The Industrial Revolution Was a shift from Cottage Industries

to the Factory System. Student Friendly terms: when people stopped making things at home and

began making mass produced items in factories!

How did industrialization change the way of life?

Changes brought byindustrialization

Growth of Cities

Living Conditions Working Conditions

Class Tensions

Factories

overpopulation ↑

No safety codes

SicknessLong hours,

Little payDangerousconditions

Large gaps between the

rich and the poor

The rise of themiddle class

- Child labor- Women workers

• The period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times

• Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry (manufacturing)

Key Terms• Industrialization – a shift from an agricultural economy

(farming) to one based on industry (manufacturing)• Manufacturing – the use of machines, tools, and labor to

make things for use or sale• Rural – farming or country life; villages (sparsely populated)• Urban – city life (densely populated) • Urbanization – the movement of people to cities• Tenement – a substandard, multi-family dwelling; usually old

and occupied by the poor• Free market – a market in which there is no economic

intervention and regulation by the state (govt)• Capitalism – private ownership of means of production• Socialism – society (not the individual) owns and operates the

means of production

Pre-Industrial Revolution

• Village life dominated – families were nearly self-sufficient

• Most villagers were farmers

Cottage Industry

• Making Cloth Before Machines

• Slow process• Hand made • Business involving

people who worked at home

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• Agricultural Revolution – improved the quality and quantity of food – Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop rotation to get

higher yields– This led to a surplus of food = fewer people died from hunger = rapid

growth in population

• Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure: the process of taking over and consolidating land once shared by peasant farmers (farm output and profits rose)

• New technologies and new sources of energy and materials (e.g., James Watt’s steam engine became a key source of power)

Rapid Population Growth

Population of Britain in 1750 6 million

Population of Britain in 1851 21 million

Population of London in 1750 500,000

Population of London in 1851 3 million

Families in agriculture in 1750 65% of population

Families in agriculture in 1851 25% of population

Causes•_____________________________•_____________________________•_____________________________•_____________________________

The Industrial Revolution

Effects________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

When we get to the end of this lesson, we will complete a ‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’ Graphic Organizer

Industrial Revolution Begins In Great Britain

Stable Government• No wars• Had capital (money) to invest in businesses• Had overseas markets (colonial empire)

Natural Resources• Coal (energy for machines)• Iron ore (for tools)• Large network of rivers to move products

Labor Supply• Growing population• Ready workforce

New Technology• Invention and improvement of steam engine

Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe and the United States

Push Factors:Where did all the people go?

• Fewer worker needed on the lands

• Farmers forced off their lands

• Small owners could not compete

• Villages shrank• Cities grew – and

GREW!!Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c. 1870. Shows the densely populated and polluted environments created in the new industrial cities

• Migration to Cities

• Urbanization: the movement of people to cities

• Changes in farming, soaring population, and an increase in demand for workers led people to move from farms to the cities to work in factories

• Small towns near natural resources and cities near factories boomed instantly

Urbanization

TEXTILE First Major Industry to Form

The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to make it. This raised a problem for the consumer because the

products were at a higher cost. The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by hand (which took a long time to create), therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the consumer.

Remember the ‘Spinning Jenny’? It reduced the amount of time and work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity)

Textile Factory Workers in England

Textile Factory Workers in England1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Growth of Industry• Growth of factories

– As demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with new machines (e.g., flying shuttle, spinning jenny)

– To house these new machines, manufacturers built the first factories

– New machines and factories increased production

– By the 1850s, factories began to be powered by coal and steam engines

Technological Advances that Produced the Industrial Revolution

• Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves• Steam Engine: James Watt• Cotton Gin: Eli Whitney• Process for making Steel: Henry Bessemer

Spinning Jenny: 1764• Invented by James

Hargreaves

• At the time, cotton production could not keep up with demand

• This machine spun many threads at the same time, thus reducing the amount of work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity = produced yarn quickly)

Modern Steam Engine: 1763-1775

• Improved by James Watt

• Offered a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency

• Could be used to drive many different types of machinery (by the 1850s, most factories were powered by the steam engine)

• Increased the demand for coal to heat the water to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)

Cotton Gin: 1793

• Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning of cotton

• A machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand

• Led to the demand for more slaves

(Henry) Bessemer Process for the Manufacture of Steel: 1856

• Bessemer process involved using oxygen in air blown through molten pig iron to burn off the impurities and thus create steel

• Lowered the cost of steel production, leading to steel being widely substituted for cast iron

• Steel used for the production of guns and railway structures such as bridges and tracks

Technology• The Industrial Revolution was built on

rapid advances in technology• Which of these three inventions most

changed the way that raw materials, goods, and people moved?

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

•Transportation innovation that most changed the way raw materials, goods, and people moved

•Allowed communication and trade between places previously deemed too far

Where employees worked Major change from cottage industry Had to leave home to work (travel to cities)

Life in factory towns Towns grew up around factories and coal mines Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes = sickness Rapid population growth Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements (multistory buildings

divided into apartments)

Working in a factory No safety codes = dangerous work for all Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c, dirty, smelly, cramped) Long workdays (12-14 hours) Little pay (men compete with women and children for wages) Child labor = kept costs of production low and profits high Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all day every day) Owners of mines and factories exercised control over lives of

laborers

Factories and Factory Factories and Factory TownsTowns

Conditions in Factories

Dirty

Cramped spaces

Monotony

Dangerous

Machinery

Young women in the textile mills of Massachusetts died at an average age of 26, constantly inhaling cotton dust, working long hours in unventilated rooms lit by oil lamps

Child Labor•Young children

•Long hours

•Poor treatment

•Dangerous conditions

Children of the Industrial Revolution

Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfuUoINOU5I&feature=fvwrel

(Music 6:00)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cK6Q4bdKfM&feature=related

(Documentary 9:58)

Pictures:http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/

Industrial Revolution Notes Pages 60-64 Industrial Revolution•Period from 18th to 19thy century major changes in agriculture manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology•Industrialization: shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry (manufacturing)Pre-Industrial Revolution•Village life families self sufficient •Most villages farmersCottage Industry•Slow process•Handmade•Worked from home

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS IN GREAT BRITAINPush Factors:•Fewer workers needed on the lands•Farmers forced off lands•Small owners could not compete•Villages shrank•Cities grew- and GREW!Urbanization:•Migration to cities•Urbanization: the movement of people to cities•Changes in farming, soaring population, increase in demand for workers, people move from farms to the cities to work in factories.

TEXILE INDUSTRY = FIRST MAJOR INDUSTRY TO FORMTechnological Advances•Spinning Jenny: 1764

– Invented by James Hargreaves– Spun many threads at the same time, thus reducing the

amount of work needed to product yarn (increased productivity = produced yarn quickly)

Technological Advances Continued

• Modern Steam Engine – Improved by James Watt – By the 1850’s most factories were powered by the steam engine– Increased the demand for coal to heat the water to produce

steam ( and the need for coal miners)• Cotton Gin: 1793

– Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning of cotton– Quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds– Led to the demand for slaves

• Bessemer Process for the Manufacture of Steel: 1856– Henry Bessemer– Lowered the cost of steel production– Steel used for the production of guns railway structures – bridges

and tracks– Impact of the Railroad– Transportation innovation that most changed the way raw

materials, goods, and people moved.– Allowed communication and trade between places previously

deemed too far.

Conditions in Factories• Dangerous machinery• Monotony• Dirty• Cramped spacesChild Labor• Young children• Long hours • Poor treatment • Dangerous conditions

SUMMARY:

Life in Factory Towns

Cramped Tenements

Pollution

Poor Sanitation

Rapid Population Growth

HousingTenement = a substandard, multi-family

dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poor

• Built cheaply• Multiple stories• No running water• No toilet• Sewer down the middle of street• Trash thrown out into street• Crowded (5+ people living in one room)• Breeding grounds for diseases• Pollution from factory smoke

The factory system changed the world of work;

Mass Production = the production of large amounts of standardized products, especially on assembly lines

• Mass production began in U.S.

• Elements:

– Interchangeable parts

– Assembly line

• Production and repair faster and more efficient

Mass Production• Dramatic increase in

production

• Businesses charged less

• Affordable goods

• More repetitious jobs

• Soon became norm

Effects

Factories and Mass Factories and Mass ProductionProduction

Assembly Line

• Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along the belt from one work station to the next

• A different person performs each task along the assembly line

• This division of labor made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods

First Assembly Line:Henry Ford - Automobiles

Advantages of the Industrial Revolution

– Goods were able to be produced much more cheaply – There were greater job opportunities – There was an increase in wealth and in general quality of

life – New inventions and innovations occurred; information

spread, making the world “smaller”– Spurred the rise of large cities

The JungleUpton Sinclair

– Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the working class and the corruption of the American meatpacking industry in the early 20th Century

– Depicts poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant living and working conditions, and hopelessness prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption of those in power

The Jungle

• Jurgis Rudkus: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHF_BWfSPik (2:46)

• Documentary: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1aZbqjBF7A&feature=related (9:52)

Legislation Resulting from The Jungle

• Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (sanitary standards)

• Pure Food and Drug Act (food and drug tests, labels on food products)

Extension Activity

• Your Job: Pretend that you are one of the following people working in a factory during the Industrial Revolution:– 12-year old boy/girl– Mother of four with no husband to support the family– Immigrant father from Lithuania

• Research the living conditions and working conditions that you faced during the Industrial Revolution

• Write a 1-page journal entry depicting your struggles, fears, frustrations, and hopes for the future

Large Gaps between Rich & Poor

The “HAVES”Bourgeois Life Thrived on the

Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

The “HAVE-NOTS”The Poor, The Over-Worked,

and the Destitute

Capitalism

• Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profit

• Free-market economy: decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors

• Profit goes to owners who invest in the business

• Wages are paid to workers employed by companies and businesses

Capitalism vs. Communism

• Capitalism: – an economic and social system in which

capital

is privately owned– labor, goods and capital are traded in

markets; and – profits distributed to owners or invested

in technologies and industries.

• Communism: – a social structure in which classes are

abolished – property is commonly controlled– A dictatorship of the workers

• Capitalism “Re-Definitions”

• Communism “Re-Definitions”

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

How did industrialization change the way of life?

Changes brought byindustrialization

Cities

Living Conditions Working Conditions

Class Tensions

Factories

Size ↑

No safety codes

SicknessLong hours,

Little payDangerousconditions

Large gaps between the

rich and the poor

The rise of themiddle class

Positive Effects• Increased world productivity

• Growth of railroads (faster and more efficient transportation of goods and people)

• New entrepreneurs emerged (more money = more technology/inventions)

• New inventions improved quality of life for many

• Labor eventually organized (unions) to improve working conditions

• Laws were enacted to enforce health and safety codes in cities and factories

• New opportunities for women

• Rise of the middle class – size, power, and wealth expanded

• Social structure becomes more flexible

Negative Effects: Factory Life• Child labor used in factories &

mines• Miserable (dirty, cramped) and

dangerous (fingers, limbs, & lives lost) working conditions

• Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery

• Long working hours – six days a week, with little pay

• Rigid schedules ruled each day• Gas, candle & oil lamps created

soot and smoke in factories• Diseases such as pneumonia &

tuberculosis spread through factories

Negative Effects: Labor Practices & Housing Issues

• Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes violent)

• Strikes take place• Women were paid less than men

(were actually preferred)• Indentured workers• Employers had a more

impersonal relationship with employees

• Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded, and cold

• Human and industrial waste contaminated water supplies – typhoid and cholera spread

Negative Effects: Worldwide

• Air pollution increased over cities and industrial areas

• Technological changes eroded the balance of power in Europe

• Contributed to the growth of imperialism and communism (Marx’s & Engels’ theories)

• Produced weaponry that gave Western nations a military advantage over developing nations

Not Necessarily Good or Bad

• The location of work places changed as more goods were produced away from the home environment (towns/factories)

• Educational systems emphasized more science, technology, and business

• A global economy began to emerge (trade)

Causes•_____________________________•_____________________________•_____________________________•_____________________________

The Industrial Revolution

Effects________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Directions: Directions: Complete the ‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’ Complete the ‘Causes & Effects of the Industrial Revolution’

Graphic Organizer, identifying Graphic Organizer, identifying at leastat least 3 causes and 3 effects 3 causes and 3 effects

Summary: Social Effects

• Increase in population of cities• Women and children enter the workplace as cheap labor• Rise of labor unions• Introduction of reforms

– Laws to protect children in the workplace– Minimum wage and maximum hour laws– Federal safety and health standards

• Growth of the middle class• Increased production and higher demand for raw materials =

growth of worldwide trade• Expansion of education• Women’s increased demands for suffrage