The Industrialization of the United States 1860’s – 1910’s.
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Transcript of The Industrialization of the United States 1860’s – 1910’s.
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The Industrialization of the United States
1860’s – 1910’s
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O SSUSH11 The student will describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.
O a. Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business.
O b. Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor.
O c. Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies
O d. Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life
O O SSUSH12 The student will analyze important consequences of
American industrial growth. O a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern
and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America. O b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers. O c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on
Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee. O d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example of industrial unrest. O O SSUSH14 The student will explain America’s evolving
relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.
O a. Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast.
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The Transcontinental Railroad
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The South Builds RailwaysO After the Civil War, the South
began building more railroads to rival those of the North.
O South now relied on its own manufacturing centers.
O New railway “hub” cities developed; including Dallas, TX and Atlanta, GA.
O At the same time a project was begun to construct a rail line that connected the Western states of California and Oregon with the East: The Transcontinental Railroad (RR)
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Mining TownsO During and after the
Civil War, westward migration continued.
O Thousands flocked West in hopes of finding gold or silver.
O The Transcontinental RR made it easier for settlers to move West
O Around the deposits of minerals (gold and silver), “mining towns” developed.
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Home on the RangeO Cattle ranching fueled
westward migration as well.
O Open prairies of the West were perfect for grazing.
O Newly-invented barbed wire made ranching more efficient.
O As a result, the beef industry exploded due to the ease of ranching cattle.
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Farmers Move WestO Farmers migrated West in
pursuit of new, fertile, cheap lands.
O The Homestead Act of 1862 promised plots of land to anyone willing to move and settle in these Western lands.
O After the Civil War the RR caused a dramatic increase in the settlements of the West
O Prairie states became a new agricultural center of the US
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Two Companies CompeteO In 1863, two different
companies began construction of the Transcontinental RR.
O To fund this project the companies took out government grants and bonds as well as donations from private citizens
O The Central Pacific Company began laying track eastward from California.
O The Union Pacific Company laid track westward from Nebraska.
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Immigrants Build Railroads
O Irish immigrants in the east and Chinese immigrants in the west were used to build the railroad.
O Thousands of these immigrants died due to dangerous working conditions.
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Two Tracks MeetO In 1869, the two
tracks finally connected at Promontory Summit in Utah.
O A symbolic golden spike was the final one driven in to mark the completion of the transcontinental railroad.
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UNION PACIFIC SECTIONCENTRAL PACIFIC
SECTION
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Native Americans and Westward Expansion
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Westward Expansion and Native Americans
O In the 1860s, the US government began forcing Native Americans onto reservations.
O Settlers pushed the buffalo (a sacred animal in Native traditions) to the brink of extinction.
O Faced with no other options, Native Americans had no choice but to fight back.
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Westward Expansion and Native Americans
O In 1875, gold was discovered in the hills of South Dakota.
O Miners began settling on Sioux tribal lands in search of gold.
O Sioux leader, Sitting Bull, assembled his own army of Natives to drive the settlers out.
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Battle of Little Big Horn
O In June 1876, President Grant sent General George A. Custer to battle the Sioux.
O Custer’s 250 men were slaughtered by 2,000 Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Big Horn.
O The US Army retaliated, crushing the Sioux, and forcing Sitting Bull to flee to Canada.
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General Custer and the 7th Cavalry’s “LAST STAND” at the Battle of the Little Big Horn
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Ghost Dance Brings HopeO In response to the loss of
their land and the buffalo, many Natives welcomed a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance.
O Fearing the Ghost Dance would cause problems, the US government ordered the capture and arrest of Sitting Bull.
O In a confrontation over his arrest, Sitting Bull was killed.
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Wounded Knee Massacre
O As Natives fled after Sitting Bull’s murder, troops were sent out to capture them.
O At Wounded Knee Creek, troops slaughtered over 100 Native men, women and children.
O The Wounded Knee Massacre effectively ended the Native attempts stop white settlers
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Natives Forced to Assimilate
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Transcontinental Railroad TOD
O It’s 1869. Your job is to promote the upcoming “joining of the railroads” at Promontory, Utah.
O Create a promotional flyer that you might want to hand out or write a letter to a friend inviting them to join you at the ceremony.
O Be sure to include the who, what, when, where and why of the event!!!
O Turn these in before class ends.
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The Rise of the American City
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Steel Industry Transforms
O 1850s – Bessemer Process shortens time it takes to transform iron into steel.
O Andrew Carnegie (right) brings Bessemer process to the US; makes millions off steel production.
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Urbanization Changes America
O Cheap, efficient steel leads to the construction of skyscrapers, elevators and bridges throughout the country.
O Railroads and canals allow quick, easy transport of steel.
O America experiences rapid urbanization – the process of people moving from rural areas to cities
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Cities Offer Opportunity
O With help from new railroad lines, cities become magnets for rural Americans.
O Factories offer work for skilled laborers, job opportunities for women and education for children.
O Seizing on these new opportunities, a new waves of immigrants began arriving on America’s shores.
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Immigrants Flock to America
O Beginning in the mid-1800’s, the origins of immigrants change from Western Europe to Southern and Eastern Europe.
O Hundreds of Italian, Polish and Russian immigrants arrived daily.
O Many immigrants were forced to live in tenements – low-cost, urban family housing developments that squeezed in as many families as possible.
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The Immigrant Experience
O Ellis Island – Port in New York Harbor that processed immigrants coming from Europe.
O Angel Island – Port in San Francisco Bay that processed immigrants coming from Asia.
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Ellis Island
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Angel Island
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Resistance Towards Immigration
O Nativism – a belief that native-born white Americans were superior to newcomers.
O Similar to the fate of Native Americans, many immigrants were forced to assimilate to American culture.
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Chinese Exclusion ActO With rising pressure from
nativists, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.
O Many nativists thought more immigrants would hinder the economy and cause the loss of jobs
O Act prohibited Chinese immigration to the US and limited the rights of the Chinese immigrants already living in the country.
O Marked the first time that a specific racial groups was forbidden to enter the United States.
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Technology Spurs Cities
O In addition to skyscrapers, elevators and bridges, new inventions give rise to the American city.
O 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
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Technology Spurs Cities
O Thomas Edison – famous American inventor; patented the light bulb, the phonograph and the motion picture camera.
O Edison’s light bulb allowed factories to operate 24 hours a day; no longer were they only operational during daylight.
O The phonograph and motion picture camera created new pastimes for many Americans.
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Edison Invention AdO A local magazine has asked you to
create an advertisement for one of Thomas Edison’s latest inventions.
O Choose either the light bulb, the phonograph or the motion picture camera and create your own advertisement.
O These will be collected for a grade. O The more colorful and informative,
the better your grade will be.
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The Rise of Big Business
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Industries ExpandO Expanding markets now
linked by railroads led to the creation of corporations.
O Corporation – a business in which ownership is shared by a number of people
O Technology connected the nation, allowing corporations to expand their businesses across the country.
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Gaining a Competitive Edge
O Corporations worked to maximize profits in several ways.
O Some tried to gain a monopoly – complete control over a product or service
O To form monopolies, companies either bought out the competition or drove them out of business.
O With no competition, companies could charge whatever prices they wanted for essential products or services.
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Gaining a Competitive Edge
O Other corporations worked to eliminate competition by forming cartels.
O Cartel – businesses producing the same product agree to limit their supply thus keeping prices high.
O The Mexican drug cartel is a good example of this in modern times.
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Gaining a Competitive Edge
O Some laws prevented one company from buying out another company.
O To get around this, some businessmen formed trusts.
O In a trust companies assign their stocks to a board of trustees who combine them into a new, more powerful organization.
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The Bosses of the Senate
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Horizontal v. Vertical Integration
O Horizontal integration – when a company consolidates many firms into one businessO Ex. All oil companies formed in to
ONE.O Vertical integration – when a
company gains control of all the phases involved in the production of a productO Ex. One company owns the oil well,
the oil pipeline, the tankers that transport and the gas stations.
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John D. RockefellerO John D. Rockefeller O Oil tycoon O Founded the
Standard Oil Company
O Adjusted for inflation, Rockefeller is the richest man to have ever lived.
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John D. RockefellerO http://www.history.com/videos/john-
d-rockefeller-oil-money-and-power#john-d-rockefeller-oil-money-and-power
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“Robber Barons”O Many began to see business
practices like monopolies and trusts as giving unfair advantages to corporations.
O Monopolies, cartels and trusts kept prices for products high; rich were making money at the expense of the poor.
O Men like Rockefeller and Carnegie were given the nickname “Robber Barons”.
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“Robber Barons” and Philanthropy
O Despite the negatives, some saw the “Robber Barons” as “captains of industry”.
O They brought jobs to the masses and were allowing America to compete in the global markets.
O Rockefeller and Carnegie also practiced philanthropy; they gave away millions of dollars to fund education programs, build libraries and museums.
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“Social Darwinism”O 1859 – Charles Darwin coined the
phrase “natural selection” – the belief that only the strongest of a species would survive.
O Social Darwinism – refers to the idea that the value of a person is determined by how much money one had.
O The rich are the “most fit” to continue on; the poor are “unfit” and will die out.
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Government Restricts Trusts
O Opposition formed to the unfair business practices of the trusts.
O In 1890, the Senate passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
O The Sherman Anti-Trust Act began a trend towards the federal government limiting the power of corporations.
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The Organized Labor Movement
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Factory Life Proves Dangerous
O In the late 19th century, factory owners employed various ways to maximize profits and keep costs low.O They hired children and
immigrant labor that would work for low wages.
O They forced workers to work 12 hour days and 6 day work weeks.
O Little attention was given to safety. Many workers died from factory accidents.
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Labor Unions FormO Despite increased production
and lowered costs, many who worked the factories still could not afford basic necessities.
O Many workers began to practice collective bargaining with their employers; negotiating for higher wages and better working conditions.
O One form of protest used was the strike – when workers refuse to work until their demands are met.
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Samuel GompersO Samuel GompersO 1886 – Gompers
founded the AFL (American Federation of Labor)
O The AFL union worked to improve wages, working conditions and working hours for its members.
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Pullman Strike of 1894O George Pullman –
owner of a company that produced luxury railroad cars
O In May 1894, workers began a strike protesting wage cuts and layoffs.
O The strike grew violent with many protestors destroying rail lines and equipment.
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Federal Government Responds to the Pullman Strike
O Because the Pullman Strike was interrupting the delivery of federal mail, President Grover Cleveland (right) took action.
O 12,000 federal troops were sent to stop the protestors.
O When troops arrived, riots broke out which led to the deaths of 30 people.
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Effects of the Pullman Strike
O After the Pullman Strike and other instances of industrial unrest, many employers began to use the court system to reduce the power of labor unions.
O For the next 30 years, the federal government would argue with labor unions and employers over a number of work-related issues.
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History of Labor DayO http://www.history.com/videos/
history-of-labor-day#history-of-labor-day
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Labor Unions T.O.D.O Imagine you are a worker during the
Pullman Strike in 1894.O It is your job to create a protest sign
that you would carry at one of the demonstrations.
O Your sign must include some reference to the Pullman Railway Cars AND one or two demands of your labor union.
O These will be taken up and graded.