THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

-refers to a change from hand and home production to machine and

factory

                                                                                     

Early American Economy Agricultural (Agrarian economy)

1800 – MOST AMERICANS WORKED ON FARMS

Items not made at home were made by hand by highly trained craftsmen one at a time

Ex. Tailor, Blacksmith, Cobbler

SAMUEL SLATER he brought British textile

technology to America & defied British law by building a machine that could spin cotton fibers into thread

designed the first textile mills, went into business for himself and grew wealthy

First industrial revolution was important for the inventions of spinning and weaving machines operated by water power

This helped increase America’s growth

Stages of Production: 1st stage of products:

divide the work among several people.

2nd stage: build a factory where the people come together to work

3rd stage: invent machines to do part of the labor for the workers.

A CHANGING ECONOMYA CHANGING ECONOMY

Cause for entering the second Cause for entering the second Industrial Revolution was the passage Industrial Revolution was the passage of the of the Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807 by by Jefferson and the Jefferson and the War of 1812.

Effect: Economic Slow Down in U.S.Effect: Economic Slow Down in U.S. Home manufacturing of textiles boomedHome manufacturing of textiles boomed WHY?????????WHY?????????

Industrialization a necessity…. The war made it obvious, America needed a better

transportation system and more economic independence. Manufacturing began to expand. Industrialization in America involved three important

developments. First, transportation was expanded. Second, electricity was effectively harnessed for use. Third, improvements were made to industrial processes such as

improving the finishing process and speeding up production. The government helped protect American manufacturers by

passing a protective tariff.

From Agriculture to Cities

As industries and factories grew, people moved from farms to cities. (a shift from the majority of Americans living in Rural environments to an increase in Urban living and big cities)

This led to other issues including overcrowding and disease.

Industrial advances in MANUFACTURING

Eli Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin

In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which made the separation of cotton seeds which made the separation of cotton seeds from fiber much faster. from fiber much faster.

The South increased its cotton supply The South increased its cotton supply helping to send raw cotton north to be used helping to send raw cotton north to be used in the manufacture of cloth.in the manufacture of cloth.

Within months he had created the cotton gin. A small gin could be hand-cranked; larger versions could be harnessed to a horse or driven by water power.

"One man and a horse will do more than fifty men with the old machines," wrote Whitney to his father. . . . "Tis generally said by those who know anything about it, that I shall make a fortune by it."

Southern cotton field

LOWELL’S EXPERIMENTLOWELL’S EXPERIMENT Used Used River PowerRiver Power in 1813 to Power in 1813 to Power Cotton and Cloth Cotton and Cloth Francis C. LowellFrancis C. Lowell invested in this manufacture where he invested in this manufacture where he

brought together spinning and weaving processes into one brought together spinning and weaving processes into one factoryfactory. This led to the development of the . This led to the development of the textile industrytextile industry throughout throughout New EnglandNew England. .

In 1846, In 1846, Elias Howe created the sewing machine which Elias Howe created the sewing machine which revolutionized the manufacture of clothing.revolutionized the manufacture of clothing. All of a sudden, All of a sudden, clothing began to be made in factories as opposed to at home.clothing began to be made in factories as opposed to at home.

Francis Cabot Lowell

The Lowell Girls 80% of the workers were young

women ages 11-25. Women endured difficult working conditions: sunrise to

sunset for very low wages. They lived in boarding houses provided by the Lowell factory.

Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts

In 1798, the federal government awarded Eli Whitney a contract of $134,000 to produce and deliver 10,000 muskets.

Until then, every rifle had been made by hand from stock to barrel; but the parts of one gun did not fit any other gun, nor did anyone expect them to.

It was Whitney's idea to use machines that would make all the parts of his rifles so nearly identical that the machines parts could be interchangeable from one gun to another.

This system of manufacturing would permit an unskilled man to turn out a product that would be just as good as one made by a highly trained machinist.

Bessemer Steel Process The process of producing steel from iron. its invention it was of enormous industrial

importance because it lowered the cost of production of steel

steel is then widely substituted for other substances which were inferior but previously cheaper.

Henry Bessemer

Industrial Advances inTransportation

The Cumberland Road, the first national road…. the creation of the first steamboat, the Clermont. This

was made possible by James Watt’s invention of the first reliable steam engine….

The creation of the Erie Canal….. Railroads were of supreme importance to the increase in

trade throughout the United States eventually replacing the highways and canals.. A transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah.

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTIONTRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

A. ROADS AND TURNPIKES

1. Before 1800 Roads & Rivers Most Important Links Between Farms, Villages, and Cities

2.2. Development of TurnpikesDevelopment of Turnpikesa. Roads where travelers paid tollsa. Roads where travelers paid tollsb. Built of stone and gravelb. Built of stone and gravel

3. By 1850 the famous National Road had reached 600 miles!

RIVERS AND CANALSRIVERS AND CANALS

1. Less Expensive Than Roads2. Upstream Travel Remained Slow & Expensive3. Rivers Had Limited Usefulness

a. Mostly north to southb. Freeze during winter

5. Erie Canal – Completed In 1825a. Connects Hudson River to Lake Erieb. Success spurred building of canalsc. By 1840 – 3,000 miles of canals

THE ERIE CANAL

HARD WORK DIGGING THE CANAL!!!

ROBERT FULTON INVENTED THE

FIRST SUCCESSFUL STEAMBOAT

NOW BOATS COULD TRAVEL UP RIVER MUCH EASIER AND QUICKER!

ROBERT FULTON’S CLERMONT

• After 1850 Farmers Self- Sufficiency No Longer Seemed Practical……..

New England = ManufacturingWest = GrainSouth = Cash Crops

• Specialization Led To Conflicts and new thinking….

A NEW INDUSTRIALIZED

NATION

SECTIONALISM

Sectionalism- differing ways of life in different parts of the country (with loyalty to your section of the country)

Industrialization developments in Agriculture: Advances were made in agriculture too

including better machines and cultivators. For example, Cyrus McCormick created the reaper which allowed quicker and cheaper harvesting of grain. John Deere created the first steel plow in 1837 helping speed up farming across the Midwest.

JOHN DEERE INVENTED THE

IMPROVED STEEL PLOW

THE STRONGER BLADE WAS LESS LIKELY TO Break WHEN HITTING A BIG ROCK

1837

THE STEEL PLOW

CYRUS McCormickTHE Inventor of the

Mechanical reaper.

A Reaper GATHERS CROPS

1847

MECHANICAL REAPER

The old way!

The new way to gather crops!

MECHANICAL REAPER

Industrial Advances in Communication: With the increased size of the United States,

better communication networks became ultra important. In 1844, Samuel F. B. Morse created the telegraph and by 1860, this network ranged throughout the eastern coast to the Mississippi.

SAMUEL MORSE: The Telegraph!1837

The TELEGRAPH

Inventors continued to work throughout the rest of the 19th and early 20th century on ways to life easier and productivity better.

The foundations set throughout the mid-1800's set the stage for inventions such as the light bulb (Thomas Edison), telephone (Alexander Bell), and the automobile (Karl Benz). Further, Ford's creation of the assembly line which made manufacturing more efficient just helped form America into a modern industrialized nation. The impact of these and other inventions of the time cannot be underestimated.

Industrial Revolution Inventors

PersonInvention Date

James Watt First reliable Steam Engine 1775

Eli Whitney Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts for muskets 1793, 1798

Robert Fulton Regular Steamboat service on the Hudson River 1807

Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph 1836

Elias Howe Sewing Machine 1844

Isaac Singer Improves and markets Howe's Sewing Machine 1851

Cyrus Field Transatlantic Cable 1866

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone 1876

Thomas Edison Phonograph, Incandescant Light Bulb 1877, 1879

Nikola Tesla Induction Electric Motor 1888

Rudolf Diesel Diesel Engine 1892

Orville and Wilbur Wright First Airplane 1903

Henry Ford Model T Ford, Assembly Line 1908, 1913