The Industrial Revolution

Part #3 Impacts on Society

Impacts on Society

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

BourgeoisieHad capital could be entrepreneurs

Some blamed them for the plight of the poor, while others felt that they had no choice as the result of stiff competition

Laissez Faire Capitalism Any interference in the market will harm its efficiency Child labor? Subsistence wages? ‘Buying orphans?’ ‘Sixteen hour work days?’

The Poor- negative?

‘the mob’ turned into ‘the working class’Most contemporaries felt that the Industrial Revolution was bad for the working class (aka proletariat)

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Conditions of Work in factorieswww.scienceandsociety.co.factories/.../ 104019798_T.JPG

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages

under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.

11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.

17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.

22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.

27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.

32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.

37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.

42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.

47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.

52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.

57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

The Poor- Positives? Most modern historians believe that in the long run the Industrial Revolution

was a good thing for the working class Cheaper goods… Statistics show slow gains for working class before 1820 and then faster

gains (question is raised, does increased purchasing power lead to happiness)?

Better transportation Gov’ts increasingly step in to help out the market ‘losers’

Factory Act of 1833 Mines Acts

Unions

“The Great Land

Serpent”

“The Great Land

Serpent”

Part IV. Reactions to the I.R.

William Blake

      JerusalemAND did those feet in ancient time Walk upon England's mountains green? And was the holy Lamb of God On England's pleasant pastures seen? And did the Countenance Divine Shine forth upon our clouded hills? And was Jerusalem builded here Among these dark Satanic mills? Bring me my bow of burning gold: Bring me my arrows of desire: Bring me my spear: O clouds unfold! Bring me my chariot of fire. I will not cease from mental fight, Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand Till we have built Jerusalem In England's green and pleasant land.

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The LudditesThe Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

The Neo-Luddites Today

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Artistic Reactions

Romanticism Reaction against the cold rational logic of the

enlightenment and industrialization Longed for an idealized pre-rational time of

nature, emotion, and spontaneity Anyone remember the major philosophe seen as

the father of the Romantic movement? Late 18th and most of the 19th centuries

Romanticism

John Constable

Romanticism

John Constable

Romanticism

Realism

opposite of Romanticism An attempt to capture the world as it is:

grit and all Same time period as Romanticism

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Landscape with Two Peasant Women ,   Between 1870 and 1875

--- Realism Millet, Jean-Francois

RealismPeasant-Girls with Brushwood ,   Circa 1852 Millet, Jean-Francois

Social Scientists and The I.R. Malthus and Ricardo

Does this graph demonstrate Malthus’ or Ricardo’s ideas?

Malthus’ Theories Malthus- Food can only grow at an

arithmetic rate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), while population grows geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16, 32)

The mob or working class will never gain, because population growth will outpace technological ability to feed them

Only two options… dire poverty or wars/plague/death events

Ricardo’s Ideas The Iron Law of Wages

Wages must stay at subsistence level If they go up, the poor have more offspring,

which reduces wages to the point where poor start to die off… eventually reaches an equilibrium at subsistence

Basically reaches the same conclusion as Malthus- poverty is assured

Utopian Socialism

Society/gov can step in to ensure that the rising tide of Industrial efficiency can lift all ships

Drew inspiration from the Radical Phase of the French Revolution

Robert Owen’s Utopian Factory Towns Better living conditions, higher pay, even higher profit? Ultimately failed

Push for Unions Originally fought by elites (in, say, Parliament) Combination Acts of 1799 Eventually, workers in many Western European nations won rights

Saddler Commission Factory Act of 1833 Mines Acts

Utopian Socialists didn’t have a lot of success in affecting change. Historians have criticized them as impractical.

Robert Owen’s Vision

Chartists One reason that workers won rights in Western

Europe was the increasingly widening franchise throughout the 19th century

If workers can vote, politicians must court them Chartists were a British organization that sought

workers right through an expanded franchise The rise of this ‘mass politics’: in other words,

coming closer to true democracy’ will be hugely important in the 2nd half of the 19th century

Engels German academic whose father owned factories in England Engels visited the factories as a young man and was appalled

by the conditions there 1844 The Condition of the Working Class in England He condemned the bourgeoisie as class criminals for their

exploitation We are getting to the idea of class consciousness

His work caught the attention of socialists Especially those who wanted a more scientific socialism (later to be

known as Communism) Engels work in particular got the attention of a German political

philosopher named _____________ Interestingly, Engels may have gotten a skewed view of

industrialization. Why? England went first and made mistakes that other nations didn’t repeat