The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

• What is it?What is it? The The increased output of increased output of the machine-made goodsthe machine-made goods- - transformed how people did worktransformed how people did work

• When/Where:When/Where: It began in It began in EnglandEngland in in the the mid-1700’smid-1700’s

• Soon Soon spreadspread to to Continental Europe Continental Europe and and North AmericaNorth America-Made possible by -Made possible by the Agricultural Revolutionthe Agricultural Revolution

The Agricultural RevolutionThe Agricultural Revolution

• Wealthy landowners bought up small Wealthy landowners bought up small farms- farms- Enclosure MovementEnclosure Movement

• This enabled:This enabled:• Forced small land owners off their farms Forced small land owners off their farms and they and they

moved to the citiesmoved to the cities• Experimented with new agricultural processesExperimented with new agricultural processes

• Jethro Tull-seed drillJethro Tull-seed drill• Charles Townsend-crop rotation- 4 cropCharles Townsend-crop rotation- 4 crop• Robert Bakewell-Selective breedingRobert Bakewell-Selective breeding• Results in increase food production-Results in increase food production-

increased populationincreased population

“Enclosed” Lands Today

“Enclosed” Lands Today

Factors of ProductionFactors of Production

• Land, Labor and WealthLand, Labor and Wealth• LandLand-(-(Natural resources)- Natural resources)- source of source of

power, mineral resources-coal, iron power, mineral resources-coal, iron ore, river and ports for transportationore, river and ports for transportation

• LaborLabor- (- (Human ResourcesHuman Resources) population ) population increases from agricultural production, increases from agricultural production, people in citiespeople in cities

• WealthWealth--(Capital)(Capital)Highly developed Highly developed banking, gave loans, expanding banking, gave loans, expanding economyeconomy

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

Invention-Invention-Technological AdvancesTechnological Advances

• Textiles- Cloth Textiles- Cloth (cotton, wool, linen)(cotton, wool, linen)

• Each Each new invention leads to anothernew invention leads to another

• All designed to make cloth more All designed to make cloth more quickly quickly

• Eventually hand labor replaced by Eventually hand labor replaced by powerpower- first water then steam- first water then steam

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

Spinning JennySpinning JennyJames HargravesJames Hargraves

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

Spinning muleSpinning muleSamuel CromptonSamuel Crompton

Edmund CartwrightEdmund CartwrightPower LoomPower Loom

Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin & Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin & Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts

Improvements inImprovements inTransportationTransportation

• Steam Engine- James WattSteam Engine- James Watt

• Steam Boat- Robert FultonSteam Boat- Robert Fulton- - The The ClermontClermont

• First- very clumsy and expensive to First- very clumsy and expensive to operate- but improved quicklyoperate- but improved quickly

• EntrepreneurEntrepreneur- - Person who organizes Person who organizes takes on the risk of businesstakes on the risk of business

• John McAdam- “paved roads”John McAdam- “paved roads”

RailroadsRailroads

• After 1820- Railroads were the keyAfter 1820- Railroads were the key

• George Stephenson-George Stephenson-RocketRocket- 24 - 24 mphmph

• Made transportation cheaper and Made transportation cheaper and faster, created new jobs increased faster, created new jobs increased demand for coal and iron, people demand for coal and iron, people more mobile, moved to cities, more mobile, moved to cities, growth of factoriesgrowth of factories

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

Steam ShipSteam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

British Pig Iron Production

British Pig Iron Production

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

IndustrializationIndustrializationSection 2Section 2

• Mixed Blessing- Mixed Blessing- improved many improved many aspects of life, but caused many aspects of life, but caused many problemsproblems

• Increased access to higher quality Increased access to higher quality clothes, food, new jobsclothes, food, new jobs, etc., etc.

• Growth of factory system-led to Growth of factory system-led to urbanization (move to cities)urbanization (move to cities)

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates Concentrates production in oneproduction in one

place place [materials, labor].[materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

Problems of IndustrializationProblems of Industrialization

• Uncontrolled growth-no sanitary Uncontrolled growth-no sanitary plans, building codes, shortage of plans, building codes, shortage of housing, overcrowding, pollution, housing, overcrowding, pollution, disease, poor working conditionsdisease, poor working conditions

• Average work-6 days per week, 14 Average work-6 days per week, 14 hours per day, poor pay, hours per day, poor pay, monotonous work, dangerous-monotonous work, dangerous-especially coal minesespecially coal mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

× Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

× 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

× Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

× Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Class TensionsClass Tensions

• Lots of working poor, but the Lots of working poor, but the emergence of the emergence of the middle-classmiddle-class

• Nouveau Riche –”New Money” –”New Money” Factory owners, bankers, Factory owners, bankers, merchants, skilled workersmerchants, skilled workers

• Later doctors, lawyers, managersLater doctors, lawyers, managers• Growing poor-unskilled workers- Growing poor-unskilled workers-

replaced by machinesreplaced by machines• LudditesLuddites-Smashed machines-Smashed machines

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Effects of the Industrial Effects of the Industrial RevolutionRevolution

• Created jobsCreated jobs, created wealth, foster , created wealth, foster technological invention technological invention and progress, and progress, increased the production of goods increased the production of goods and and raised the “standard of livingraised the “standard of living””

• Healthier diets, cheaper mass Healthier diets, cheaper mass produced clothing, created demand produced clothing, created demand for better education for new jobsfor better education for new jobs

• Eventually led to labor unions-Eventually led to labor unions-improved lives of factory workersimproved lives of factory workers

Negative EffectsNegative Effectsof Industrializationof Industrialization

• Dangerous and poor working Dangerous and poor working conditionsconditions

• pollutionpollution• slumsslums• disease, lack of adequate medical disease, lack of adequate medical

care.care.• Child labor abusesChild labor abuses• Increasing class of working poorIncreasing class of working poor

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of PolutionProblems of Polution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Industrialization SpreadsIndustrialization SpreadsSection 3Section 3

• Britain-Britain-Favorable location, Favorable location, geography, financial systems, geography, financial systems, political stability, natural resourcespolitical stability, natural resources

• Spreads to other countries-USASpreads to other countries-USA• USA-Water, land, people, resources-USA-Water, land, people, resources-

coal, iron ore- coal, iron ore- also Blockade- War of also Blockade- War of 1812-became self-sufficient1812-became self-sufficient

• Britain- Forbid engineers, toolmakers, Britain- Forbid engineers, toolmakers, mechanics to emmigratemechanics to emmigrate

IndustrializationIndustrialization United States United States

• Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater

• 1789-Built spinning machine-thread1789-Built spinning machine-thread

• Moses Brown- 1Moses Brown- 1ststFactory-PawtucketFactory-Pawtucket

Rhode IslandRhode Island

Lowell MassachusettsLowell Massachusetts

• Factory TownFactory Town--• womenwomen lived away from lived away from

home, the factories home, the factories built built dormitoriesdormitories and and factory-towns for the factory-towns for the women. These women. These factories also had factories also had all all parts of production parts of production included in one included in one building. building. This is called This is called the “the “Lowell SystemLowell System.” .”

Industrialization- U.S.Industrialization- U.S.

• Mostly in New England-but after the Mostly in New England-but after the Civil War (1861-1865) spreads to Civil War (1861-1865) spreads to rest of countryrest of country

• Growth- resources, swelling urban Growth- resources, swelling urban population (immigration), new population (immigration), new technologies-light bulb, telephonetechnologies-light bulb, telephone

• Growth of Railroads (transportation- Growth of Railroads (transportation- Chicago, Minneapolis, St. Louis)Chicago, Minneapolis, St. Louis)

Big BusinessBig Business

• Need for large amounts of $- Need for large amounts of $- railroads, steel, oilrailroads, steel, oil

• Start of the Start of the Corporation-Corporation-owned by owned by stockholders share profits but not stockholders share profits but not responsible for its debts.responsible for its debts.

• JD Rockefeller-Standard Oil, Andrew JD Rockefeller-Standard Oil, Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie SteelCarnegie- Carnegie Steel

Industrialization-EuropeIndustrialization-Europe

• Between 1789-1815 Napoleonic Between 1789-1815 Napoleonic Wars interrupted industrialization in Wars interrupted industrialization in EuropeEurope

• Belgium- William Cockerill & sonBelgium- William Cockerill & son• Germany-railroads and steel Germany-railroads and steel

industries-quickly develops-copied industries-quickly develops-copied BritishBritish

• Some countries limited by lack of Some countries limited by lack of resources and natural barriers, resources and natural barriers, social problemssocial problems

Worldwide impactWorldwide impact

• Rise of Rise of Global InequalityGlobal Inequality-Industrialized vs. -Industrialized vs. non-industrializednon-industrialized

• Industrialized countries see non-Industrialized countries see non-industrialized countries as a source of raw industrialized countries as a source of raw materials and market for products- materials and market for products- Imperialism-extending power over another Imperialism-extending power over another countrycountry

• Transformation of society-Transformation of society- increase in increase in population, urbanization, life expectancy, population, urbanization, life expectancy, wealth- not all equally sharedwealth- not all equally shared

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

Veterans DayVeterans Dayhttp://www.history.com/content/http://www.history.com/content/veteransday/veterans-day-videoveteransday/veterans-day-video

http://video.google.com/http://video.google.com/videosearch?videosearch?

hl=en&resnum=0&q=tomb+of+unknhl=en&resnum=0&q=tomb+of+unknown+soldier&um=1&ie=UTF-own+soldier&um=1&ie=UTF-

8&ei=LtD6Sp_1KMLfnAeMlM2CDQ8&ei=LtD6Sp_1KMLfnAeMlM2CDQ&sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=t&sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=title&resnum=10&ved=0CCIQqwQwitle&resnum=10&ved=0CCIQqwQw

CQ#CQ#

Adam SmithAdam Smith• ““Laissez faire”-”Laissez faire”-”let do”-let do”-Government should stayGovernment should stayout of the economyout of the economyAdam SmithAdam Smith -Wealth of -Wealth of

NationsNations- economic - economic liberty= economic liberty= economic progress, “Invisible hand progress, “Invisible hand of self-interest”of self-interest”

Capitalism-Capitalism-economic economic system private system private ownership and profit ownership and profit motivemotive

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

× Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

× War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

× The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

× Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

× ““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”

× When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

× More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill× The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for

the greatest number.the greatest number.

× There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

× People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

× Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

× Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].

Karl MarxKarl Marx

• In a higher phase of communist society... In a higher phase of communist society... only then can the narrow horizon of only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be fully left behind and bourgeois right be fully left behind and society inscribe on its banners: from each society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according according to his ability, to each according to his needs. to his needs.

• Religion is the sigh of the oppressed Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people. the opium of the people.

CommunismCommunism

• The theory of Communism may be The theory of Communism may be summed up in one sentence: summed up in one sentence: Abolish all private property. Abolish all private property.

• The worker of the world has The worker of the world has nothing to lose, but their chains, nothing to lose, but their chains, workers of the world unite. workers of the world unite.

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

• Collective Bargaining-Collective Bargaining- negotiation negotiation between workers and their between workers and their employersemployers

• Reform Laws- Reform Laws- Child labor/womenChild labor/women

• Abolitionism/Women’s Rights, Abolitionism/Women’s Rights, EducationEducation

Other Reform MovementsOther Reform Movements

• Abolition of SlaveryAbolition of Slavery

• England- 1833-Moral & Economic England- 1833-Moral & Economic threatthreat

• Women’s Rights-Women’s Rights- Jane Addams- Jane Addams- Hull House, Suffrage MovementHull House, Suffrage Movement

• EducationEducation- Free public- Horace - Free public- Horace MannMann