Yoav Weinstein – yoavw@dir-technologies.com ; Eran Sinbar – erans@dir-technologies.com

The Influence of Quantized Universe Theory (QUT) On Photons ,Particles, Speed and Mass

23 July 2015

Quanta of space – 3D (probably Symmetrical ) structures in the size of Planck Length ( ℎ∗ ) in each dimension. Quantization in time – quanta's of time in the length of Planck time . The Grid extra dimensions – extra dimensions that are stretched and border the space-time quanta’s. These Grid dimensions are responsible mostly for: 1. Instantly non local effects in quantum theory (“spooky action from a distance” – Albert Einstein) 2. Communicating and triggering between the space – time ,4D quanta’s

Based on the QUT theory , the wave length is an integer number times the size of quantum Planck length (ℎ∗) ,than:

E (Photons energy) = ℎ[𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 ∗ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑] ∗ 𝑐[𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑]/(𝑁 ∗ ℎ∗[meter])

𝑁 = λ/ℎ∗

𝑁 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 1,2,3, …

λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ℎ∗(Planck′s length)

𝐸𝑀𝑎𝑥 (Photons energy)= ℎ∗𝑐

λ𝑚𝑖𝑛≈ 124 ∗ 108 [Joule]

The influence on light

The Energy difference between the 2 nearest energy level photons is :

∆𝐸𝑁 = 𝐸𝑁−1 − 𝐸𝑁 = ( 1

𝑁∗ 𝑁−1 ) ∗ 124 ∗ 108 [Joule]≈

1.2∗1010

𝑁2 [Joule]

𝑁 ≫ 1

The influence on light

Example 1: The shortest possible wavelength in the universe is λ = ℎ∗ The next shortest one is λ = 2 ∗ ℎ∗

∆𝐸𝑁 = 𝐸𝑁−1 − 𝐸𝑁 = 1

2∗ 2−1 ∗ 124 ∗ 108 Joule = 62 ∗ 108 Joule

Example 2: The Gamma radiation wavelength is about 1.6 ∗ 10−12 [𝑚] , 𝑁 = 1023

∆𝐸𝑁 = 𝐸𝑁−1 − 𝐸𝑁 = 1

1046 ∗ 124 ∗ 108 Joule = 124 ∗ 10−38[Joule]

Example 3:The Near Infra Red wavelength is about 1.6µ𝑚 , 𝑁 = 1029

∆𝐸𝑁 = 𝐸𝑁−1 − 𝐸𝑁 = 1

1058 ∗ 124 ∗ 108 Joule = 124 ∗ 10−50[Joule]

The influence on particles - De Broglie wave length

Based on the duality of particles behavior ,a particle has a wave length, λ

λ =ℎ

𝑝 , ℎ = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 6.626 ∗ 10−34 Joul ∗ second , p = m mass kg ∗ v velocity

meter

second

Based on the assumption that the space is quantized to 3D quantum blocks in the size of ℎ∗= Planck’s Length[meter] In each dimension.

ℎ∗ = 1.62 ∗ 10−35 Meter Than : λ 𝐷𝑒 𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑒 = 𝑁 ∗ ℎ∗ N = integer 1,2,3,4, …

Example of an accelerated basic particle (proton or electron): Based on the relativity theory ,mass increases as speed accelerates towards the speed of light.

𝑚𝑣 effective mass at speed v = 𝑚0(mass of a non moving particle) ∗1

1 −𝑣2

𝑐2

Assuming the speed v is nearly the speed of light 𝑣 ≈ 𝑐 the mass increases exponentially 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑥 = ℎ/(λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑣) λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ℎ∗ , 𝑣 ≈ 𝑐

max 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑘𝑔 =ℎ

λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑣=

ℎ

ℎ∗ ∗ c= 6.63 ∗

10−34

1.62 ∗ 10−35 ∗ 3 ∗ 108 = 1.36 ∗ 10−7[kg]

Since the weight of the Proton is 1.67 ∗ 10−27 kg , the maximum change in weight is 20 magnitudes of size. Since the weight of an electron is 9.11 ∗ 10−31 kg , the maximum change in weight is 24 magnitudes of size.

That means that when reaching the maximum weight of a basic particle ,near the speed of light, even when the speed keeps on increasing towards the speed of light c, the De Broglie wave length cannot decrease below the Planck Length which is the size of the quantum of space in each dimension. So if the prediction of the QUT is right ,above the maximum weight of a basic particle (proton or electron),the De Broglie wave equation is not valid.

Example of a paradox ,based on a running person ,weighing 70Kg in a speed of 3 meters/second : λ = ℎ/(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑣)

λ 𝐷𝑒 𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑒 =ℎ

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠∗𝑣= 6.63 ∗

10−34

70∗3= 3.16 ∗ 10−36[Meter] ≪ 1.62 ∗ 10−35 Meter = λmin

The De Broglie wave length of a running person ,is shorter than the Planck length. This is a contradiction to the Quantized Universe Theory. Its possible that since this running person is built from basic particles (protons and electrons), each with its own De-Broglie wave ,and they all are un correlated with each other, there is no such thing as a wave length for the entire running person ,and than there is no contradiction.

The influence on speed

Based on the Quantized Universe Theory (QUT) : • The smallest distance is Planck length (ℎ∗) • The smallest time gap is Planck time (ℎ∗/c) Light (massless photon),travels the ℎ∗[meters] distance at ℎ∗/c [seconds] and that is the speed of light. Any other particle with mass can either travel the ℎ∗ distance every “tick” of the Planck time , or stay in its place. That will influence its speed. That means that at the Planck scale for length and time, the speed is digital, meaning, either zero or speed of light for all the mass particles in the universe.

For example: t is a quantized time pulse (“tick”)at the length of ℎ∗/c [seconds] d is a quantum length, ℎ∗[meters] P is the probability of a particle to move a Planck length d step during Planck time t ,the quantized time pulse. For a photon travelling always at the speed of light: P=1 always For a particle travelling at 0.99 the speed of light (c) P=0.99 For a particle travelling 0.35 the speed of light P=0.35

For every time sequence of 𝑁 ∗ℎ∗

𝑐 the particle will move 𝑛 ∗ ℎ∗ ,in the dimension of his moving orientation.

𝑝 = 𝑛/𝑁

𝑁 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 1,2,3, … 𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 1,2,3, …

𝑛 < 𝑁

ℎ∗ = Planck length, ℎ∗

c= Planck time

𝑣 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =𝑛∗ℎ∗

N∗ℎ∗

𝑐

= c ∗𝑛

𝑁

𝑣 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑐 ∗𝑛

𝑁

For example: There are 2 particles travelling side by side for a time of 2 time quanta’s (“ticks”). That means that N=2 What are the velocity difference combinations, that are possible between them?

𝑣 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑐 ∗𝑛

𝑁

𝑁 = 2 ∆𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠(𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑛1 − 𝑛2 ) = 2, 1,0

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 = c,c

2, 0

There are 2 particles travelling side by side for a time of 1000 time quanta’s (“ticks”). That means that N=1000 What are the velocity difference combinations, that are possible between them?

𝑣 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑐 ∗𝑛

𝑁

𝑁 = 1000 ∆𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠(𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑛1 − 𝑛2 ) = 1000,999,998, … , 1,0

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 = c,999c

1000,998𝑐

1000, … ,

𝑐

1000, 0

Summary The Quantized Universe Theory (QAT) assumes the following assumptions:

• The smallest size possible ,is the size of each of the 3 dimensions of the quanta of space,ℎ∗.

ℎ∗ = Planck Length(1.6210−35 meter )

• The shortest time ,is the quanta of time,ℎ∗

c.

ℎ∗ = Planck Length 1.6210−35 meter , c = speed of light [meter]

• the photons wave length and the particles De Broglie wave length, are an integer number ,times the Planck length.

• There is no shorter wave length than the Planck length.

• These assumptions influence :photons maximum energy, particles maximum mass and the quantization of velocity.

For more details regarding Quantum Universe Theory (QUT),and the grid extra dimensions, Please review : http://www.slideshare.net/eransinbar1/heuristic-approach-for-quantized-space-time