPeace & LibertyIvan Eland

Board of Advisors,Center on Peace & Liberty

Lee J. AlstonuniVeRsitY OF COLORAdO

Andrew J. BacevichBOstOn uniVeRsitY

Barton J. BernsteinstAnFORd uniVeRsitY

Richard K. Betts

COLuMBiA uniVeRsitYBruce G. BlairCenteR FOR deFenseinFORMAtiOn

David CortrightFOuRth FReedOM FORuM

Justus D. DoeneckeneW COLLeGe OF FLORidA

Charles W. Freeman, Jr.MideAst pOLiCY COunCiL

Lloyd C. GardnerRutGeRs uniVeRsitY

Eugene GholzuniVeRsitY OF KentuCKY

William D. Hartung

WORLd pOLiCY instituteneW sChOOL uniVeRsitY

John D. IsaacsCOunCiL FOR A LiVABLe WORLd

Lawrence J. KorbCenteR FOR AMeRiCAn pROGRess

Donald L. LosmannAtiOnAL deFense uniVeRsitY

Allen J. Matusow

RiCe uniVeRsitY

John J. MearsheimeruniVeRsitY OF ChiCAGO

Jack MendelsohnARMs COntROL AssOCiAtiOn

Edward A. OlsennAVAL pOstGRAduAte sChOOL

Edward L. PeckFORMeR ChieFu.s. MissiOn tO iRAQ

Daryl G. PressdARtMOuth COLLeGe

Ralph RaicostAte COLLeGe BuFFALO,neW YORK

William Ratliff

hOOVeR institutiOn

Leo P. RibuffoGeORGe WAshinGtOn uniVeRsit

Hugh T. RockoffRutGeRs uniVeRsitY

Bruce M. RussettYALe uniVeRsitY

Harvey M. SapolskyMAssAChusetts institute

OF teChnOLOGYSusan ShaerWOMens ACtiOn FORneW diReCtiOns

Melvin SmallWAYne stAte uniVeRsitY

Monica Duffy TofthARVARd uniVeRsitY

Evryo kow a govrm owr a grow ormoly

z, co, a ro o almo vry ac o cvl ocy

rg a cry, b ow a wy a o o? I

grow r ar o govrm, bca o om

grar ocal , or or ca?I lamark book, Crisis and

Leviathan aAgainst Leviathan, I I Sor llow obr

Hgg ow a ma rao or grow l govrm ro

o aoal cr (ral or mag). T rl vr crag govrm

owr wc r log ar ac cr a a, rmg bo cvl a

coomc lbr a coomc grow, a org xv corora wlar a ork.

o xam a or ro qo, T I I r o Pac & bry a

gra rogram o rarc, blcao, v, a ma rojc o bolly avac rag o gov-

rm cr a r mac o o o a r ocy. No mor cral o ba ovr

blc olcy a mor crcal o ac, o mark, val lbry, a rl o law.

Center onPeace and

Liberty


23/24

INDEPENDENT STUDIES IN POLITICAL ECONOMYTHE ACADEMY IN CRISIS: T Polcal Ecoomy oHgr Ecao | Ed. by John W. Sommer

AGAINST LEVI ATHAN: ovrm Powr a a r Socy |Robert Higgs

ALIENATION A ND THE SOVIET ECONOMY:T olla o Socal Era | Paul Craig Roberts

AMERICAN HE ALTH CARE: ovrm, arkProc a Pblc Ir | Ed. by Roger Feldman

ANARCHY A ND THE LAW: T Polcal Ecoomy o oc |Ed. by Edward P. Stringham

ANTITRUST AND MONOPOLY: aomy o a Polcy alr |D. . Armentano

ARMS, POLITICS, A ND THE ECONOMY: Horcal aomorary Prcv | Ed. by Robert Higgs

BEYOND POLITICS: ark, lar, a alr o racracy |William Mitchell & Randy Simmons

THE CAPITALIST REVOLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA|Paul Craig Roberts & Karen Araujo

THE CHALLENGE OF LIBERTY: lacal bralm oay |Ed. by Robert Higgs & Carl P. Close

CHANGING THE GUARD: Prva Pro a orol o rm | Ed. by Alexander abarrok

THE CHE GUEVARA MYTH AND THE FUTURE OF LIBERTY|

Alvaro Vargas LlosaTHE CIVILIAN AND THE MILITARY: Hory o mrca

ml ar rao |Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr.

CUTTING GREEN TAPE: oxc Polla, Evromal glaoa aw | Ed. by Richard Stroup & Roger E. Meiners

THE DECLINE OF AMERICAN LIBERALISM |Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr.

DEPRESSION, WAR, AND COLD WAR: allgg y o oc a Prory | Robert Higgs

THE DIVERSITY MYTH: lclralm a PolcalIolrac o am | David O. Sacks & Peter A. Tiel

DRUG WAR CRIMES: T oqc o Probo |Jeffrey A. Miron

ELECTRIC CHOICES: Drglao a r o Elcrc Powr |Ed. by Andrew Kleit

THE EMPIRE HAS NO CLOTHES: U.S. org Polcy Exo |Ivan Eland

ENTREPRENEURIAL ECONOMICS: rg Ia rom Dmal Scc | Ed. by Alexander abarrok

FAULTY TOWERS: r a Srcr o Hgr Ecao | RyanAmacher & Roger Meiners

THE FOUNDERS' SECOND AMENDMENT: rg o g oar rm | Stephen P. Halbrook

FREEDOM, FEMINISM, AND THE STATE | Ed. by Wendy McElroy

GOOD MONEY: Prva Err a oao oor oag | George Selgin

HAZARDOUS TO OUR HEALTH?: D glao oHal ar Proc | Ed. by Robert Higgs

HOT TALK, COLD SCIENCE: lobal armg U Dba |

S. Fred SingerHOUSING AMERICA: lg o a r |Ed. by Randall G. Holcombe & Benjamin Powell

JUDGE A ND JURY: mrca or aw o ral |Eric Helland & Alex abarrok

LESSONS FROM THE POOR: rm o Errra l Sr |Ed. by Alvaro Vargas Llosa

LIBERTY FOR LATIN AMERICA: How o Uo vHr ar o Sa ro |Alvaro Vargas Llosa

LIBERTY FOR WOMEN: rom a mm wy-r ry | Ed. by Wendy McElroy

MAKING POOR NATIONS RICH: Errr a Proc oEcoomc Dvlom | Ed. by Benjamin Powell

MARKET FAILURE OR SUCCESS: T Nw Dba |Ed. by yler Cowen & Eric Crampton

MONEY AND THE NATION STATE: T acal volo,ovrm, a orl oary Sym | Ed. by Kevin Dowd &Richard H. imberlake, Jr.

NEITHER LIBERTY NOR SAFETY: ar, Iology, a row oovrm | Robert Higgs & Carl P. Close

THE NEW HOLY WARS: Ecoomc lgo v. Evromallgo omorary mrca | Robert H. Nelson

OPPOSING THE CRUSADER STATE: lrav o lobalIrvom | E. byRobert Higg & Carl P. Close

OUT OF WORK: Umloym a ovrm w-mrca | Richard K. Vedder & Lowell E. Gallaway

PARTITIONING FOR PEACE: Ex Sragy or Iraq | Ivan Eland

PLOWSHARES AND PORK BAR RELS: T PolcalEcoomy o grclr | E. C. Pasour, Jr. & Randal R. Rucker

A POVERTY OF R EASON: Saabl Dvlom a Ecoomcrow | Wilred Beckerman

PRIVATE RIGHTS & PUBLIC ILLUSIONS | ibor R. Machan

PROPERTY R IGHTS: Em Doma a glaoryakg -Exam | Ed. by Bruce L. Benson

THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE: aw a Ecoomc o gal

Io | Ed. by Edward J. LpezRACE & LIBERTY IN AMERICA: T Eal ar |Ed. by Jonathan Bean

RECARVING RUSHMORE: akg Pr oPac, Prory, a bry | Ivan Eland

RECLAIMING THE A MERICAN REVOLUTION: T cky &rga olo a Tr gacy | William J. Watkins, Jr.

REGULATION AND THE RE AGAN ERA: Polc, racracy a Pblc Ir | Ed. by Roger Meiners & Bruce Yandle

RESTORING FREE SPEECH AND LIBERTY ON CAMPUS |Donald A. Downs

RESURGENCE OF THE WARFARE STATE: T r Sc 9/11 |Robert Higgs

RE-THINKING GREEN: lrav o Evromalracracy | Ed. by Robert Higgs & Carl P. Close

SCHOOL CHOICES: r a al |John Merrield

SECURING CIVIL RIGHTS: rm, ormm, a g o ar rm | Stephen P. Halbrook

STRANGE BREW: lcool a ovrm oooly |Douglas Glen Whitman

STREET SMART: omo, Errr, a r o oa | Ed. by Gabriel Roth

TAXING CHOICE: T Praory Polc o cal Dcrmao |Ed. by William F. Shughart, II

TAXING ENERGY: l Svrac axao a Ecoomy | RobertDeacon, Stephen DeCanio, H. E. Frech, III, & M. Bruce Johnson

THAT EVERY MAN BE ARMED: T Evolo o aooal g | Stephen P. Halbrook

TO SERVE AND PROTECT: Prvazao a ommy rmal Jc | Bruce L. Benson

TWILIGHT WAR: T olly o U.S. Sac Domac |Mike Moore

VIETNAM RISING: lr a ag a' gr b |William Ratliff

THE VOLUNTARY CITY: oc, ommy, a vlSocy | Ed. by David . Beito, Peter Gordon, & Alexander abarrok

WINNERS, LOSERS & MICROSOFT: omo a r Hg cology | Stan J. Liebowitz & Stephen E. Margolis

WRITING OFF IDEAS: axao, oao, a Plaroy mrca | Randall G. Holcombe

THE INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE100 Swan Way, Oakland, California 946211428, U.S.A. 510-632-1366 Fax 510-568-6040 [email protected] www.independent.org


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HE INDEPENDEN INSIUE a o-ro, o-ara, colarly rarc a caoalorgazao a oor comrv olcal coomy. r mo o bolly avac

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a covo. T rlg ar wly rb a book a or blcao, a ar

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I I rg blc ba a org w a cv rco or

govrm rorm.

oal co o I Polcy or ar avalabl or $10.00 ac.

o orr, v www..org or call 510-632-1366.

T I I 100 Swa ay akla, 94621 [email protected] www..org

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