The Industrial Revolution Mr. Wilson AP World History Wren High School.
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Transcript of The Industrial Revolution Mr. Wilson AP World History Wren High School.
The Industrial Revolution
Mr. WilsonAP World HistoryWren High School
What factors caused the Industrial Revolution to begin
in England?
Discussion Question
Causes of the Industrial Revolution Favorable natural resources Agricultural Revolution
Population Pressure Growth of large manufacturing sector
Cottage industry (putting-out system) Huge advantages in world trade
Provide necessary capital? Technological developments Government support of business
Favorable Natural Resources Coal
Production 1750—2.5 million tons 1828—15 million tons
Technology Originally relied upon muscle power Later helped by animal power and carts on rail Use of gunpowder
Iron Coke (had porous material left after coal is
heated) replaced charcoal for smelting iron Better methods for smelting iron
Coal Mining in Britain1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
Agricultural Revolution New techniques &
practices Enclosure movement Crop rotation Use of horses
New technologies Farmers treat farming
as science Jethro Tull’s seed drill Metal farm implements
Great Britain’s Population Growth 1500-1850
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1500 CE 1600 CE 1700 CE 1820 CE 1850 CE
Growth of Manufacturing Cottage Industry (Putting-out System)
Manufacturing of textiles occurred in the home Part-time or full-time work done by families
Women and children helped with production Merchants distributed raw materials to
spinners and weavers Constant shortages of thread led to new
ways of spinning cotton
Technological Advancements Textile Industry
Spinning Jenny—1770 1 worker could run 8
spindles instead of 1 Water Frame—1779
Machine for spinning using water power
Spinning Mule—1779 Combined spinning
jenny & water frame Rise of factory system
Power Loom—1785 Not widely adopted
until 1850 Led to riots by hand
weavers
Other Inventions Steam Engine—1763
James Watt made steam engines practical for running machinery
Cotton Gin—1793 Eli Whitney’s invention
increased the available supply of cotton
Steamboat—1807 Robert Fulton
Locomotive—1814 George Stephenson
Clockwise from top left: the spinning jenny, the water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom
Clockwise from top left: the factory system, Watt’s steam engine, and Stephenson’s locomotive
Government Supports Business England’s Economic Advantages
A central bank Well-developed credit market Government encouraged technological change
and free markets Supported capitalism
Labor surplus Builds railroads, canals, and better roads
What were the positive and negative effects of early
industrialization?
Discussion Question
Factory System
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
Textile Factory Workers in England
Textile Factory Workers
Increasing Wealth
Urbanization Effects related to
urbanization Urban overcrowding
Poor housing & sanitation
Rising crime rates Suburbanization Government functions
shift Sewer systems Housing regulations Police forces
Industrial Manchester
Industrial Staffordshire
Coalbrookdale by Night
Problem of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman – 1858 Father Thames Introduces His Offspring (Diphtheria, Scrofula, and Cholera) to the Fair City of London
The New Industrial City
Above: Early 19th century London by Gustave Dore
Changing Labor Conditions Women & children are
majority of laborers by 1816 Paid less Many lived in factory dorms
Work became unpleasant Workers separated from family Punctuality & efficiency
stressed Poor working hours & wages,
unemployment, & frequent accidents
Labor riots were common Luddites
Changing Family Values Women withdrew from formal jobs
New roles in caring for children Moral status improved
Education stressed by middle class families
Children seen as a source of emotional satisfaction
Cultural Changes Rise of Mass Leisure Culture
Widespread advertising creates consumer fads (bicycle)
Newspapers become popular Radio and motion pictures Organized sports: baseball, soccer, boxing,
horse racing Family vacations for the wealthy and middle
class
Adjustments to Industrial Life Demographic Transition
Declining birth rates Declining death rates for children Family size decreases
Life expectancy increased Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur Women began to outlive men Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880s
Spread of Industrialization by 1850
2nd Industrial Revolution Scientific advances applied to industry
Major advances in physics and chemistry Led by the U.S. and Germany Thomas Edison introduced electric lighting
to New York City in 1882 General Electric and Westinghouse become the
first multinational corporations New business structures: corporations,
trusts, and cartels
2nd Industrial Revolution Advances in communications
Needed by business managers to control their many branches
Telegraph (1844) & telephone (1876) Methods of Mass Production
Electric power replaces steam power Henry Ford introduces the assembly line (1913)
New waves of immigration Global industrialization: Russia, Canada,
Mexico, and Japan
New York City, 1910
Responses to Industrialization Changes in government functions
The “Constitutional Question” settled by 1850 The “Social Question”
Beginning of the welfare state Social insurance (worker’s compensation,
unemployment, etc.) Symbolized extension of government
Corresponds with the democratization of the political system
Reform Movements Political Reform
Movements Utilitarianism Socialism Communism
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
New Political Parties Socialists Communists
Methodist Church
Karl Marx
Labor Reform Labor unions
Unions use collective bargaining and strikes to push for reforms
Britain attempted to outlaw labor unions Reform laws
Combination Acts of 1825 – Legalizes labor unions
Factory Act of 1833 – Child Labor Mines Act of 1842 – Women and children
cannot work underground
Feminist Movements Goals
Sought legal and economic rights
Women’s suffrage Leadership
Middle class women Emmeline Pankhurst Elizabeth Cady Stanton
& Susan B. Anthony English women gain
the right to vote 1918 U.S. in 1920 with the
19th amendment