The Insect Factor in Urban Plant Protection Bob Gara.
-
date post
23-Jan-2016 -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of The Insect Factor in Urban Plant Protection Bob Gara.
The Insect Factor inUrban Plant Protection
Bob Gara
Every where you look
There are fungiall around us, some 100,000 species in fact.
Bob will soon tell you that there are a lot of fungi in the world.
Ther
e ar
e a
Ther
e ar
e a
MIL
LIO
N
MIL
LIO
Nsp
ecie
s of
inse
cts!
spec
ies
of in
sect
s!
Yea, and 500,000 ofthose species arebeetles.
But
Several times I’ve visited southern Chile, and collected insects:
• find undescribed species• new genus• even new families
There may be well over 5 - 10 million insect species
By sheer numbers alone, insectsbecome important to us: especiallyin urban horticulture
1. Destroy seeds beforethey are collected
2. Destroy seeds when stored &when planted in nurseries
3. Urban plants are defoliated and become ugly
4. Mature trees and plants arekilled by barkbeetles, aphids etc.
5. Wooden products are destroyedby termites, carpenter ants andpowderpost beetles
BOB GARA
Speakingof levers
Give me a lever longenough and I can liftthe world.
1. Jointed appendages, 2. 1. Jointed appendages, 2. Bilateral-symmetry, 3. Body Bilateral-symmetry, 3. Body composed of rings, composed of rings, 4. Exoskeleton, & 5. Dorsal 4. Exoskeleton, & 5. Dorsal heart and ventral nervous heart and ventral nervous systemsystem
Don’t forget:
There are about 20 classes of arthropods & the best way to getan overview is to look at theirevolutionary history (phylogeny).
R.E. Snodgrass
R.E. Snodgrass
Snodgrass developed a theory onthe evolution of the arthropods bystudying the movement of ancestralappendages in embryos of theArthropoda
Annelid
Onychophora
Trilobite
Chilopod
Insecta
This is what Snodgrass suggested
If this sequential development ofappendages is correct (as seen inthe embryos), are there really membersof these stages? Is all this real?
Are there onychopherans?
Even fossils
Are there trilobites?
In any case, position of the mouthpartsvis-à-vis the various arthropods has created this divide: Chelicerata & Mandibulata
No antennae
Let’s look at some Chelicerata
Chelicera
Pedipalp
1. Horseshoecrab
2. Scorpion
Chelicerae
Pedipalps
The Economically ImportantChilicerates -- ARACHNIDA
SpidersMitesTicks
Chelicera
Pedipalp
Fang
3. Spider (Class Arachnida)
Larval Nymphal Adult
4. Ticks (Class Arachnida)
The hard ticks: ixodidae
Lyme diseasebacteria
Fused Chelicerae
Pedipalp
Chelicerae and pedipalpsof a hard tick (Ixodidae)
Chelicerae
Pedipalp
Gall mite
Spider mite
5. Couple of mites (Class Arachnida)
Blister mite
Spider mites
Chelicerae
Chelicerae
Ch
elic
era
e
Pedipalp
More ticks & mites: Arachnida
Let’s Talk About the Subphylum:Mandibulata
Let’s go back some 400 millionyears ago: Silurian Period
Era Millions yrs ago Periods Life forms
Paleozoic 440
SilurianSilurian Scorpions, millipedes,
rise of fish
500 Ordovician 1st vertebrates
600 Cambrian 1st arthropods trilobites and some others
Precambrian Primitive invertebrates floating around
1st land animals!
A big breakthrough during Siluriantimes was that appendages of thearthropod began to be closely associated with the mouth -- eveninside the mouth as in MANDIBULATA
Embryo-genesis ofan insect: segmentsI-4 will go around thehead and into the mouth: hence,MANDIBULATA.
Old Snodgrasswas right on.
Insecta
Crustacea
Centipedes Millipedes
Mandibulata
Protoarthropod
So, during the Silurian the newland animals quickly diversifiedand evolved
Let’s mention the• Crustaceans• Centipedes• Millipedes
Centipede
Millipede
Poison claw
Classes: Chilopoda & Diplopoda
Crustacea
Hi!
• Have 2-antennae• Complex mouthparts inside the mouth• Cephalothorax
The Class: InsectaInsecta• 3-body regions• 1-pair of antennae• 3-pairs of legs• Adults are winged
Of course, insects are arthropods: have exoskeletons. What are some advantages of having the skeletonon the outside?
• Physical protection
• Great mechanical advantage
• Prevents desiccation
• Led to the fact insects havecomplete metamorphosis!
Arachnida
Spiders Mites Ticks
Chelicerata Mandibulata
The Chelicerata have theirmouthparts outside the mouth
Review
The Economically ImportantChelicerata – Class, Arachnida
A rhododendron mite
Che
licer
ae
Identify the chelicerae
1. The phylum Arthropoda is divided into the subphyla Chelicerata and Mandibulata. Name two organisms from each group: ________________ and __________________________. Label the mouthparts of this typical mite.
Since all arthropods, including the insects, have a hardexoskeleton they have to changeit in order to grow. This processis called MOLTING.
Cicadamolting
The fact that insects molt has ledthem to conquer just about everyniche on earth. Because:
when insects molt, they undergoa change in form.
Hmmmm, the word for “change-in-form” is METAMORPHOSIS.
No Metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis
This is a silver fish
This is a silverfish
Gradual Metamorphosis
Now for the greatest inventionin the world !!
Complete Metamorphosis
Complete Metamorphosis
Eggs
Lava (maggot)
Adult
The Pupa !
Complete Metamorphosis
Antenna
Compound eye
Ocellus
Mouth (mandible)
The Head
Hi, I’m Walt
Labium
Labial palp
Maxillary palp
Labrum
The Mouthparts
Labium
Can’t see themandibles
Labrum
Mandibles
Mx &Mx palps
Labium & Lb palps
I really want you to seehow the mouthparts fit
Again, the mouthparts
The Hemiptera: includes the bugs
Hemipteraincludes theaphids, scales,cicadas etc.
Aphids: Aphididae
Have piercing-sucking mouth parts
The Hemiptera havePiercing-sucking mouthparts
Piercing-sucking mouth parts
Mx
MxMnd
Cross section
The stylets (piercing-sucking)mouthparts of Hemiptera
More on aphids
MidgutForegut Hindgut
Digestive system of an insect
Filter chamberof aphids & otherhomopterans