The Industrial Revolution - English in my...
Transcript of The Industrial Revolution - English in my...
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The Industrial Revolution
1750-1850
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DEFINITION:
The change that transforms a people with peasant occupations
and local markets into an industrial society with world-wide
connections.
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The Industrial Revolution transformed
Britain from a predominantly rural and agricultural country into
a mainly urban and industrial nation.
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It was the first of such revolutions in the modern world.
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The Industrial Revolution
Great increase in population towards 1750
Greater demand for pots, beer and clothes
Need for more efficient production. England changed from a farming to an
industrial country
CAUSES
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution:
• Decay of cottage or domestic industry
• Agricultural revolution
• Expansion of overseas trade
• Development of scientific thought and knowledge
• Britain’s geological and geographical features
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!!!"
Industrial society
Incessant toil disease heavy drinking to bear fatigue and alienation
below twenty years due to
Life expectancy of the poor
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution Increase in population after 1750
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution Decay of cottage or domestic industry
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The Agricultural Revolution: • It created the conditions that permitted the Industrial Revolution
• It was carried out by landowners
• The ancient common field system was changed into the enclosure system
Before the enclosures After the enclosures
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The widespread enclosure of ‘open fields’ and common land aimed at making larger, more efficient farms.
The Agricultural Revolution
• improvements in the selective breeding of cattle to produce more meat
• improvements in farming techniques such as crop rotation and mechanisation
The English Leicester, a breed of sheep Coke introduced into Norfolk and cross-bred with the
native Norfolk Horn"
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The Agricultural Revolution:
• Favoured experiments with new crops and new methods
• Favoured experiments in breeding
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The Agricultural Revolution:
• Favoured the invention of new, more efficient machines to better work the land
• Jethro Tull’s “Seed Drill”
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution
The British Empire
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The Empire where the Sun never sets
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Great Britain became the centre of
Industrial Capitalism
• The City of London as the leading financial nucleus
• The Bank of England and other banks
• Insurance Companies ----> Lloyd’s
• Shipping Companies
• Exchanges
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution:
• Development of scientific thought and knowledge
• It brought about new inventions
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The ‘Revolution’ implied
New technologies and inventions
The development of the factory
system
New sources of power and
transport
The Industrial Revolution
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The most important inventions were: • James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny
a worker could work eight spools at once.
• Richard Arkwright’s water frame used water power.
" ""
The Industrial Revolution
A spinning jenny"
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The Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves 1763
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The Water Frame
Richard Arkwright 1769
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James Watt’s steam engine factories built on coal and iron fields of Lancashire, Yorkshire, South Scotland and South Wales """
The Industrial Revolution
cloth manufactured more cheaply
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The Steam Engine
James Watts 1769
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Cotton Industry
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The Flying Shuttle
J. Kay 1733
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The Spinning Mule
Samuel Crompton 1770
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The power driven Spinning Machine
Edmund Cartwright 1787
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Creation of Big Factories
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution
• Britain’s geologic and geographic features
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• Abundance of Iron
• Presence of Charcoal and Coal
• Wide Amount of Rivers
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Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
• The Transport Revolution
• Urbanization
• Radical Change in People’s Living Conditions
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The Transport Revolution
• Creation,Improvement and Expansion of the Railway System
• Improvement and Expansion of Ports
• Treatment of Rivers , Building of Artificial Waterways
• Bridge Building
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• Creation Improvement and Expansion of the Railway System
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The Stockton - Darlington
Railway Line - 1825
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1870 - 15,000 Miles of Railway
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Improvement and Expansion of Ports
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Treatment of Rivers , Building of Artificial Waterways
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Bridge Building
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Road Acts
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Urbanization
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More than 50% of people=City Dwellers • London = 2,000,000 inhabitants
• Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool = over 100,000 inhabitants
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The Midlands:
The Black Country
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Radical Change in People’s
Living Conditions
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Working conditions • women and children
increasingly paid less and easier to control;
• long working hours; • rational division of labour; • mechanisation. ""
Industrial society
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Industrialization and the Masses:
• Low Wages
• Long working hours
• Terrible housing conditions
• Disintegration of family relationships
• Cold, impersonal relations with employers
• Life detached from the rhythms of Nature and the seasons
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Low Wages
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Long Working Hours
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Terrible Housing Conditions
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‘Mushroom towns’ è small towns built near the factories to house the workers Terrible living conditions • lacked elementary public
services; • air and water pollution; • houses built in endless rows; • overcrowding.
Industrial society
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Disintegration of Family Relationships
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Impersonal Relationship with Employers
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Life detached from the Rhythm of Nature and the Seasons
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1880-1900: The Escape from Towns