Status of International Linear Collider Global Design Effort
The International Linear Collider
description
Transcript of The International Linear Collider
![Page 1: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The International Linear Collider
Christopher Nantista
SLAC
SULI Lecture
July 22, 2008
![Page 2: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• Introduction
• Some Accelerator Basics
• Linear Colliders
• ILC Anatomy
![Page 3: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
![Page 4: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Questions for the Universe
• Are there undiscovered principles of nature?• How can we solve the mystery of dark matter?• Are there extra dimensions of space?• Do all the forces become one?• Why are there so many kinds of particles?• What is dark matter? How can we make it in the lab?• What are neutrinos telling us?• How did the universe come to be?• What happened to the antimatter?
![Page 5: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Why a Linear Collider?“The international particle physics community has reached concensus that a full understanding of the physics of the Terascale will require a lepton collider in addition to the Large Hadron Collider.”
– Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5)
Electron-positron (or muon-antimuon) collisions are much cleaner than proton-proton collisions because the former are elementary particles whereas the latter are composed of quarks which share the energy.
Clearer results and more accurate measurements can thus be gleaned from lepton annihilations than from hadron collisions.
Having much smaller mass than protons, electrons radiate more of their energy into synchrotron radiation when bent around a curve.
The diameter of a circular electron accelerator must thus be scaled as the energy squared and would be prohibitively large at this energy scale.
Why leptons?
Why linear?
![Page 6: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Big e± linear accelerators (linacs) don’t really do much accelerating.* † ‡
22
2
/1
1 ,
cvmcE
222 /MeV 511.01/1/ EEmccv
Ek (= E – mc2) v/c _
0 01 keV (103 eV) 0.062510 keV 0.1950100 keV 0.54821 MeV (106 eV) 0.941110 MeV 0.9988100 MeV0.9999871 GeV (109 eV) 0.999999910 GeV 0.999999999100 GeV 0.999999999991 TeV (1012 eV) 0.9999999999999
* but they do add energy to the particles in the beam.
† Proton and ion linacs do more accelerating due to much larger rest masses.
‡ This is good because constant speed simplifies accelerator design.
An Asside
ILC main linacs go from here
to here
![Page 7: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Some Accelerator Basics
![Page 8: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Microwave AcceleratorsCharged particles are (generally) accelerated by high oscillating electric fields of electromagnetic waves stored or guided in evacuated metal cavities or structures through which the bunched beam passes.
The electromagnetic frequency used is generally in the range of hundreds of megaherz to tens of gigaherz (108–1011 cycles/s), generally refered to as RF (radiofrequency) or microwaves.
0
BD
JD
HB
E
tt
0 1
2
2
22
2
2
000
tc
ttE
E
EHE
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS:
wave equation in free space
HBED
,
![Page 9: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Waveguides
gcg
cc
tk
zikikzti
kkk
c
fk
ck
feetz
2
2
22
),(
220
00
EEE
moving waveformangular frequency:
free space wavenumber:
guide wavenumber:
free space wavelength
cutoff wavenumber*:
cutoff frequency
A certain amount of transverse bending/variation of fields is needed to meet boundary conditions at walls of closed waveguide.
What’s left of the free space wavenumber (in quadrature) goes into longitudinal variation.guide
wavelength
*determined by waveguide cross-section and mode, no wave propagation below fc.
Ey of TM10 mode in rectangular waveguide
Ez of TM01 mode in rectangular waveguide
wave solution:
waveguide – a hollow metal tube for transporting power in confined electromagnetic waves (RF).
![Page 10: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
cvcdk
dv
ck
v
pg
g
gp
/2
phase velocity:
group velocity:
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
c
k
speed of li
ght
tan-1vp
tan-1vg0
kg k0
Dispersion Curve
speed at which wave crests travel
speed at which power pulse travels
Since charged can’t move faster than c, they can’t keep up with the wave crests and thus can’t normally experience sustained net energy gain from a waveguide mode.
We need to slow down the confined or guided waves.
This is usually done by means of introducing periodicity.
220
1cg c
k
![Page 11: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Accelerator Structures
Floquet’s Theorem: At a given frequency, in a mode of a periodic structure, the field at positions seperated by one period differ only by a complex constant.
By introducing irises or corrugations to produce a periodic structure, we can slow down the wave to the speed of light.
Disk Loaded Circular Waveguide or Coupled Cavity Chain
p
nc
erJAzrE
nnn
zti
nnnz
n
2 ,/
),(
022
0
Space Harmonics:
p
p
0
0 0p
speed of light
beam bunches synchronous with this component
0p = phase advance per cell
beampipe
![Page 12: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Traveling Wave Structureinput and output waveguidesRF pulse travels through, losing power to walls and beamremainder is discarded in a load.fill time Tf = L/vg
Standing Wave Structure (Cavity)input waveguide onlyfields build up uniformly, with forward and backward wavesReflected and discharged power goes back out waveguide to loadp mode is generally used to get peak field in each cavity
![Page 13: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Structure Parameters
aU
V
Q
R
P
VR
P
UQ
d
d
2
2
0
(unloaded) quality factor, U=stored energy, Pd = wall dissipated power
shunt impedance, V=voltage seen by speed of light beam
a geometrical characterization independent of wall losses
iris radius normalized to RF free-space wavelength, affects group velocity/cell coupling and wake fields
![Page 14: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
L
L
gf
g
dzz
zv
dzT
vp
0
0
)(
)(
Lc
FWHMeeL
ee
de
QT
f
fQ
PP
UQ
Q
P
UQ
PP
21
/
0
0
characterizes external coupling, Pe is power emitted into waveguide
external Q
loaded Q
cavity time constant
phase advance per cell
group velocity
fill time, time for front of RF pulse to move from input to output.
Traveling Wave
attenuation parameter, wall losses attenuate fields traveling through structure by e-
.
Standing Wave
![Page 15: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Beam LoadingA linear collider beam consists of a many bunches in a long train for each pulse, seperated in time by an integer number of RF cycles.
As bunches traverse a structure, they remove energy (beam loading).
To make sure all bunches get the same energy, the structure fields have to be replenished at the same rate as they are depleted.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.60
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (ms)
Gra
dien
t (M
V/m
)beam arrives
beam loading
no beam
Tf
Standing WaveTraveling Wave
Tf t
PRF
Shape the input pulse to “pre-load” the structure. As beam-loading builds up, the ramp flows out, to be replaced by flat-top.
Set external coupling and timing such that rise of input RF induced voltage is canceled by beam-loading induced voltage.
![Page 16: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Wake Fields
Bunches of charged particles traversing a cavity/structure, in addition to taking energy from the fundamental accelerating mode, leave energy behind in other RF field modes called higher order modes or HOM’s.
These fields give kicks to following bunches, and their buildup and affect must be controlled by:
•Damping – lets the power from these modes flow out to absorbing loads through waveguides or couplers which don’t couple to the accelerating mode.
•Detuning – subtly varying the dimensions of the cells so that HOM frequencies are different from cell to cell. The bunches then experience them at various phases, which tends to cancel their cumulative affect.
![Page 17: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
KlystronsHEP particle accelerators generally get their RF power from amplifiers called klystrons.
An electron gun, powered by a DC pulse from a high-voltage modulator, produces a high-current, unbunched beam.
An input cavity driven by a moderate power drive signal imposes periodic energy/velocity variations along the beam.
Consequently, the beam then bunches as it drifts through the beam tube.
The bunched beam then resonantly excites fields in the output cavity. These fields decelerate the bunches, sucking power out of the high-voltage beam and sending high-power RF out the output waveguide.
borrowed from Wikipedia
Input Output
![Page 18: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Magnetic Focusing
quadrupoles – quadrupole magnets create a transverse magnetic field pattern that focuses in one dimension and defocuses in the other.
FODO Array: net effect can be focusing in both x and y.
Quads are inserted at intervals along linacs between structures/cavities, forming the focusing lattice or optics, in which phase space is traded back and forth between beam size and divergence.
ocus
efocus
drift N
N
S
S
N
S
S
N
x
y
Without focusing angular divergence (spread of particle directions) would cause the beam to spread out.
focusing in xdefocusing in y
focusing in ydefocusing in x
z
F FD D
![Page 19: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Emittance
2
2
2
2
2
2
222
2)( zyx
zyx
x
eeN
x
x
x’
An important beam parameter, emittance () is the area of the particle distribution in phase space.
x
x’
2'
2
2
2
2
'
2
'2)',( xx
xx
xx
eeeN
xx
focus drift
(bi-Gaussian distribution)
area conserved
'~ xxx
x’ = dx/dzangular divergence
Same for y phase space. For longitudinal emittance, z = bunch length and E replaces divergence.
At upright points in lattice:
Damping rings reduce the emittances to minimum values. Growth through the rest of the machine must then be carefully controlled.
![Page 20: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Radiation Damping
• Electron (positron) radiates energy and momentum in all dimensions.
• Energy is restored in acceleration by adding longitudinal momentum.
z
x
x’z
x
x’z
x
x’
In damping rings, bend magnets and wigglers (periodic magnet arrays that wiggle the beam) cause the charged particles to emit energy in light known as synchrotron radiation.
RF driven accelerating cavities restore the lost energy.
The net effect is the gradual damping of the beam emittance as illustrated below.
photon momentumbend accelerate
x = 0, x’ = 0x constant
E reduced
x = 0, x’ < 0x reduced
E restored
particle momentum in x-z plane
![Page 21: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Luminosity
The other crucial deliverable of a linear collider, along with center-of-mass energy, is luminosity. It determines the rate at which events with given cross-sections will occur, and hence the rate of useful data collection by the detector.
Drepbyx
HfnNN
4
Lrepetition (pulse) rate
disruption enhancement factor
number of bunches per pulsenumber of e+/e-’s per bunch
Gaussian dimensions of distribution at IP
![Page 22: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Linear Colliders
![Page 23: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Parts of a Linear Collider• Electron Gun – produces beam electrons
• Injector – pre-accelerates and shapes beam (e.g. collimation, bunch compression)
• Positron production – uses electron beam to produce positrons (undulator, target)
• Damping rings – reduce emmitance of beams
• Main linacs – accelerate up to desired collision energy while preserving emittance
• Final focus – collimate and focus beams for smallest cross-sections at IP
• Interaction Point (IP) – collide beams, surrounded by detector
• Dump – discard spent beams, absorbing enormous energy
Detector: massive, multi-layered high-tech instrument surrounding IP that senses and tracks particles coming from collisions using various technologies, identifies interesting events, and stores data for later analysis.
Requiring different expertise outside “accelerator physics”, it is usually treated as separate from the collider, developed in parallel, and given its own name.
Which is more important? Obviously the linear collider and the detector have a symbiotic relationship in which either one is useless without the other.
![Page 24: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Linear Collider History (A)SLC (Stanford Linear Collider)1st and only (so far) linear collider
• began construction in 1983, operated from 1989-1998.
•Used upgraded SLAC 2-mile linac
• e-’s & e+’s share linac, bent through separate arcs for collision
• single bunch, NC TW structures, S-band (2.856 GHz)
• CofM energy ~90-100 GeV
• Polarized source added in 1992
• Allowed detailed studies of Z0 particle (a carrier boson of the weak force)
![Page 25: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Linear Collider History (B)The Competition (1985?- 2004)
TESLA (TeV Energy Superconducting Linear Accelerator) – DESY (Germany)-based, superconducting SW cavities, L-band (1.3 GHz)
C-band – KEK alternate approach, innovative 5.712 GHz choke-mode cells.
S-Band – most straightforward extension of 2.856 GHz SLC technology to larger machine
NLC (Next Linear Collider) – SLAC-based X-band (11.424 GHz), NC TW, promises higher gradient, required development of RF pulse compression, and wakefield damping/detuning, Fermilab increasingly involved
JLC (Japan Linear Collider) – KEK-centered X-band design, collaborative R&D with NLC, later redubbed GLC (Global Linear Collider) for greater pan-Asian participation.
CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) – CERN (Europe)-based, 30 GHz NC TW, two-beam approach with higher energy reach.
VLEPP – Russian Ku-band (14 GHz) design.
![Page 26: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Linear Collider History (C)
A United Front
August 19, 2004: ITRP (International Technology Recommendation Panel) recommends superconducting technology for a 0.5-1 TeV linear collider:
“…both technologies can achieve the goals presented in the charge. Each had considerable strengths.”
“…recommending a technology, not a design. ”
Beyond a certain point, it is not sustainable, in terms of funding and manpower, to continue to pursue multiple designs. The physics community agreed to let an international group of distinguished, unbiased experts referee a shoot-out between the leading contenders for linear collider technology:
TESLA L-Band Superconducting NLC/GLC X-Band Copper SW Cavities TW Structures
After visiting the labs to assess R&D status and considering multiple factors:
![Page 27: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
3 Regions: Americas, Europe, Asia
ILC (International Linear Collider) program is born.
GDE (Global Design Effort): International team of >60 experts leading the effort and steering the coordinated R&D program, headed by Barry Barish of Cal Tech, with a leader for each of the three regions.
The accelerator community accepts and rallies behind decision.
SLAC wraps up X-band development, rapidly adjusts and gets on board to play a leading role in the design of a cold (superconducting) L-band machine.
Why International?: Cost of project would require more resources than one country could afford.
August, 2007: RDR (Reference Design Report) published, baseline design.
TDP (Technical Design Phase): reduce cost, optimize design, prove technology
ILC is currently in the
![Page 28: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ILC Anatomy
![Page 29: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Machine Layout
not to scalephotocathode electron gun
injector (5 GeV)
damping rings
RTML transport line
main linac (e-) main linac (e+)
undulator e+ production
e+ injector
detector
IP
final focus
31 km (19 ¼ miles)
![Page 30: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ParametersPARAMETER NOMINAL VALUE
center-of-mass energy 500 GeV
peak luminosity 21034 cm-2s-1
average beam current in pulse 9.0 mA
pulse rate 5 Hz
beam pulse duration 0.97 ms
charge (particles) per bunch 3.2 nC (21010)
number of bunches per pulse 2,625
bunch spacing 369 ns (480 buckets)
horizontal beam size at IP 640 nm
vertical beam size at IP 5.7 nm
accelerating gradient 31.5 MV/m
RF pulse length 1.6 ms
beam power (per beam) 10.8 MW
total AC power consumption 230 MW
![Page 31: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Electron Source
• redundant photocathode guns and laser systems
• normal conducting pre-accelerator followed by superconducting linac to 5 GeV
• polarized electron beam
![Page 32: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Positron Source
normal conducting
• helical undulator produces polarized photon beam from e- beam @ 150 GeV point
• collimated photon beam hits Ti alloy target wheel (spinning at ~100 m/s to limit damage), spewing pair-created e-’s and e+’s.
• e-’s and e+’s are magnetically seperated, the former dumped and the latter captured, accelerated, and injected into the damping ring.
e-’s wobbled by magnets radiate
![Page 33: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Damping Rings• each ring is 6.7 km in circumference.
• 6 straight sections: 4 for RF systems & wigglers, 2 for injection & extraction
• ~200 m of superconducting magnet wigglers
• 18 single cell SC 650 MHz CW cavities, total 24 MV.
• injector and extractor fast kickers must deflect one bunch at a time without disturbing neighboring bunches, due to >> bunch spacing in the linacs.
• incoming emittances must be greatly reduced (by 5 orders of magnitude for positron beam y).
![Page 34: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Superconducting RF
Certain materials, at temperatures close to absolute zero, enter a superconducting state in which surface resistivity vanishes, although for RF a slight residual resistivity remains.
For accelerators, SC cavities provide an efficient way to build up and store accelerating fields no RF pulse compression, long beam pulses.
Cryogenics systems (using liquid He) and well insulated cryomodules are required to maintain cavities at operating temperature.
Accelerating gradient has a hard limit set by the maximum sustainable (in the SC state) surface magnetic field.
Material purity and surface preparation also affect achievable gradient.
![Page 35: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Accelerator Cavities
‣ Made with solid, pure niobium – it has the highest Critical Temperature (Tc = 9.2 K)
and Thermodynamic Critical Field (Bc ~ 1800 Gauss) of all metals.
‣ Nb sheets are deep-drawn to make cups, which are e-beam welded to form
cavities.
‣ Cavity limited to 9 cells (~1 m long) to reduce trapped modes, input coupler power
and sensitivity to frequency errors.
‣ Iris radius (a) of 35 mm chosen in tradeoff for low surface fields, low rf losses (~ a),
large mode spacing (~ a3 ), small wakes (~ a-3.5 ).
standing wave
-mode
superconducting
9-cell RF power in
higher-order modes damped
![Page 36: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time (ms)
Gra
dien
t (M
V/m
)
Cavity Parameters
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time (ms)
Ref
lect
ed P
ower
(kW
)
RF input power
beam
Tf
fill discharge …
nominal ideal waveforms
![Page 38: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
RF Power Distribution
![Page 39: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cryomodules
8 or 9 cavities per cryomodule
SC quads in center of every 3rd one
![Page 40: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Klystrons
Thales CPI Toshiba
*operate at lower voltage yet with a higher efficiency than simpler single round beam klystrons.
BASELINE:
10 MW multi-beam klystrons* (MBK’s) with ~65% efficiency
Being developed by three tube companies in collaboration with DESY.
![Page 41: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
For baseline, developing deep underground (~100 m) layout with 4-5 m diameter tunnels spaced by 7 m.
ILC Tunnel Layout
Accelerator Tunnel
Service Tunnel
main linac cryogenic system beamlines
modulators klystrons support systems
penetrations(every ~12 m)RF waveguide signal cablesHV & power cables
![Page 42: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
RF Unit
1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9
One 10 MW klystron powers 26 cavities in 3 cryomodules.
![Page 43: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Main Linac Layout
*for both main linacs
*
Rather than being “laser straight” the main linacs are curved in the vertical plane slightly more than earth’s curvature to
1. Allow the beam delivery system (final focus) to be in a plane while
2. Keeping cryomodules close to following a gravitational equipotential for cryogenic fluid distribution
![Page 44: The International Linear Collider](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56814ea5550346895dbc5167/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ConclusionThe ILC is an ambitious project, of which I’ve attempted to paint a general outline along with some accelerator physics background and history.
Many challenges remain, including:
• improving the cavity fabrication to increase the yield of units that reach gradient spec.
• producing a robust klystron
• demonstrating the damping ring design concept
• improving expected availability (fraction of time all systems go)
• REDUCING COST
Politically/financially, the ILC has taken a hit recently in the UK and the US, but the collaboration infrastructure remains in place, and we hope for increased R&D support. Real momentum may have to await signals from the LHC that the energy reach of this machine is indeed rich in physics.