The Initiative 4stpaulslansing.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/MIBW.pdf · The one way we can move...

Table of ContentsIntroduction 3

The Initiative 4

Community Survey 4

Community Conversation Purpose 5

Mobile United 5

Mobile Pledge 5

Purpose of this Guide 6

Community Conversations Defined 6

Goals 6

Desired Outcomes 7

Framework 8

Community Conversation Approach 8

Facilitation 8

Ground Rules 8

Community Conversation Agenda 8

Community Conversation Checklist 9

Script 10

Welcome 10

Purpose 10

Ground Rules 11

Opening Activity 11

Wrapping Up 12

Segments 13

Segment 1 14

Community Conversation Agenda 1 15

Discussion Prompts 1 16

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Evaluation Form‐ Segment 1 17

Segment 2 18



Evaluation Form – Segment 2 21

Segment 3 22




Segment 4 26




Materials 30

Sign in Sheet 31

Ground Rules 32

Action Form 33

Share at the Table 34

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Introduction

Mobile in Black and White is a multi‐faceted documentary film project designed to address the issue of race relations in Mobile, Alabama and beyond. In many ways, Mobile, Alabama has moved beyond the racial problems that plagued most American cities throughout the twentieth century. Overt racism is no longer tolerated, and, for the most part, race relations in Mobile are not much different than in other cities, north or south.

However, fundamental disparities in education, criminal justice, health care, and other systems remain, which, together, lead to inequitable outcomes along racial lines. Mobile in Black and White currently exists in the form a of a 90‐minute documentary feature film designed for broadcast, theatrical, or festival delivery, as well as in a four‐segment version designed for sequenced and structured community conversations.

This documentary project takes a hard look at the ways racism continues to pervade the structures and institutions of a supposedly post‐racial world. Expertly blending the insights and experiences of local residences and leading experts with powerful poetic expression, it is a powerful, thought‐provoking catalyst for constructive conversations on race.

Nationally recognized experts such as Peggy McIntosh, john powell, Tim Wise, Michael Eric Dyson, Wayne Flynt, and Bryan Stevenson present new understandings of how race and racism function in our social structures and institutions. Dozens of local leaders, academics, clergy, and other residents provide their personal experiences and insights, confirming how those concepts play out in Mobile’s community life. Finally, the poetry of Sonia Sanchez, U.S. Poet Laureate Natasha Trethewey, the film’s director, and others pulls the intellectual, emotional, and experiential into clear focus.

Overall, Mobile in Black and White offers an alternative take on how race remains a fundamental issue in American life, but also that it doesn’t require assignments of guilt or blame, only understanding, commitment, and action.

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The Initiative

Mobile United, the non‐profit organization dedicated to engaging stakeholders in the community to improve the quality of life for Mobilians, is proud to lead the initiative of the Community Conversations on race for the city of Mobile. A year‐long public process will be informed by a survey designed to gauge public opinion on race in Mobile as well as revolve around the USA documentary “Mobile in Black & White”. The public is encouraged to take the survey, which can be found online at cityofmobile.org, mobileunited.org, mobileinblackandwhite.com and on all Mobile Public Library (MPL) computers. There will also be paper copies available at each MPL location as well as the information desk inside Government Plaza.

Mobile United is a non‐profit organization created in 1972 to address racial and labor tensions through leveraging the collective impact of concerned citizens to quell these and other relevant issues. Since then, the Board and staff have worked to achieve many great successes in education, community development and environmental issues through leadership development programs and active & inclusive committee structures. Through our diversity committee, we still work on racial issues as they have been slow to change.

Understanding that these issues still exist, Mayor Stimpson’s office sought to engage Mobile United to help create a series of community conversations about the topic based on the film which originated out of their race relations committee. The film, designed and implemented by Drs. Robert Gray and Joèl Lewis, was used in a number of community conversations throughout Mobile before being accepted into twelve film festivals across the country. Now, the conversation returns home as it examines the pervasive, institutional forms of racism and it helps identify inequities in our city. The film provides a relevant platform to work from so that the work needed to move forward can begin.

The main goals of the year‐long process are:

Creating a community agenda to increase racial equity. Creating safe spaces where people can discuss and confront the issues that still exist around race

and inequity in Mobile‐ no matter how uncomfortable it may be. For the people who have the ability to change things on a systemic level to be a part of the

conversation and engage with them on how things can and will be changed. Amassing a number of ways that people can participate in that change – everyday ways that

people can walk the walk, so the talk isn’t just talk.

Community SurveyThe link to the public survey can be found at: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/racerelationsmobile.

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Community Conversation Purpose

The purpose of this initiative is to provide an avenue for understanding commonalities, appreciating different perspectives, and recognizing if and where racial disparities exist in Mobile. It is not about assigning blame, inducing guilt, or identifying who is or is not “racist.” Nor is it about particular, predetermined conclusions. Rather, it is about exploring the state of race relations in Mobile, gathering the perceptions and realities regarding racial divisions in our community, and collectively developing a process for improving the quality of life for all citizens. To do this, we need to start a conversation. Any opinion offered in good will, with a spirit of cooperation, is welcome. We are not all going to agree, and we don’t have to. However, it is our hope that at the end of this process, people of all different races in the Mobile area will better understand, respect, and appreciate each other's perspectives; place more trust in each other's motives and good intentions; be more willing to identify and work for common objectives; and promote a society in which race is neither an impediment nor an advantage to acceptance, opportunity, or advancement.

Mobile United

Mobile United is dedicated to building an inclusive and prosperous community by deliberating issues and encouraging action when appropriate. Our community roles are encouraging tolerance and inclusiveness, building a unified network, and developing leadership. Faced with the challenges of forestalling conflicts arising from racial integration in 1972, community leaders in Mobile came together as they had during the turmoil of the 1960s and solved their problems at the conference table. Problems in both decades were solved with a minimum of turmoil and violence, and ever since that time Mobile United and its members have provided the community with a forum for discussing and solving a variety of community challenges. Mobile United offers the community a strong, diverse network of interested community servant‐leaders. The organization provides an arena for identifying, communicating and addressing relevant issues that will improve or enhance life for all citizens in the area. Monthly General Membership meetings provide an arena for exploring a wide variety of community topics.

Mobile Pledge

The Mobile Pledge, adopted from the Birmingham Pledge is a individual statement focused on dignity, respect, and unity. Jim Rotch, author of the

Birmingham Pledge and a Birmingham lawyer has given Mobile permission to use the pledge as a tool to eliminate racial divisiveness. Citizens will be able

sign the pledge online and at community conversation events.

Purpose of this Guide

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The purpose of this guide is to outline the Mobile in Black and White Community Conversation Process. This complex undertaking requires common ground for all involved. This document will serve as a working document which will continuously be utilized to better outline goals, processes, and outcomes based on community feedback.

Community Conversations Defined

Many communities have embarked on community conversations by bringing a diverse group of citizens together to participate in a facilitated discussion. Although these conversations have centered around different issues in the community, there are common principles that are central to each community conversation. This initiative shares the following common principles. Community conversations:

1. Help discover what a community cares about 2. Increase dialogue 3. Bring forth new ideas 4. Increase understanding 5. Generate action to promote change 6. Create safe, civil environments 7. Establish commonality

The aim of this initiative is designed to host community conversations that are respectful discussions, characterized by full and diverse participation in answering pertinent questions necessary for learning and change to occur. A safe environment must be created in order for participants to speak openly and to listen to each other respectfully. Consensus is not the goal.

Goals

To establish commitment of community stakeholders to address issues To foster open dialogue To create a series of video segments based on participation and feedback from conversations To increase awareness of issues in the community and experiences of other citizens To enable community ownership of issues of race To empower new leadership To create a community agenda

Desired Outcomes

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Specific outcomes of Mobile in Black and White will include the following: Commitment of community stakeholders to address issues Formation of committees and subcommittees to review recommendations Development of new partnerships and collaborations Establishment of new media relationships and communication plans Coordination of general and targeted outreach to the community Integration of new elements and ideas into existing programs Development of specific projects and initiatives in response to issues raised Series of video segments created based on participation and feedback from conversations Awareness of issues in the community and the experience of other citizens New relationships and networks (across typical barriers) Community ownership of issues of race New processes for community problem‐solving New policies New leadership

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Framework

Community Conversation Approach The one way we can move forward on racial harmony is by conveying a powerful message and influencing people to make changes. Part of this process includes community engagement. Using video segments and trained facilitators, conversations will be informed, inclusive and enlightening. All conversations are designed to provide an opportunity for citizens to voice their concerns and move toward solutions. Black and White

Facilitation

Due to the topic of the content of these conversations, it is imperative that effective facilitation techniques are applied to each gathering of stakeholders and community citizens. Each community conversation will be led by at least one facilitator depending on the size of the stakeholder group. This approach is a purposeful attempt to be attentive to the feedback from participants and direction of the conversation.

Ground Rules (For your review: Also listed in the script)

1. Listen actively ‐‐ respect others when they are talking. 2. Speak from your own experience instead of generalizing ("I" instead of "they," "we," and "you"). 3. Do not be afraid to respectfully challenge one another by asking questions, but refrain from personal attacks ‐‐ focus on ideas. 4. Participate to the fullest of your ability ‐‐ community growth depends on the inclusion of every individual voice. 5. Share your own story and experience, instead of invalidating somebody else's story with your own spin on her or his experience. 6. The goal is not to agree ‐‐ it is to gain a deeper understanding. 7. Be conscious of body language and nonverbal responses ‐‐ they can be just as disrespectful as words.

Community Conversation Agenda

Welcome Introduction/PurposeGround RulesOpening Activity Video Introduction Video Discussion Prompts Wrap – up/ Take‐AwaysEvaluation This agenda will vary for each meeting depending on the video duration, discussion questions, and number of participants.

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Community Conversation Checklist

Before the Conversation Confirm with co‐facilitator(s) if necessary Arrive 30 minutes early Be prepared to share a racialized experience (+ or ‐) Post direction signs Provide Sign – In Sheet with pen Check copies in Notebook Evaluation Forms Run Video from computer (test prior to participants arriving) Review Video Instructions Check for LCD projector/ Speakers Check Computer Equipment

Put the following on the table: Mobile Pledge signup sheet and print out/card Ground Rules Discussion Prompts (?’s)

After the conversation, collect the following: Scribe notes Sign – In Sheet Action Forms Evaluation Forms Jump Drive

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Script(S) script(A) action

Welcome (Cover the following)

(S) Welcome to this community conversation on race relations in Mobile. Mobile United and the City of Mobile present this initiative as an avenue to address issues of race through a series of community conversations in which segments of a documentary entitled, “Mobile in Black and White” will be used to spark conversations. The aim of this initiative is to host conversations that are respectful discussions characterized by full and diverse participation in order to address pertinent questions necessary for learning and change. The goals of this process are to: Create safe, respectful environments Be all inclusive Set the stage for honest, meaningful dialogue Build momentum for interaction and maintain interest throughout the community Gather community information on perceptions of race Strive for apparent improvements and sustainable change Create a community agenda

Purpose

The purpose of this initiative is to provide an avenue for understanding commonalities, appreciating different perspectives, and recognizing if and where racial disparities exist in Mobile. It is not about assigning blame, inducing guilt, or identifying who is or is not “racist.” Nor is it about particular, predetermined conclusions. Rather, it is about exploring the state of race relations in Mobile, gathering the perceptions and realities regarding racial divisions in our community, and collectively developing a process for improving the quality of life for all citizens. To do this, we need to start a conversation. Any opinion offered in good will, with a spirit of cooperation, is welcome. We are not all going to agree, and we don’t have to. However, it is our hope that at the end of this process, people of all different races in the Mobile area will better understand, respect, and appreciate each other's perspectives; place more trust in each other's motives and good intentions; be more willing to identify and work for common objectives; and promote a society in which race is neither an impediment nor an advantage to acceptance, opportunity, or advancement.

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Ground Rules

(S)Before we begin, I would like to review the ground rules. (Copy provided on the table)1. Listen actively ‐‐ respect others when they are talking. 2. Speak from your own experience instead of generalizing ("I" instead of "they," "we," and "you"). 3. Do not be afraid to respectfully challenge one another by asking questions, but refrain from personal attacks ‐‐ focus on ideas. 4. Participate to the fullest of your ability ‐‐ community growth depends on the inclusion of every individual voice. 5. Share your own story and experience, instead of invalidating somebody else's story with your own spin on her or his experience. 6. The goal is not to agree ‐‐ it is to gain a deeper understanding. 7. Be conscious of body language and nonverbal responses ‐‐ they can be as just disrespectful as words. 8. Value the experience of each participant without judgment. Everyone has experiences that are equally important to the conversation.

Opening Activity

(A)Group Creation Separate a large group into smaller groups. Have each person count off, such as 1,2,3, 1,2,3…. This will assist in separating people who are most familiar with each other. If working groups are participating, it may be useful to allow them to remain in groups in which they work the most. (S)Read the following statement: Each of us brings a variety of experiences both positive and negative to the discussion of race. In order for us to better relate to each other, I am asking that each of us share a racialized experience (positive or negative) that has made an impact on our perspective of race. For the sake of time, please share your experience in less than two to three minutes. We will use a timer to assist us in keeping time. (Optional): I will begin with my experience…

(S)Video Introduction This video segment is a smaller piece of a larger documentary. It is designed to help us start community conversations. The title of this video segment is “_________________.” After we view the video we will begin the conversation.

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(A)Video Instructions

1. Insert the drive (The drive folder should come automatically come up.) 2. Select the appropriate segment 3. Click play Move the mouse outside of the viewing area in order to keep the time off the screen.4. After the video:

Make sure you have covered the ground rules and formed groupsInstruct groups to select facilitator, scribe and time keeper

Wrapping Up

(A)If time permits get the highlights from each group.Make a comment about the interaction. Please record the responses or have someone record them. (S) Is there any action that you will take as a result of this conversation today? (There is an action form for this response.) What is one takeaway from the conversation today?

(S)Thank you for your participation in this community conversation we invite you to sign the Mobile Pledge and join us for the next conversation on ________________. Please complete the evaluation.We invite you to sign the Mobile Pledge. Sign up for the various opportunities to stay involved.

Notes:

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Segments

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Segment 1Agenda

Discussion PromptsEvaluation

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Community Conversation Agenda 1

Duration Start Time

Welcome 5 minutes

Introduction 5 minutes

Video Introduction 5 minutes

Video 34 minutes

Ground Rules 5 minutes

Discussion Prompts 30 minutes

Wrap‐up/ Takeaways 10 minutes

Closing Remarks 5 minutesEvaluation/ Pledge/Handouts

Notes:

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The Conversation

Discussion Prompts 1Video Segment 1: “Why we still need to talk about race?”

1. What is your initial reaction to the film?

2. Is race the defining issue in Alabama? If so how? If not, what is the defining issue?

3. Are there challenges in talking about race? If yes, what are the challenges? If no, what makes talking about race not a challenge?

4. What is the most important issue in our community? Is race a contributing factor to that issue? If yes, how? If no, why not?

5. Is there a need for action on the issues of race in Mobile? If yes, what can be done by individuals, organizations, institutions, and leaders? If no, how do we move forward?

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Evaluation Form‐ Segment 1Please tell us to what extent you agree with following statements about the purpose of the Community Conversation. Check the choice that most represents your feelings about each statement. A “Neutral” response merely means that you neither disagree nor agree with the statement. 1. I think community conversations are important and useful means for addressing issues related to race.❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The conversation clarified areas of disagreement that will need further dialogue. ❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The conversation increased my understanding of race in Mobile. ❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The conversation will help to build a local capacity to create more, and even better, community conversations in the future. ❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. The conversation helped me to explore possible steps, beyond this meeting, to engage the larger community in improving race relations. ❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. I will do something as a result of this conversation. ❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. I believe that my participation in this conversation is important to improving race relations in Mobile. ❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Comments: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Segment 2

AgendaDiscussion Prompts

Evaluation

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Community Conversation Agenda 2Duration Start Time

Welcome 5 minutes



Video 34 minutes





Notes:

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The Conversation

Discussion Prompts 2Video Segment 2: Race in the 21st Century

Mobile in Black and White

1. What is your initial reaction to the segment? Is there any experience that has occurred since our last meeting that relates to structural racism?

2. Does race play a part in your daily life? If yes, how? If no, why not?

3. Describe one racialized experience you experienced in K‐12 school.

4. What is your perception of race based on: media, public, personal relationships, etc?

5. How does history impact the discussion of race? Can we talk about the history of Mobile, AL or the U.S. without discussing race?


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Evaluation Form – Segment 2Please tell us to what extent you agree with following statements about the purpose of the Community Conversation. Check the choice that most represents your feelings about each statement. A “Neutral” response merely means that you neither disagree nor agree with the statement.

1. The conversation increased my understanding of race relations in Mobile. If so, which area(s)?❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The conversation identified another area that needs further dialogue. If so, which area(s)?❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The conversation increased my comfort level discussing race.❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The conversation helped me to explore possible steps, beyond this event, to engage the larger community in improving race relations.

❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. I will have another conversation about race relations as a result of this conversation. If so, with whom?


6. I will do something as a result of this conversation. If so, what?❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Comments: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Segment 3


Evaluation

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Welcome 5 minutes



Video 34 minutes





Notes:

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The Conversation

Discussion Prompts 3Video Segment 3: Racialized Structures

1. What is your initial reaction to the segment? Is there any experience that has occurred since our last meeting that relates to structural racism?

2. Is there any experience that has occurred since our last meeting that relates to structural racism?

3. Are there structures in our community that produce equity? Are there structures in our community that produce inequity? Equity defined as the quality of being fair or impartial Please explain.

4. How does the segment relate to your work, social, religious, and/or context in which you are meeting?

5. Is structural racism something our community should discuss? What and who should that conversation include?

6. What are the myths associated with race that impact how systems function? If there are myths, how should they be debunked?

7. Which statistic stood out to you? Why?

8. What is your perception of race most based on: media, public, personal relationships, work experience, other? Please explain. How does that area relate to structural racism?

9. What are ways to talk with others about structural racism?

10. What will you do as a result of this conversation?


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1. I have enough information to know how I feel about structural racism.❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The conversation increased my understanding of race relations in Mobile. If so, which area(s)?❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. The conversation increased my comfort level discussing race.❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The conversation helped me to explore possible steps, beyond this event, to engage the larger community in improving race relations.


5. I will have another conversation about race relations as a result of this conversation. If so, with whom?


6. I will do something as a result of this conversation. If so, what?❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Comments: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Segment 4


Evaluation

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Welcome 5 minutes



Video 34 minutes





Notes:

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The Conversation

Discussion Prompts 4Video Segment 4: Toward Equity

1. Are you aware of organizations/ institutions/ businesses working on race relations? If so what are they? If not, how can we get more entities working on race relations?

2. What are the first steps to address race relations?

3. Who is accountable for solutions or improvements? Are we aware of who is accountable? How do we engage?

4. How can individuals use their background, upbringing, relationships, work experience, social status and education to improve race relations?

5. Is there a need for action on the issues of race in Mobile? If yes, what can be done by individuals, organizations, institutions and leaders? If no, how do we move forward?

6. What is the difference between your ideal community as it relates to race and the current state of race relations today?

7. What will you commit to doing today to help race relations?

Ideas: Sign the Mobile Pledge Make a commitment by completing an action form Sign up to tell your storyJoin Mobile UnitedHost a conversation Talk to your family/friend

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1. The conversation identified areas that need further dialogue. If so, what are those areas?❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The conversation increased my comfort level discussing race.❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The conversation helped me to explore possible steps to decrease structural racism.❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. I will do something as a result of this conversation. If so, what?❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. I believe that race relations will improve as a result of these conversations.❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. I will participate in future events related to race relations.❑ Strongly Agree ❑ Agree ❑ Neutral ❑ Disagree ❑ Strongly Disagree__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Comments: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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MaterialsSegment 1 ‐ BlueSegment 2 ‐ GreenSegment 3 ‐ YellowSegment 4 ‐ Pink

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Sign in SheetName Email

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Ground Rules1. Listen actively ‐‐ respect others when they are talking.

2. Speak from your own experience instead of generalizing ("I" instead of "they," "we," and "you").

3. Do not be afraid to respectfully challenge one another by asking questions, but refrain from personal attacks ‐‐ focus on ideas.

4. Participate to the fullest of your ability ‐‐ community growth depends on the inclusion of every individual voice.

5. The goal is not to agree ‐‐ it is to gain a deeper understanding.

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6. Be conscious of body language and nonverbal responses ‐‐ they can be just as disrespectful as words.

Action Form

Participant Name: Date:

Email As a result of this Community Conversation: I will:

Comments:

Action Collaboration By When Desired Outcome

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Share at the Table

Your Name

A racialized experience that has shaped your perspective of race

Key Terms/Types of Racism Internalized—The set of private beliefs, prejudices, and ideas that individuals have about the

superiority of whites and the inferiority of people of color. Among people of color, it manifests as internalized oppression. Among whites, it manifests as internalized racial superiority.

Interpersonal—The expression of racism between individuals. It occurs when individuals interact and their private beliefs affect their interactions.

Institutional—Discriminatory treatment, unfair policies and practices, inequitable opportunities and impacts within organizations and institutions, based on race, that routinely produce racially inequitable outcomes for people of color and advantages for white people. Individuals within institutions take on the power of the institution when they reinforce racial inequities.

Structural—A system in which public policies, institutional practices, cultural representations, and other norms work in various, often reinforcing ways to perpetuate racial group inequality. It is racial bias among institutions and across society. It involves the cumulative and compounding effects of an array of societal factors including the history, culture, ideology and interactions of institutions and policies that systematically privilege white people and disadvantage people of color.

*Adapted from Applied Research Center

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