The International School of PanamaIB Chemistry SLa – Notes on Review – Concepts and Nomenclature

Name: ________________________ Block:____ Date: ______________Chemistry studies matter, its composition and its ______________…Matter is anything that has and occupies space…There are two types of matter: ____________ substances and ________________

Pure substances contain________________________________________________

Mixtures contain________________________________________________

Made of ___________________________________________________________

Made of ___________________________________________________________

Cannot ___________________________________________________________

Can ______________________________________________________________

Examples: Examples:

Which are pure substances and which are mixtures?

Pure Substances

Matter

MixturesWhat is an element?

Where do you find most elements together?

Examples:

What is a compound?

Examples?

What is an atom?The smallest particle of an element ________________________________________________________________________________ … They _____________ be split up into simpler substances by ordinary chemical meansDraw models of atoms:

Chemically bonded atoms form:___________ _______________________________ joined together by a ___________ bond…If the atoms are of the same kind, then it is a molecule of ____________, like the Mr. Brinclofh elements:

If the molecule is made of different kinds of atoms, it is a molecule of a _______________ (molecular) ___________.

Draw models of molecules of water and ammonia:

What is a homogeneous mixture?

Give examples:

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

Give examples:

Classify each diagram as atoms, molecules of elements, molecules of compounds or mixture of elements and compounds:

Proportions Properties SeparationElementExample: copper (Cu)

Only one type of _________

Depend on the _________________

____________ be converted to simpler substances by chemical means

CompoundExample: water(H2O)

Always the ______ proportion, for example water always contains ________ hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom

Totally __________ from its elements.

For example water is liquid, while oxygen and hydrogen are _______________

Requires a chemical change to split up the components. For example, through ___________, water molecules separate into_____________ and _____________

MixtureExample: AirA mixture of oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), carbon dioxide (CO2), etc.

The proportion of the components _____________For example the proportion of the gases, especially Carbon dioxide and water vapor can vary

_____________to its constituents

For example air supports ____________ like oxygen, etc.

The components can be separated through ___________l means.For example fractional _______________

Nomenclature

Where are the metals in the PT? __________________________________________The non metals?m______________________________________________________What are binary compounds?Binary compounds are chemical compounds formed _________________________Examples:NaCl = sodium chloride. CO2 = Carbon dioxide.There are two types of binary compounds...

Binary Ionic Compounds (a metal and a non metal) The metal looses electrons becoming positive (+)

http://www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/webelements/webelements/elements/text/key/Na.htm l

The non metal gains electrons becoming negative (-)Positive and negative ions attract each other...

http://www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/web-elements/webelements/elements/text/key/F.htmlWhat is the charge?

Group 1: ____ Group 2: ____ Group 13 (IIIA): _____ The nonmetals in: Group 14: ____, Group 15: ____, Group 16: ____, Group 17: ____Remember that metals only form positive ions (cations) while nonmetals, when forming ionic compounds with metals form negative ions (anions). (Nonmetals may have positive or negative oxidation states but metal have only positive oxidation states)

For example, how do we write the formula of a compound between calcium and fluorine ?

Write the positive element (metal) first with its charge (top right) Then write the negative element (non-metal) with its charge

Do a cross multiplication (only the numbers not the signs)

Simplify if necessary…• For example, suppose you want to write the formula of the compound

formed between Gallium and Nitrogen…

Do you want to try by yourself?• 1)Lithium and Oxygen • 2) Potassium and Chlorine • 3) Aluminum and Sulfur • 4) Barium and Carbon

How do we name these compounds?

Name the metal first Then the “root” of the non-metal Finally add the ending “ IDE ” Example Li2O Metal= Lithium Non-metal= Oxygen Root=OxLet’s practice again… write the names of: 1) CaF2 2) GaN 3) KCl

4) Al2S3 5) Ba2C

But there are some metals that have more than one possible chargeHow do you combine for example Iron, Copper, and Lead with Oxygen? You have two possibilities for each: 1) Fe 2+ +O2- -> 2) Fe 3+ + O2- -> 3) Cu1+ + O2- -> 4) Cu2+ + O2- ->

5) Pb 2+ + O2- -> 6) Pb 4+ + O2- ->What do we do in this case?Between the metal and the non metal, write the charge of the metal, in roman numerals and between parenthesis. 1) Fe 2+ +O2- -> FeO 2) Fe 3+ + O2- ->Fe2O3

Write the name of the others: 3) Cu1+ + O2- -> Cu2O ________________________ 4) Cu2+ + O2- -> CuO ________________________ 5) Pb2+ + O2- -> PbO ________________________ 6) Pb4+ + O2- -> PbO2 ________________________ __________________________ Write the name of the following compounds: 1. CuS ________________________ 2. CoCl3 ________________________3. Sn3N4________________________ Now the other way around Write the formula of:

1) Iron (II) Chloride ___________ 2)Iron (III) Nitride ___________ 3) Mercury (I) Fluoride ___________ What are polyatomic ions? Remember that an ion is a particle with a _____________. Polyatomic ions are ______________________________________ ________________________________________________ Examples: CO3 2- = CO2 2- =

PO43- = PO33- =

How do we combine these polyatomic ions ? Let’s see some examples How do we name these compounds?

Write the positive ion first with its charge Then write the negative ion with its charge Do a cross multiplicationUse parenthesis if you have to multiply a polyatomic ion

Let’s see some examples:Write the formulas of the compounds formed between:

• 1)Ammonium and carbonate ___________________ • 2) Potassium and Chlorite ___________________

• 3) Aluminum and Sulfite ___________________ • 4) Barium and phosphate ___________________

Let’s practice … write the names of: CaCO2 ________________________________________ Ga(NO3)3 ________________________________________ Fe(ClO)2 ________________________________________ (NH4)3PO4 ________________________________________ NH4Cl ________________________________________ More practice Write the formula of: Iron (II) Perchlorate _____________________________________ Potassium Nitrate_____________________________________ Mercury (I) Sulfite_____________________________________ Easy? Remember!!! In compounds involving polyatomic ions 1. Consider the polyatomic ion as a _______ 2. The charge is for ____ _________ _______3. Use _____________ to multiply polyatomic ions You can practice more!!! Do you remember what are binary compounds?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________• Examples: NaCl = sodium chloride and CO2 = Carbon dioxide.There are two types of binary compounds...

-Binary molecular or covalent compounds... (two non-metals)How to name binary molecular compounds…?Use these prefixes to indicate the amount of atoms of each type:Prefixes_________ 1 ________ 2 _________ 3 __________ 4 __________ 5

_________ 6 _________ 7 __________ 8 __________ 9 __________ 10• Name the ______ element + the ______ of the second + ________ …• But, before each element, use ___________ to indicate the amount of atoms of each type.• Note: don't use _________ for the ___________ elementLet’s see some examples:CO2 ___________________________N2O5 _______________________________ P2O7__________________________________ Let's try the other way around... Carbon Monoxide _________ Dinitrogen pentoxide ___________ Carbon tetrachloride _________ Nitrogen dioxide ___________Remember!!! Binary compounds (two ___________________) Can be_______ (metal+non-metal) or molecular (two ___________)Recognizing an AcidYou will recognize an inorganic acid by the fact that its formula starts with _____, as in these Examples:

There are many acid formulas that do not start with H, but we will study them when we deal with organic acids..

There is one exception to this: the formula : _________________ (Organic Chem. style)should be recognized as _________________________

An alternate way to write acetic acid is : __________________(Inorganic Chem. style)One last comment….The formula H2O _______________________________. It is the formula for water. It is not an acid. (When you study acid-base behavior, you will learn more about water's role in acid-base )In order to explain acid naming, we will use the sequence ofChlorine acids

HCl HClO

HClO2 HClO3

HClO4

What is the difference between the first and the others?

Binary Acids: Hydrogen + non metalHCl is a _____________. All binary acids are named the same way:

1. the prefix "__________" is used. 2. the _________ of the _________ (negative element) is used. 3. the suffix "______" is used. 4. the word "________" is used as the second word in the name.

HCl = ______________________________Binary Acids: examplesHF: __________________________________HBr: ___________________________________HI: ______________________________________H2S: ______________________________________

HCN is not a binary acid (because it is made of three Elements).However it is named like a Binary acid because it doesn’t have ________.HCN __________________________Oxyacids: ______________________________________________________________To name an oxyacid, for example, HClO, you MUST:

1. Recognize when a polyatomic is present: Is there a polyatomic ion in HCLO? _____

2. Identify the polyatomic ion and its name: ____________ ______________________

3. THEN you change the _____to ____ and ____ to ____4. Add the word acid: __________________________________________

FormulaDoes it hava a polyatomic

ion?

Formula of polyatomic ion

Name of polyatomic ion

Name of the acid

HClO

HClO2

HClO3

HClO4

Formula Binary, oxyacid or other?

Polyatomic ion (if applicable) or

monoatomic ion

Acid Name

H3PO4

H2CO3

H2SO4

HIO3

HNO2

HF

Name Binary oxyacidOther?

Polyatomic ion (if applicable)or monoatomic ion

Formula

hydrobromic acid

hydrocyanic acid

nitric acid

sulfurous acid

phosphorous acid

acetic acid