The Influence of Attitude, Demographic Profile and Personality on Recycling Behavior

The Influence of Attitude, Demographic Profile and Personality on Recycling Behavior 1

The Influence of Attitude, Demographic Profile and Personality on Recycling Behavior

A. HARIS AWANG MBA2016-04-1001 MBA 6683 Research Methodology

Submitted to: Ir. Dr. Batumalay Kaliannan

Faculty of BusinessAsia Metropolitan University

Malaysia19th Nov, 2016

A. HARIS AWANG

RESEARCH REPORT

The Influence of Attitude, Demographic Profile and Personality on Recycling Behavior A. HARIS AWANG

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................1

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1

2. LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................2

Attitude........................................................................................................................................2

Demographic Profile....................................................................................................................5

Personality...................................................................................................................................7

Recycling Behavior.....................................................................................................................9

The Influence of Attitude, Demographic Profile and Personality on Recycling Behavior.......11

3. METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................12

4. CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................13

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................14

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

The Influence of Attitude, Demographic Profile and Personality on Recycling Behavior i

ABSTRACT

Malaysia and the rest of world is facing problems with increasing crisis of solid waste

management. Despite of efforts by government agencies, the recycling rates are still low. The

purpose of the study is to explore factors that influence the recycling behavior of any given

population in Malaysia by developing a theoretical framework which could later be developed

into empirical researches. The methodology employed in this research is literature reviews of

past academic articles and journals. At the end, a theoretical framework is developed from three

hypotheses on the relationship among variables namely attitude, demographic profile, personality

and recycling behavior. This framework can be a foundation to future studies involving recycling

which can assist and guide local authorities in deploying their environmental policies.

1. INTRODUCTION

Due to rapid urbanization and population growth, Malaysia is facing a crisis in solid waste

management. Despite of the recycling campaigns and programs launched throughout the past

two decades, the national recycling rate is still as low as 5%. At the rate of 0.8kg per capita of

waste generated, Malaysia is fast becoming environmentally threatened (Goh, Tong & Ahmed,

2013). Unless a drastic measure is taken, Malaysia will still be far below the rate of 15 to 40

percent recycling rate of developed countries. The key to the success of recycling is in the

participation and involvement of every household. A look at factors influencing recycling

behavior is a step toward realizing the goal. Thus, empirical study is needed to examine the

behavioral determinants of households’ recycling behavior. The paper aims to establish a

framework as a foundation for further studies on extend of how recycling behavior can be

influenced. The paper will also provide useful information and guidelines to the respective

authorities in designing strategies to encourage higher participation from households in the

recycling programs.

Other than Malaysia, recycling has become one of the major issues involved in the preservation

and conservation of our deteriorating environment in Taiwan. Household waste recycling, in

particular, has become an important issue for the government and the citizens of Taiwan.

According to the Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), one major reason behind

household waste recycling becoming an important issue is the fact that Taiwan citizens generate


9 million tons of solid waste a year (Chu & Chiu, 2003), but the rate of recycling is only 5.78%

of the total recyclable waste (EPA, 1999). Consequently, government agencies in Taiwan have

taken the initiative to make better use of the waste.

The purpose of the study is to explore factors that influence the recycling behavior of any given

population in Malaysia by developing a theoretical framework which could later be developed

into empirical researches. The low recycling rate for Malaysia definitely raises some questions.

Why is it difficult for people to participate in waste recycling? Why are people behaving in such

a way that makes them less involved in waste recycling? While the public in general can

speculate, only through research can we find the answers.

The scope of this research is within the Malaysian context. However, Malaysia being diverse in

its demographic profile has to be looked at from the micro level, for instance, researches at the

municipal level. An overall look at the whole Malaysia would be time consuming and costly.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

A review of literature on previous studies to examine possible variables for the theoretical

framework and hypotheses are discussed under this chapter. The independent variables of

interest are attitude, demographic profiles and personality while the dependent variable is

recycling behavior of a household.

AttitudeNameghi & Shadi (2013), in their study on consumers attitude toward practicing green

(reducing, recycling & reusing) on a sample consisting of 315 private universities students in

Malaysia using a questionnaire, find that attitude has significant impact on consumers practicing

green behavior elements namely, reducing, recycling and reusing. The authors’ findings are

consistent with their hypothesis that attitude would positively relate to consumers pro-

environmental behaviors, “intention to reduce waste” as a pro-environmental behavior,

“intention to reuse waste” as a pro-environmental behavior, and “intention to recycle” as pro-

environmental behavior. The authors further conclude that attitude is a significant predictor of

practicing green behavior in an educational context. However, the sample in their study consisted

only of university students, hence suggesting further that future studies to be expanded to


Malaysian citizens in order to capture more information of pro-environmental behaviors among

Malaysians. The theoretical framework of their study is as in figure 1.

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework based on Attitude. Source: Nameghi & Shadi (2013).

So, how does one measure attitude? Can attitude be measured?

Researchers had hoped for decades to develop a single instrument that could measure all

‘‘attitudes,’’ rather than having to develop a unique measure for each attitude to be measured

employing the comparatively complex methods such as the ones developed by Thurstone or

Likert in the 30s. In an article by McCroskey (2006) of understanding & generalization of

attitude measurement, it is pointed out that many researchers adopted the ‘‘evaluative’’ measure

of the ‘‘semantic differential’’ which came to be treated as a universal measure of attitude.

Furthermore, the authors state that both the generalized attitude measure (GAM) and the

generalized belief measure (GBM) were created to be used across contexts–attitudes concerning

a wide variety topics rather than a single topic. Previous research results indicate that the

measures are highly reliable (alpha estimates above 0.90) and have strong face, concurrent, and

predictive validity.

In an article predicting the households’ recycling behavior in Malaysia, Goh, Tong & Ahmed

(2013) relate from a previous study that attitudes correspond to mental processes or states, which

account for consistency of an individual’s framework favorable-unfavorable and cross-

situational responses towards an object. The authors also state that attitude is an important

predictor with significant relationship in explaining either recycling intention or behavior. The

article also find that attitude towards recycling has positive influence on the participation of

households and to have moderating effect on intention of recycling. Moreover, the authors state


that previous researches defined attitude can be decomposed in multi-dimensional measures, and

have used attitude toward recycling on relative advantage and complexity, and on social relative

benefits and personal relative benefits. They also argued that attitude of recycling should be

separated into affective and cognitive component in which the affective component attitude

measures the feelings of households toward recycling whereas the cognitive component attitude

measures the knowledge of the households towards the outcomes and consequences of

performing the behavior. The authors also propose a theoretical framework which consists of

three key factors from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Theoretical Framework based on TPB. Source: Goh, Tong & Ahmed (2013)

In investigating households’ attitude toward recycling in Alor Setar, Malaysia, Omran et al.

(2009) hypothesize that households’ attitudes toward recycling are positively related to their

awareness, facilities provided, and are generally positive. The study is successful in identifying

some reasons for the householders’ attitudes towards recycling and suggests more than a few

strategies for the government to achieve sustained success in its recycling campaign. The first

strategy is to improve the operational aspects of recycling facilities by improving placement of

recycling bins in more accessible and visible locations. The second is for local authorities to

work closely with the private sector and NGOs to design a range of waste containers that are

suitable for a given locality. And finally, the study proposes awareness of recycling and concern

for the environment inculcated from an early age by including it in the academic syllabus.

A study in Malaysia by Sidique et al. (2009) show that the usage of drop-off recycling sites is

influenced by demographic factors such as age, education, income and household size.


Nonetheless, attitudinal factors are also found to affect site usage. Prior research indicates that

recycling behavior is influenced by attitudes towards recycling. Earlier in the study, the authors

hypothesized that increased convenience, positive attitude towards recycling, positive social

pressure and higher familiarity are positively associated with the number of visits to the

recycling center. Among the findings in this study is that, the respondents have positive attitude

and believe that their recycling activities lead to environmental benefits such as the reduction in

pollution and landfill use, the conservation of natural resources and the improvement of

environmental quality.

Ramayah & Rahbar (2013) in their empirical study on greening the environment through

recycling conclude that the attitude towards recycling is significantly influenced by perceived

value, awareness and actual gains perceived by consumers. On the other hand, recycling

behavior is significantly influenced by resistance to change and attitude towards recycling. Their

findings indicate that attitude towards recycling is the main predictor of recycling behavior.

Furthermore, the extent of environment-related knowledge and awareness is also significantly

related to attitude towards recycling. The results show that perceived value is positively related

to attitude towards recycling while the resistance to change was not negatively related.

In a case study by Tonglet, Phillips and Read (2003) on using the theory of planned behavior

(TPB) to investigate the determinants of recycling behavior in Brixworth, UK it is found that

attitudes to recycling are the main predictors of recycling intentions. It is also noted the

challenges for UK Local Authorities (LAs) to reinforce the positive attitudes of those who are

already committed to recycling and to change the attitudes of those who view recycling

negatively. To achieve this, a thorough understanding of householders’ attitudes to recycling is

required. Their findings suggest that pro-recycling attitudes are the major contributor to

recycling behavior.

Demographic Profile Kotler & Keller (2012) define demographic segmentation as dividing the market into variables

such as age, family size, family life cycle, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, race,

generation, nationality, and social class. One of the reasons demographic variables are so popular

with researchers is that they are often associated with consumer needs and wants. Another reason

is that they are easy to measure. Even when the target population is described in non-


demographic terms such as personality type, it is often required to be linked back to demographic

characteristics in order to estimate the size of the sample so researches can be able to reach it

efficiently.

Zen, Noor & Yusuf (2013) in their research on the profiles of household solid waste recyclers

and non-recyclers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia conclude that the profile of household recyclers is

dominated by higher income earners with higher educational backgrounds, who owned houses

and have higher appreciation of recycling as a social norm. The profile of non-recyclers is such

that they have lower education and income, and live in single-storey houses, with little

knowledge of recycling and being predominantly Malay. The household recyclers described in

the socio-economic characteristics are a middle income group with high level of education and

income, and are generally of the Chinese ethnicity who own houses and live in double-storey

houses.

In a study of factors predicting recycling behavior among Malaysians by Mutang & Haron

(2012), it is hypothesized that the recycling behavior of the Klang Valleys’ households is

influenced by gender, ethnic, marital status, education attainment, work sector, type of

accommodation, house ownership, age, household size, income, values toward the environment,

attitude towards recycling and knowledge of recycling. The findings of the Binomial Logistic

Regression suggest that the recycling behavior increases among respondents who are married,

possess higher education levels have positive values towards the environment and positive

attitudes towards recycling. However, gender, different types of employment status, types of

accommodation, house ownership, and knowledge of recycling were not reliable predictors of

recycling behavior. It is also concluded that knowledge and provision of recycling facilities are

not enough to stimulate recycling.

In a British community sample of 203 participants, Swami et al. (2011) hypothesize a model to

include two demographic variables namely age and sex. As expected, younger participants and

women report more positive waste management behaviors. In the study, participants provided

their demographic details, namely sex, age, ethnicity, religion, and marital status. The findings of

the study suggest that personality, individual differences, and demographic factors may be useful

predictors of waste management behaviors. The findings also suggest that participant age

directly predicts waste management behaviors, with older individuals more likely to show


positive waste management behaviors. Moreover, the findings suggest that participant sex may

only indirectly predict waste management.

The findings by Martin, Williams & Clark (2006) in the Borough of Burnley, UK are consistent

with earlier literature in that recycling participation tends to be higher among more affluent and

older people, but lower among less affluent and younger households. It is suggested from the

findings and multivariate analyses that non-recyclers tend to be from lower socio-economic

backgrounds, where the availability of storage space is probably limited. These trends suggest

that the disproportionately high number of terraced properties in the Borough of Burnley

compared to the UK as a whole, indicating its low socio-economic status will bias it towards

non-recyclers and a lower recycling rate. The study also suggests that having the time to recycle

is also important. Those with more time (retired householders and older ones without children)

are more likely to be full recyclers, while those with less time (younger households with

children) result in lower participation. The results suggest that the attitudes, which are linked

back to demographic characteristics of being Asian–British in the Borough are not significantly

different to those of the other respondents.

PersonalitySo, what are personality traits? Are they measureable?

A study by Zillig, Hemenover & Dienstbier (2002) on content analysis of the affective,

behavioral, and cognitive processes examines these issues as they apply to the Big 5 traits. The

Big 5 traits -Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness

emerged from decades of research and have been recognized for their ability to simplify an

overwhelming number of traits. In another study by Musa et al. (2010), five core dimensions

which are neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and

conscientiousness are employed to study the relationship between personality and underwater

behavior of scuba divers.

Fraj & Martinez (2006), in their study, focus on psychographic variables and, in particular, on

personality features. Through a survey with a random sample of 573 individuals, a theoretical

model is designed which includes the Big 5 traits to measure personality. The theoretical

framework of the study is as in figure 3.


Figure 3. Theoretical Framework for Personality and Environmental Behavior. Source: Fraj & Martinez (2006).

Their findings support the hypotheses as they show that personality is a multifaceted concept,

which is positively related to ecological behavior. Moreover, the authors propose for companies

to focus on those people who are characterized by personality features such as extroversion,

agreeableness and conscientiousness in order to persuade them to demand their products. The

authors also try to discover which features among the 5 traits best describe the profile of the

ecological consumer. However, situational factors such as political and other moderating

variables could also moderate the relationship between personality and ecological behavior.

Johansson (2006) hypothesizes that differences in people’s attitudes and personality traits lead

them to attribute varying importance to environmental considerations. Differences in personality

traits can be shown also in other actions of their everyday lives, such as how much they recycle.

The authors, using Swedish commuters as sample, also use indicators of attitudes and personality

traits to form latent variables for inclusion in a discrete mode choice model.

Even though recycling is usually experienced as a moral dilemma, studies that systematically

approach this issue from an ethical perspective are scarce (Culiberg, 2013). The study takes a

more holistic approach and integrates the recycling literature with business ethics theory in order

to develop a conceptual model of ethical decision making involved in recycling. In this model,

altruism is added as an important personality trait that influences behavior. The data collected

from a sample of 367 adult Slovenian consumers are by gender and age. To test the hypothesis,

structural equation modelling is employed. The findings confirm the relationships between three

key facets of ethical decision making: moral recognition, moral judgment and moral intention.

Altruism is found to be a significant predictor of moral recognition. The theoretical framework is

as in figure 4.


Their findings support that altruism positively influences moral recognition.

Figure 4. Theoretical Framework of Consumer Ethical Decision Making. Source: Culiberg (2013).

Recycling BehaviorAjzen (1991) in an article on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) states that, the theory is

found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Furthermore, intentions to perform behaviors

of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, and

these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable

variance in actual behavior. Inclusion of past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to

provide a means of testing the theory’s sufficiency. The limited available evidence concerning

this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well.

Figure 5. Theoretical Framework by Ajzen (1991)


Many recycling studies have supported the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

in predicting people’s recycling intentions and behavior (White & Hyde, 2011). Their study

adopt the TPB to understand the recycling decisions of a sample of community residents in

Queensland, Australia. This study examines the role of self-perceptions, within a theory of

planned behavior (TPB) framework, in the prediction of householders’ recycling intentions and

behavior. Structural equation modeling found some support for the standard TPB with attitude

and subjective norm predicting recycling intentions and intentions predicting recycling behavior.

Moreover, self-identity as a recycler emerges as a significant predictor of recycling intentions,

even though not as a significant factor of actual recycling behavior. The findings suggest that the

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) provides a useful basis for modeling recycling decisions.

Botetzagias et al., (2014) on the other hand, expand the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with

moral norms and demographics in the context of recycling. Moral norms are an important and

largely independent predictor of recycling. Their study examines how an individual's moral

norms and demographic characteristics interact with the standard Theory of Planned Behavior

predictors in explaining the intention to recycle. The data originates from an empirical research

of Greek citizens conducted with sample size of 293.

Chu & Chiu (2003) in a study on a sample of 386 community residents in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

state that resistance from citizens, political complexity, and those arising from culture have cause

the implementation of recycling to be rather inefficient. Their study examines the antecedents of

the behavior of household waste recycling in a context of an integrated model which incorporates

a wide variety of important factors from previous research on environmental behavior into a

single theoretical framework provided by the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The model was

tested using data from the completed a survey with findings that suggest that in addition to the

TPB variables, perceived moral obligation further improved the prediction of intention to recycle

household waste.

(Tonglet, Phillips & Read, 2003). The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which provides a

theoretical framework for systematically identifying the determinants of recycling behavior, was

used as the basis for a study of 191 participants in a local curbside recycling scheme. The

findings suggest that pro-recycling attitudes are the major contributor to recycling behavior, and

that these attitudes are influenced firstly, by having the appropriate opportunities, facilities and


knowledge to recycle, and secondly by not being deterred by the issues of physically recycling

(for example time, space and inconvenience). Previous recycling experience, and a concern for

the community and the consequences of recycling are also significant predictors of recycling

behavior. The article also discusses implications of the findings for the development and

implementation of recycling schemes. A questionnaire design is also discussed in the study

which is based on the recycling literature and previous applications of the TPB and information

obtained from the elicitation interviews with a sample of 20 Brixworth, UK residents (pilot

study). Seven-point rating scales are used to measure the components of the TPB (recycling

intentions, recycling attitudes, the subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) and the

additional components included for the purposes of the study (moral norm, previous recycling

behavior, situational factors and the consequences of recycling). The questions are scaled 1 to 7

with 1 to indicate a positive view of recycling and 7 to indicate a negative view of recycling.

Bezzina & Dimech (2011) adopt a behavioral framework that uses a questionnaire that

incorporates elements from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Model of Altruistic

Behavior (MAB) as well as other determinants of recycling behavior (e.g. inconveniences and

demographic variables) with the purpose of exploring different factors of recycling behavior with

evidence from Malta in order to determine which of these factors emerge as significant

predictors of the recycling participation of Maltese residents. Their findings show that nine

factors – “personal recycling attitudes, norms and skills”, “satisfaction with service provided”,

“inconveniences”, “awareness of consequences”, “knowledge of issues”, “social recycling

attitudes and norms”, “motivating factors”, “intentions to act” and “scheme preference” –

account for 68.5 per cent of the variability in the recycling behavior of Maltese residents. The

study also provides empirical evidence from Malta that the incorporation of elements from the

Theory of Planned Behavior, the Model of Altruistic Behavior as well as other additional

variables (e.g. situational factors and demographic factors) makes a significant contribution to

the understanding of the recycling behavior and the recycling participation of Maltese residents.

The Influence of Attitude, Demographic Profile and Personality on Recycling BehaviorBased on previous researches and articles reviewed above, the application of the three

independent variables are found to be useful in predicting the waste recycling behavior of a

household. These have been discussed and tested throughout past decades and bear significance


and relevance in today’s environmentally challenging world. The following hypotheses are

proposed to test the independent variables against household recycling behavior as a dependent

variable.

H1: Attitude has positive effect on recycling behavior.

H2: Demographic profile is related to recycling behavior.

H3: Personality has positive effect on recycling behavior.

Hence, the theoretical framework proposed is as the following:

Figure 6. Proposed Theoretical Framework.

Each of the variables may have antecedents which are subject to further studies. The theoretical

framework can be a kick-starter to further environment studies within the context of Malaysia.

3. METHODOLOGY

This paper systematically categorizes the relevant literature and reviews it methodologically. My

research methodology requires the collection of information from various sources. The method

employed in this research is described by the following steps: Find at least 30 academic sources


e.g. journals, online articles or books pertaining to the research. For each source, read through

the Abstract, which usually contains the problem, methods findings, and recommendations. Then

decide if the source under review is suitable for the research. In the absence of an Abstract, read

the Introduction briefly and go to the results to see if the findings are able to answer the research

question. For each source that satisfies, look up for keywords. Some similar keywords may

sound different but in essence they are the same. For example consumers and users, purposive

and utilitarian, etc. Mark sources that are categorized as ‘suitable’ for research and save them on

the hard disk (on computer), or bookmark on the browser (internet sources). Read each source

thoroughly to understand the results and the gist of the research and challenge if they can answer

the research question. Each source must be cited when reviewed under Literature Review or

under any of the chapters in the research. Toward the end of the literature review, a theoretical

framework is developed. No quantitative data is collected throughout the study and no statistical

analysis is involved in the methodology. The theoretical framework can be used as a basis for

future studies.

4. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the reviews on past literature suggest that the variables under study are significant

and warrant for future studies of empirical nature. The three independent variables under this

research- attitude, demographic profile and personality have the potential of influencing the

behavior under study which is recycling behavior. However, more studies need to be conducted

as the context of situations or conditions may be different among geographical areas for instance,

Europe, the US, South America, Mesoamerica, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Far East and Oceania.

Authors of each literature may yield mixed results, but it is believed that a carefully constructed

battery of behavioral questions can have a great potential to capture deeper underlying

characteristics that affect behaviors. I hope that future research can put my belief at test.

Furthermore, the hypotheses developed in this study have to be tested and analyzed statistically.

While, this research may be interesting to researchers and practicing managers, it has several

limitations. This research is based on a review of literature. Future research should undertake

empirical studies of factors influencing behaviors. This can be done using a survey method or

case study methods. Case studies will explain the reasons as to why people behave in the

generalized way.


Another limitation faced during this research is time. The two weeks period to do and write a full

research is very short which makes it impossible for any real-time data collection, statistical or

mathematical analysis or survey by questionnaires. So the research is somewhat limited to online

searches, classroom interactions and desk tasks.

As far as recommendations are concern, the theoretical framework developed in this research can

be a basis for future studies involving behavior, attitude, personality and demographic profile.

Researchers who are interested in environmental protection may find this research useful as it

leaves many gaps (untested variables) in understanding recycling behavior in the context of

Malaysia as far as environmental issues are concerned. The scope may not only be limited to

recycling or environmental issues but applicable to other fields such as sports, education or even

marketing as well. More influencing variables can be explored to see their interrelations with one

another as well as other dependent variables of interest. More empirical studies to test the

theoretical framework should be needed in the future. This study is beneficial to researchers or

students who are interested in behavioral studies.

Total no. of words: 5,018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My special thanks and gratitude go my Research Methodology senior lecturer, Ir. Dr. Batumalay

Kaliannan for sharing his knowledge and expertise in this field. This, I believe will guide me

throughout my present and future interests in research.

REFERENCES

Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and human Decision Processes, 50(1), 179-211.

Bezzina, F.H & Dimech, S. (2011). Investigating the determinants of recycling behavior in Malta. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 22(4), 463-485.

Botetzagias, I, Dima, A & Malesios, C. (2015). Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior in the context of recycling: The role of moral norms and of demographic predictors. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 95(1), 58-67.


Chu, P & Chiu J. (2003). Factors Influencing Household Waste Recycling Behavior: Test of an Integrated Model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(3), 604-626.

Culiberg, B & Bajde, D. (2013). Consumer recycling: An ethical decision-making process. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 12(1), 449–459.

Fraj, E & Martinez, E. (2006). Influence of personality on ecological consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 5(1), 167-181.

Goh, M.L, Tong, D.Y.K & Ahmed, E.M. (2013). Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model for Measuring Households’ Recycling Behavior in Malaysia. Advanced Materials Research, 622-623(1), 1691-1695.

Johansson, M. V, Heldt, T & Johansson, P. (2006). The effects of attitudes and personality traits on mode choice. Transportation Research Part A, 40(1), 507–525.

Kotler, P & Keller, K.L. (2012). Marketing Management. (14 ed.). US: Prentice Hall.

Martin, M, Williams, I.D & Clark, M. (2006). Social, cultural and structural influences on household waste recycling: A case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 48(1), 357-395.

McCroskey, J.C. (2006). Reliability and Validity of the Generalized Attitude Measure and Generalized Belief Measure. Communication Quarterly, 54(3), 265-274.

Musa et al. (2010). The Influence of Scuba Divers’ Personality, Experience, and Demographic Profile on Their Underwater Behavior. Tourism in Marine Environments, 7(1), 1–14.

Mutang, J.A & Haron, S.A. (2012). Factors predicting recycling behavior among Malaysian. Southeast Asia Psychology Journal, 1(1), 68-80.

Nameghi, E.N.M & Shadi, M.A. (2013). Affective and Cognitive: Consumers Attitude toward Practicing Green (Reducing, Recycling & Reusing). International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(1), 157-164.

Omran et al. (2009). Investigating Households Attitude toward Recycling of Solid Waste in Malaysia: A Case Study. Int J Environ Res, 3(2), 275-288.

Ramayah, T & Rahbar E. (2013). Greening the environment through recycling: an empirical study. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 24(6), 782-801.

Sidique, S.F, Lupi F & Joshi, S.V. (2009). The effects of behavior and attitudes on drop-off recycling activities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(1), 163-170.


Swami et al. (2011). Personality, individual differences, and demographic antecedents of self-reported household waste management behaviors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(1), 21-26.

Tonglet, M, Phillips, P.S & Read, A.D. (2004). Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to investigate the determinants of recycling behavior: a case study from Brixworth, UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 41(1), 191–214.

White, K.M & Hyde, M.K. (2012). The Role of Self-Perceptions in the Prediction of Household Recycling Behavior in Australia. Environment and Behavior, 44(6), 785–799.

Zen, I.S, Noor, Z.Z & Yusuf, R.O. (2014). The profiles of household solid waste recyclers and on-recyclers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Habitat International, 42(1), 83-89.

Zillig, L.M.P, Hemenover, S.H & Dienstbier, R.A. (2002). What Do We Assess When We Assess a Big 5 Trait? A Content Analysis of the Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Processes Represented in Big 5 Personality Inventories. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 847-858.


The Influence of Attitude, Demographic Profile and Personality on Recycling Behavior

Environment

Transcript of The Influence of Attitude, Demographic Profile and Personality on Recycling Behavior