The Internal Pharmacy Course Lecture Lecture Topics 1 1 ...

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Syllabus-2000 (Internal) The Internal Pharmacy Course  Anatomy                                                                                                                                          Lecture Lecture Topics 1 st Term 1.        Cells and Tissues                                                                                                 2 hours            Cell                  Cell membrane : structure and function                  Organelles and their functions : nucleus and nucleolus, mitochondria,                  ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, golgi body            Tissues 1 / 45

Transcript of The Internal Pharmacy Course Lecture Lecture Topics 1 1 ...

Syllabus-2000 (Internal)

The Internal Pharmacy Course

 

Anatomy

                                                                                                                                          Lecture

Lecture Topics

1st Term

1.         Cells and Tissues                                                                                                   2 hours

            Cell

                  Cell membrane : structure and function

                  Organelles and their functions : nucleus and nucleolus, mitochondria,

                  ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, golgi body

            Tissues

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                  Epithelial tissue

                  Connective tissue

                  Muscle tissue : skeletal / cardiac / smooth muscle

                  Nerve tissue

2.         Cardiovascular system 1 (heart)                                                                            2 hours

                  Position / borders and surfaces, gross anatomy

                  Interior of the heart

                  Blood supply

                  Conducting system

                  Nerve supply

                  Histology

                           Layers of the heart

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                           Cardiac muscle

3.         Cardivascular system 2 (circulation)                                                                     2 hours

                  Pulmonary circulation

                  Systemic circulation

                           aorta and branches

                           vena cavae and tributaries

                           azygous system

                           cerebral circulation and Circle of Willis

            Portal circulation

            Porto-systemic anastomoses

            Histology of blood vessels - arteries, veins, capillaries

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4.         Respiratory System                                                                                               2 hours

                  Gross anatomy, histology and functions of the

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx and vocal cords

Trachea

broncial tree

alveoli

            Respiratory epithelium

            Changes in the respiratory tract and how it is adapted to it's functions

            Lungs

                  structure

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                  coverings (pleura)

            Rib cage : Basic structure and movement, movements

            Muscles   of respiration and movements

                  diaphragm

                  intercostal muscles

                  Mechanisem of respiration

5.         Urinary system                                                                                                      2 hours

                  Function of the urinary system

                  Kidneys - gross anatomy

                           microscopic anatomy

                           blood supply

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                  Nephron

                           detailed structure 

                           function

                           mechanisum and sites of action of diuretics

                  Blood pressure regulatory function of the kidneys

                  Structure and function and microscopic anatomy of the

                           ureters

                           bladder

                           urethra

6.         Gastrointestinal System                                                                                         2 hours

                  Gross anatomy ,position, relations, histology and functions of the

                           oral cavity, salivary glands, tonsils

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                           pharynx, epiglottis (swallowing mechanisum )

                           oesophagus

                           stomach  

                           small intestines (duodenum, jejunum,ileum), intestinal villi

                           large intesting (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid ,rectum)

                           anal canal and sphincters

                  Functional adaptations of the gut mucosa in each part

                  Associated glands

                  Liver

                           Basic microscopic structure, position and relations of porta

                           hepatis and portal triad

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                           Microscopic structure of hepatic lobule

                  Gall bladder and biliary tract

                           structure, position and relations

                           function of gall bladder

                           shincter of Oddi, ampulla of Vater

                  Pancreas

                           structure, position and relations

                           microscopy of the exocrine pancreas

                           function of the exocrine pancreas

                  Peritoneal coverings

                  Blood supply of the gut

7.         Nervous System 1                                                                                                 2 hours

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                  Main divisions - central, peripheral and autonomic

                  Distribution of white matter and grey matter

                  Central Nervous system - Structure and functions

                           Cerebral hemispheres and lobes

                           Hypothalamus

                           Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

                           Cerebellum

                           Spinal cord

                  Skull and vertebrae

                  Coverings of brain and spinal cord and sub-arachnoid space

                  Ventricular System

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                  Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid

                  Lumbar puncture site

8.         Nervous System 2                                                                                                 2 hours

                  Peripheral nervous system

                           Histology of a peripheral nerve

                           Cranial nerves

                           Spinal nerves

                  Reflex arc

                  Dermatomal distribution of sensory nerves

                  Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

                           sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

                           functions of each division

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                  mechanism and sites of action of drugs acting on the nervous system

                           Analgesics

                           Anaesthetic drugs

                           Paracetomal

                  Drugs acting on the ANS (eg. sympathomimetics)

2nd Term

9.         Lymph and reticulo-endothelial system                                                                2 hours

                  Composition of lymph

                  Structure of lymph vessel

                  Arrangement of lymphatic vessel : lymph trunks, cisterna chyli,

                  thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct.

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                  Structure of a lymph node and sites of lymph nodes

                  Organs without lymphatics

                  Retyiculo-endothelial system: organs involved

10.       Locomotor system                                                                                                 2 hours

                  Connective tissue - bone / cartilage / nuscle / histological appearance

                  Structure of a long bone

                  Types of joints (with examples)

                  Structure of a synovial joint

                  Microscopic structure of neuromuscular junction

                  Tendon / ligament / fascia

                  Muscles where intramuscular injections are given

11.       Special senses                                                                                                        2hours

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                  Skin

                           Structure : epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

                           Functional adaptations, skin circulation

                  Eye

                           coverings : sclera, cornea, iris, choroid, retina

                           Chambers

                           Lens

                  Ear

                           External ear

                                 external auditory canal, tymphanic membrane

                           Middle ear

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                                ossicles (structure and function)

                  Inner ear

                           cochlea, semicircular canals

                  Other

                           Olfactory epithelium

                           Tongue

                           Touch and pain receptors

12.       Reproductive system

                  Gametogenesis

                  Microscopic structure of ovum and sperm

                  Menstrual cycle

13.       Endocrine system                                                                                                  2 hours

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                  Structure and important anatomical relationships of

                  thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries and testis,pancreas

14.       Tutorials                                                                                                             3x2 hours

                                                                                                                   Total lecture hours 26

                                                                                                                     Total tutorial hours 6

PHYSIOLOGY

Lecture Topics   Lecture

1st Term

1.         Body fluids and electrolytes                                                                                 2 hours

            Body fluid compartments

            Water balance and imbalance

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            Starling forces

            Different mechanisms of loss of water, Na+&K+ in the normal healthy person

2.         Blood

            Composition and functions of blood

            Formation of RBC, WBC, platelests, plasma proteins

            Functions and catabolism

            Blood groups

            Haemostasis

            Anticoagulants, anaemia, haemolysis, leucopenia, leukemia

3.         Nerve physiology

            Muscle physiology; generation of action potential, synaptic transmission, nerve

            degeneration and regeneration

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            Neuromuscular juntion

4.         Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

            Components of the ANS

            Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions and their functions

            Neurotransmitters of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

            Receptors, cholinergic and adrenergic receptors

5.         Cardiovascular system

            The origin and the spread of cardiac impulse, ECG, normal heart rate and arrhythmia

            Cardiac cycle and cardiac output

            Dynamics of blood flow, total peripheral resistance

            Explain hypertension, heart failure, shock and cardiac arrest

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6.         Respiratory system

            Mechanism of ventilation and mechanism of gas exchange

            Lung volumes and capacities, hyperventilation, tachypnoea

            Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma

            Explain the terms hypoxia, cyanosis, dyspnoea, pneumothorax, pneumonia

7.         Renal system

            List the functions of the kidney and of different parts of the nephron

            Describe the formation of urine, GFR and factors affecting GFR

            Explain the terms nocturia, polyuria, oliguria, anuria, disuria, haematuria, glycosuria

            Explain the terms acute and chronic renal failure

            Causes of acid base imbalance

8.         Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

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            Functions of the GIT

            Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

            Vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation

            Functions of liver, composition of bile

            Jaundice

            Explain the terms peptic ulcer, gastritis, oesophageal reflux, dyspepsia,

            malabsorption

9.         Endocrine

            Endocrine glands of the body and their secretion

            Describe the physiological functions of thyroxine, insulin, cortisol, oxytocin, ADH,

            estrogen, progesterone, androgen, aldosterone

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            State the importance of iodine in thyroid hormone synthesis

            Explain the term goitre

 

2nd Term

10.       Reproduction

            List male and female hormones

            Describe the menstrual cycle, menstruation and ovulation

            Define pubertyy, adolescence, menopause

            Explain hypothalamo pituitary ovarian axis

            Explain the terms menstruation, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea endometriosis,

            subfertility, premenstrual syndrome, abortion

            Describe fertilization, fetoplacental unit

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11.       Motor system

            Stretch reflex

            Lower motor neurone and upper motor neurone

            Extrapyramidal and cerebellar function

            Sensory system

            Different modalities of sensation

            Pain physiology - receptors, pathways, modulation of pain

            Referred pain

12.       Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood brain barrier (BBB)

            State the formation, functions and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid Function of BBB

13.       Tutorial (central nervous system)

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14.       Tutorial (GIT and endocrine)

15.       Tutorial (cardiovascular system and respiratory system)

16.       Tutorial (body fluids, nerve and muscle)

 

ELEMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY

                                                                                                                                          Lecture

Lecture Topics

Hours

1ST Term

1          Orientation and Introduction to pharmacology 2 hours

2          Definition of a drug and common pharmacological terms 2 hours

3          Drug development 2 hours

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4          Clinical trials 2 hours

5          Concept of Essential Dru9s 1 hour

6          Sources of drug information and pharmacist’s role in providing

            drug information                                                                                                    1 hour

7          Scheduling of drugs, drug registration, post marketing surveillance                     1 hour

8          Compliance to drugs                                                                                              1 hour

9          Routes of drug administration                                                                               1 hour

10        Pharmacokinetics 1                                                                                               2 hours

11        Pharmacokinetics 2                                                                                               2 hours

12        Pharmacodynamics 1                                                                                            2 hours

13        Pharmacodynamics 2                                                                                            2 hours

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14        Adverse Drug Reactions                                                                                       2 hours

15        Drug Interactions                                                                                                  2 hours

            Tutorials                                                                                                                8 hours

 

2ND Term

16        Introduction to the ANS. Definitions                                                                  2 hours

17        Parasympathomimetics. anticholineesterases, anticholnergics                              2hours

18        Insecticide poisoning, use of atropine, ganglion blockers                                    2 hours

19        Sympathomimetics, adrenergic receptor blocking drugs                                      2 hours

20        Pathophysiology of hypertension,. heart failure, angina and

            myocardial infarction                                                                                             1 hour

21        Drugs in hypotension                                                                                            2 hours

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22        Calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ACE receptor blockers and              2 hours

            sympathomimetics

23        Nitrates and digoxin                                                                                             2 hours

24        Anticoagulants. antiplatelet drugs and thrombolytics                                          2 hours

25        Lipid lowering drugs and antiarrhythmic drugs                                                   2 hours

26        Diuretics                                                                                                                2 hours

27        Drugs in anaemia                                                                                                    1 hour

28        Vitamins and minerals                                                                                            1 hour

29        ORS and IV fluids                                                                                                 1 hour

30        Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma                                                                    1 hour

31        Drugs n bronchial asthma                                                                                     3 hours

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32        Drugs in anaphylaxis                                                                                              1 hour

33        Cough and cold remedies                                                                                       1 hour

34        Antihistamines                                                                                                        1 hour

            Tutorial                                                                                                                  8 hours

 

3RD Term

35        Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones                                                                   1 hour

36        Vitamin D. analogues arc bone metabolism                                                           1 hour

37        Pathophysiology of diabetes                                                                                  1 hour

38        Insulin and oral hypoglycaemics                                                                           3 hours

39        Corticosteroids                                                                                                      2 hours

40        Thyroxine and antithyroid drugs                                                                          2 hours

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41        Oestrogens, progestogens, androgens, oxytocics                                                 2 hours

42        Contraceptives                                                                                                      2 hours

43        Local anaesthetics                                                                                                  1 hour

44        General anaesthetics                                                                                                l hour

45        Drugs in epilepsy                                                                                                  2 hours

46        Drugs in Parkinsons disease                                                                                  2 hours

47        Paracetamol, aspirin and NSAIDs                                                                        2 hours

48        NSAIDs                                                                                                                 1 hour

49        DMARDs                                                                                                               1 hour

50        Psychotropic drugs (antipsychotics, antidepressants, lithium)                             2 hours

51        Anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics, CNS stimulants                                              2 hours

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52        Drugs in migraine, nausea , vomiting and vertigo                                                2 hours

53        Strong analgesics                                                                                                  2 hours

54        Drugs for eye and ear disease                                                                               3 hours

55        Drugs for skin disease 1                                                                                        2 hours

56        Drugs for skin disease 2                                                                                        2 hours

            Tutorials                                                                                                                8 hours

 

4TH Term

57        Systemic antidotes, chelating agentse and drugs in poisoning                              1 hour

58        Drugs in peptic ulcer disease                                                                                2 hours

59        Antiemetics and antispasmodics                                                                            1 hour

60        Laxatives, antidiarrhoeals                                                                                       1 hour

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61        Elementary microbiology 1                                                                                   2 hours

62        Elementary microbiology 2                                                                                   2 hours

63        Principles of chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis                                              2 hours

64        Penicillins and cephalosporins                                                                              2 hours

65        Aminoglycosides, macrolides                                                                               2 hours

66        Quinalones, urinary antiseptics, sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole                    2 hours

67        Antimycobacterial drugs                                                                                       2 hours

68        Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and metronidazole                                              2 hours

69        Antifungals                                                                                                           2 hours

70        Antivirals                                                                                                                1 hour

71        Antifilarial drugs and anthelmintics                                                                       1 hour

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72        Antimalarial drugs and other antiprotozoal drugs                                                  1 hour

73        Vaccines and sera                                                                                                 3 hours

74        Prescribing in liver disease, renal disease and drugs in pregnancy                       2 hours

75        Cytotoxic drugs                                                                                                    2 hours

76        Drug use in chronic disease                                                                                    1 hour

77        Prescriptions                                                                                                           1 hour

78        Dealing with the pharmaceutical industry                                                              1 hour

79        Dealing with medical practitioners and other members of health

            care delivery team                                                                                                  1 hour

80        Dealing with the public                                                                                          1 hour

81        Miscellaneous topics                                                                                             2 hours

            Tutorials                                                                                                                8 hours

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                                                                                                                 Total lecture hours 135

                                                                                                                   Total tutorial hours 32

PH AR M AC OG N O SY

                                                                                                                                          Lecture

Lecture Topics

                                                                                                                                             Hours

1ST Term

1.         Introduction                                                                                                          5 hours

            Introduction to pharmacognosy

                  Definitions of basic concepts, history and scope of

                  pharmacognosy.

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                  Classification of plant drugs: alphabetical, morphological, chemical,

                  pharmacological, taxonomical and chemotaxonomical methods.

                  Value of natural drug products.

                  Natural products as pharmaceuticals, biodiversity vs chemical diversity.

2          Alkaloids                                                                                                             10 hours

            Definitions, classification, general properties. extraction and detection

            of alkaloids.

            Alkaloids as medicinal agents

            Properties. sources, historical background, structure, uses and official

            preparations of alkaloids belonging to following classes.

                  Tropane alkaloids — atropine, hyoscyamine. scopolamine. cocaine

                  Quinoline alkaloids — quinine. quinidine and other cinchona alkaloids

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                  Phenanthrene alkaloids — morphine, codeine, thebaine. heroin, isoquinoline

                  alkaloids — papaverine, emetine. tubocurarine

                  Indole alkaloids — vincristine. vinblastine, rauwolfia alkaloids ergot alkaloids,

                  physostigmine

                  Phenylethylamine alkaloids — ephedrine. pseudoephedrine

                  Xanthine bases - caffeine , theophylline, theobromine

                  Imidazole alkaloids - pilocarpine

3          Carbohydrates I                                                                                                     7 hours

            Classification, nature. and properties of carbohydrates.

            Sources, distribution. composition, preparation, uses and official

            preparations of the following

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                  starches

                  cellulose

            agar

            pectin

4          Tutorial                                                                                                                  2 hours

 

2ND Term

5          Glycosides                                                                                                             4 hours

            Definitions, classification, general properties and extraction of

            Glycosides

            Glycosides as medicinal agents

                  Cardiac glycosides

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                  Digitalis — distribution, composition, uses and official preparations,

                  Structure associated relations of cardiac glycosides.

                  Anthraquinone glycosides

                  Sennoside A, Sennoside B, cascarosides, frangelines, aloin;

                  Sources, uses and official preparations.

6          Terpenoids                                                                                                           10 hours

            Definitions, classification, general properties and distribution of

            terpenoids

            Chemistry and biological properties of important monoterpenoid

            constituents of essential oils.

            Volatile oils.

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            Nature, properties, sources, constituents, action/use and official

            preparations of oils such as cinnamon, cardamon, camphor, anise,

            anethi, peppermint. terpentine, clove and eucalyptus.

            Extraction of essential oils.

            Principle of steam distillation. other methods of extraction, essential oil

            Industry.

            Sesquiterpenoids. diterpenoids and triterpenoids as medicinal agents

7          Carbohydrates II                                                                                                   5 hours

                  Gums

                  Nature, sources. chemical composition, preparation, uses and official preparations

                  of acacia, tragacanth, sterculia

8          Tutorial                                                                                                                  2 hours

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3RD Term

9          Plant phenolics                                                                                                      4 hours

            Sources, chemical structure, important reactions and uses of flavanoids, phenols,

            phenolic acids and tannins; official preparations of tannins

10        Resins                                                                                                                    4 hours

                  Nature, properties, and classification of resins

                  Sources. properties, preparation and uses of resins, balsams, podophyllum,

                  colophony, benzoin, tolu balsam, peru-balsam and storax

11        Extracts 1 hours

                  Sources, preparations, constituents and uses of gelatin

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12        Tutorials                                                                                                                 3 hours

 

4TH Term

13        Fixed oils 4 hours

Nature, sources, composition, medicinal and pharmaceutical properties

of fixed oils, fats and waxes.

               Sources. composition, uses and official preparation of olive oil, caster oil.

               teel oil cotton seed oil, cod liver oil, halibut liver oil, wool fat, bees wax.

14        Screening Techniques 2 hours

                  Bio assays and pharmacological techniques and approaches used in natural

                  product screening and evaluation

15        Natural product and drug development 3 hours

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                  Role of medicinal plants in discovery and development of western medicines

                  Problems and prospects of discovery of new drugs from higher plants

16        Tutorials                                                                                                                 3 hours

                                                                                                                    Total lecture hours 59

                                                                                                                   Total tutorial hours 10

 

PHARMACEUTICS I

                                                                                                                                          Lecture

Lecture Topics

                                                                                                                                             Hours

1ST Term

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1.         Information Sources                                                                                              2 hours

                  Definition and uses of information sources

                  Identifying different types of information sources (printed, electronic etc.)

                  Know the differences and application of official, professional and commercial

                  information sources

                  Practical knowledge of finding necessary information

2          Prescription 1 hour

                  Historical details of a prescription

                  Essential parts of a prescription

                  Legal aspects of a prescription.

                  Forged prescriptions

                  Identifying authenticity of prescription and interpretation of same

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3          Latin Abbreviations 1 hour

                  Latin abbreviations n common se

                  English abbreviations in common use

4          Principles of dispensing 1 hour

                  Main types of dispensing

                  Problems faced during dispensing

                  Labeling of dispensed products

5          Posology and Calculations 10 hours

                  Potency calculations involving active ingredient chemistry

                  Reducing and enlarging formulae, percentage strengths and ratio strengths

                  Alligation

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                  Standard dosage :her adoption to paediatric, geriatric dosages and in pregnancy

                  Working from master formula

                  Preparing dilutions

                  Triturations

6          Weights. measures and units 2 hours

                  Knowledge and application of

                  units of mass

                  units of capacity

                  units of concentration

                  units of length

                  units of radiation

            Metric and Imperial systems and conversions

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7          Fundamental operations in compounding                                                           10 hours

                  Weighing

                  Balances

                  Minimum weighable amounts

                  Approximations

                  Weighing technique for the dispensing balance

                  Variations in weighing technique for the electronic balance

                  Taring the weighing vessels

                  Weighing by difference

            Measuring of liquids

                  Minimum measurable amounts

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                  Use of tared containers

                  Measurement by differences

                  Measurement of drop dosage

            Alcoholometry

                  Measuring and dilution of alcohols

            Dissolution

                  Dissolution techniques

                  Special techniques for volatile substances

            Filtration

                  Straining

                  Fine filtrations

            Mixing

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                  Mixture of liquids

                  Mixture of liquids and solids

                  Mixture of solids

                  Mixtures containing semisolids

            Extraction

                  Maceration

                  Percolation

8          Tutorials                                                                                                                 4 hours

                                                                                                                                                      

 

 

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