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The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

Chapter 20

Chapter Timeline

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Origins

Precursor: agricultural revolution

Supply of capital

Profits from trade and cottage industry

Effective central bank and flexible credit systems

Early industrial entrepreneurs

Mineral resources

Role of government

Favorable business climate

Markets

Foreign and domestic demand

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The Cotton Industry Water frame, Crompton’s mule, and Edmund

Cartwright’s power looms: efficiency and entrepreneurial opportunity Concentration of labor in factories

The Steam Engine Revolutionizing the production of cotton goods

James Watt (1736 – 1819)

A tireless source of power, reliant on coal

The Iron Industry Puddling, using coke to burn away impurities

From pig iron to wrought iron

Encouraged by his business partner, Matthew Boulton, James Watt developed the first genuine steam engine. Pictured here is a typical Boulton and Watt engine. Steam pressure in the cylinder on the left drives the beam upward and sets the flywheel in motion.

The railroad line from Liverpool to Manchester, opened in 1830, relied on steam locomotives. As is evident in this illustration, carrying passengers was the railroad’s main business. First-class passengers rode in covered cars; second- and third-class passengers, in open cars.

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A Revolution in Transportation New roads and canals

Railroads and economic progress Richard Trevithick’s steam-powered locomotive

George Stephenson’s Rocket

Indicative of the maturing of the Industrial Revolution Demand for other industrial products, entrepreneurial

interests

The Industrial Factory Factory laborers and time-work discipline

Creating and imposing new values

The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s.

Increased food production Rapid population growth Higher incomes Plentiful capital Solid banking and financial

institutions An abundance of mineral

resources Easy transport

all furthered the process, making Britain the world’s wealthiest country by 1850.

The development of the factory changed the relationship between workers and employers as workers were encouraged to adjust to a new system of discipline that forced them to work regular hours under close supervision. This 1835 illustration shows women and men working in a British textile factory.

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The Spread of Industrialization Industrialization on the Continent

Reasons for the lack of development

Guild restrictions, war, and upheavals

Borrowing techniques and practices

Building and improving on British successes

Establishment of technical schools

Seafaring Transport

Ship Design

Steam Power (Coal – Then Oil)

Great Britain was Europe’s first industrialized country.

By the middle of the nineteenth century, however, several regions on the Continent, especially in Belgium, France, and the German states, had made significant advances in industrialization.

Limiting the Spread of Industrializationto the Nonidustrialized World

Lagging Behind

Deliberate policy to prevent growth of mechanized industry

Eastern Europe remained largely rural and agricultural

The Example of India

Prioritizing exportation of raw materials

Spinners and handloom weavers put out of work

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The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Population Growth Decline of birth and death rates, increase in

food supply

Congestion in the countryside

The Great Hunger Background and crisis

Irish population growth

Reliance on the potato

Potato crop fails, 1845 – 1851 Catastrophic population loss

Emigration

Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution (Charles Dicken’s Stories) Sanitary and living conditions

Suburbs

Row houses

Adulteration of food

Moral consequences of urban life

Cities and towns grew dramatically in Britain inthe first half of the nineteenth century, largely as a result of industrialization.

Pictured here is Saltaire, a model textile factory and town founded near Bradford by Titus Salt in 1851.

To facilitate the transportation of goods, the town was built on the Leeds and Liverpool canals.

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New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class

The New Industrial Entrepreneurs

Qualities: resourcefulness, initiative, and ambition

Diversity of origins

Mercantile trades

Dissenting religious minorities

Aristocrats

Significance of Industrial Entrepreneurs

Creation of a new business aristocracy

New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age

Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class Harsh environments - mills and mines

Child labor Pauper apprentices

Women and working patterns

Factory Acts Impact on women and children

Did Industrialization Bring an Improved Standard of Living? Widening gap between rich and poor

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Women and children were often employed in the factories and mines of the early nineteenth century.

This illustration shows a woman and boy in a coal mine struggling to draw and push a barrel filled with coal.

In 1842, the Coal Mines Act forbade the use of boys younger than ten and women in the mines.

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Efforts at Change: the Workers

The Trade Union Movement

Luddites

Chartism

Politics and the People’s Charter during the 1840s

Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government

Government action

Factory acts, 1802 – 1819 Strengthening and expanding earlier

legislation: the Factory Act of 1833

The Coal Mines Act, 1842

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Skilled workers in a number ofnew industries formed trade unions in an attempt to gain higher wages, better working conditions, and special benefits.

The scenes at the bottomof this membership card for the Associated Shipwrights Society illustrate some of the medical and social benefits it provided for its members.

An Age of European Nationalism 1800 - 1871Unification

Italy / Germany

Chapter 22

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Chapter Timeline

On December 2, 1852, Louis Napoleon took the title of Napoleon III and then proceeded to create an authoritarian monarchy.

As opposition to his policies intensified in the 1860s, Napoleon III began to liberalize his government.

A disastrous military defeat at the hands of Prussia in 1870–1871, however, brought the collapse of his regime.

Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire Winning the support of the French people

(Nephew)

Seizure of government

Restores universal male suffrage and asks that the empire be restored Assumed title Napoleon III on December 2, 1852

The Second Napoleonic Empire The realities of authoritarian government

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Foreign Policy: the Mexican Adventure The execution of Maximilian

of Austria

French Foreign Legion

Battle of Camerone

Foreign policy: The Crimean War The Ottoman Empire

Disintegration of Ottoman authority / lands

The decline in Ottoman fortunes began in 1699 withmajor losses to the Austrian Empire. The slide accelerated in the nineteenth century with nationalist revolts in the European provinces and defeat in the Crimean War. Being on the losing side in World War I would complete its destruction.

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

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The Crimean War

England

France

Piedmont-Sardinia

Turkey

vs.

Russia

Foreign policy: The Crimean War War in the Crimea (1854 – 1856)

Charge of the Light Brigade

Foreign policy: The Crimean War War in the Crimea (1854 – 1856)

Ottoman refusal of religious privileges for Russia sparks invasion and war

European political considerations Britain, Sardinia-Piedmont, France enter the

war against Russia

War and its costs

Consequences Destruction of the Concert of Europe

1st time

camera was

used to

document a

war.

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Florence Nightingale is shown caring for wounded British soldiers in the military hospital at Scutari during the Crimean War.

After a British journalist, W. H. Russell, issued a scathingdenunciation of the quality of medical care afforded to wounded British soldiers, the British government allowed Nightingale to take a group of nurses to the Crimea front.

Through her efforts in the Crimean War, Nightingale helped make nursing an admirable profession for middle-class women.

Henry Dunant Swiss – Int’l Red

Cross

Geneva Convention

(1859 – 1864)

The Unification of ItalyPiedmont under the able guidance of Count Camillo di Cavour provided the nucleus for Italian unification.

Alliances with France and Prussia, combined with the military actions of republican nationalists like Giuseppe Garibaldi, led to complete unification in 1870.

The Unification of Italy (Piedmont) Victor Emmanuel II (1849 – 1878)

The leadership of Count

Camillo di Cavour (1810 – 1861) Practical needs of unification: economic

prosperity, an army, French aid, and

war against Austria

French withdrawal leads to limited gains over Austria

The unification of northern states under Piedmont

The efforts of Giuseppi Garibaldi (1807 – 1882) The Red Shirts and the fall of the Two Sicilies, 1860

Kingdom of Italy proclaimed 1861 Annexation of Venetia (1866) and Rome (1870)

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The Unification of Germany

The Unification

of Germany

The growth of Prussian power The Zollverein

William I (1861 – 1888) and the question of reform

Otto von Bismarck (1815 – 1898) Opportunism and Realpolitik (“Hardball”!)

The Danish War (1864) Conflict over Schleswig and Holstein leads to

Austrian isolation

Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austrian defeat at Königgrätz, July 3, 1866 Creation of the North German Confederation

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Otto von Bismarck played a major role in leading Prussia to achieve the unification of the German states into a new German Empire, proclaimed on January 18, 1871.

Bismarck then becamechancellor of the new Germany.

Kulturkampf – Anti-Catholic

This photograph of Bismarck was taken in 1874, when he was at the height of his power and prestige.

The Unification of Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Causes The threat of a strong Prussia to France The domestic problems of Napoleon III

Dispute over the throne of Spain A Hohenzollern claimant provokes a French declaration of war

on July 15, 1870 (Ems Telegram)

The Unification of Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

Course of the war Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870

Siege of Paris; capitulates January 28, 1871

Aftermath Southern German states join Northern German

Confederation

William I proclaimed Kaiser, January 8, 1871

July

2014

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Nation Building and Reform: the National State in Midcentury

The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy Ausgleich of 1867 (Unification)

Creation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Separate political machinery; common army, foreign policy,

and finances

Dissatisfaction of other minorities

28 June 1914!!Sarajevo

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Nation Building and Reform: the National State in Midcentury

Imperial Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855 – 1881)

Abolition of serfdom

Europe in 1871By 1871, most of the small states of Europe had been absorbed into larger ones, leaving the major powers uncomfortably rubbing shoulders with one another.

Meanwhile, the power equation was shifting: the German Empire increased in power while Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire declined.

Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy, 1867 Nationalism continued to

be a problem in the Austrian Empire after the suppression of the 1848–1849 revolutions.

Military defeats led Emperor Francis Joseph to create the Dual Monarchy, giving Hungary power over its domestic affairs. The demands of other ethnic minorities went largely unmet, however.

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Nation Building and Reform: the National State in Midcentury

Great Britain: The Victorian Age

The maintenance of peace and stability

Social and political reforms plus prosperity

Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) as exemplar

Queen Victoria and Her Family

Queen Victoria, who ruled Britain from 1837 to 1901, married her German first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in 1840 and subsequently gave birth to four sons and five daughters, who married into a number of European royal families.

When she died at age eighty-one, she had thirty-sevengreat-grandchildren.

Victoria is seated at the center of this 1881 photograph, surrounded by members of her family.

Industrialization on the Continent

Rapid expansion, fueled by railroads

Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) and Marxism

Patron Friedrich Engels (1820 – 1895)

Ideas of The Communist Manifesto (1848)

History is the history of class struggle, culminating in a classless society

The aftermath of the failed 1848 revolutions Das Kapital

Organizing the working class

International Working Men’s Association, 1864

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Karl Marx was a radical journalist who joined with Friedrich Engels to write The Communist Manifesto, which proclaimed the ideas of a revolutionary socialism.

After the failure of the 1848 revolution in Germany, Marx fled to Britain, where he continued to write and became involved in the work of the first International Working Men’s Association.

Opening of the Suez Canal

Between 1850 and 1871, Continental Europeans built railways, bridges, and canals as part of the ever-spreading process of industrialization.

A French diplomat, Ferdinand de Lesseps (fer-DEE-nahn duh le-SEPS), was the guiding force behind the construction of the Suez Canal, which provided a link between the Mediterranean and Red Seas.

Work on the canal began in 1859 and was completed ten years later. As seen here, an elaborate ceremony marked the opening of the canal.

A French vessel led the first convoy of ships through the canal. The banks are lined with curious local inhabitants.

Science and Culture in an Age of Realism

A New Age of Science Growth of interest in scientific research

New developments in physics, biology, and chemistry

Faith in science erodes religious faith

Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) and the Theory of Organic Evolution

On the Origin of Species, 1859

All plants and animals evolved from earlier, simpler forms through adaptation (“survival of the fittest”)

The Descent of Man, 1871: animal origins

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A Revolution in Health Care

Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Germs

Identifying bacteriological causation of diseases

New Surgical Practices

The antiseptic principle and anesthesia

The Age of Imperialism, 1800 - 1900

Chapter 24

Chapter Timeline

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The Eiffel Tower at the World’s Fair of 1900 in Paris

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland, but studied at the University of Paris, where she received degrees in both physics and mathematics.

She was the first woman to win two Nobel Prizes, one in 1903 in physics and another in 1911 in chemistry.

She is shown here in her Paris laboratory in 1912. She died of leukemia, a result of her laboratory work with radioactivity.

Growing Tensions Germany

William II (1888 – 1918)

Military and industrial power

Conflict of tradition and modernization Demands for more participation

Strong nationalists and right-wing politics

Austria-Hungary: the Problem of Nationalities

Lack of stability

Growing agitation and nationalism

Subjugation of nationalities

Emperor Francis Joseph and Count István Tisza

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Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia

Surge of State-sponsored Industrialism Developing working class and socialist parties

Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898

Growing opposition to tsarist regime of Nicholas II (1894 – 1917)

The Revolution of 1905 Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905

General strike, October 1905 Granting of civil liberties and a legislative body,

Duma Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907

Nicholas II

The last tsar of Russia hoped to preserve the traditional autocratic ways of his predecessors.

In this photograph, Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, are shown in 1913 with their family at the Kremlin at the celebration of the three-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the Romanov dynasty.

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The New Imperialism

Causes of the New Imperialism Competition among European nations The role of Social Darwinism and racism Religious motives

Humanitarianism and the “white man’s burden”

The economic motive Economic imperialism

Soap and the White Man’s Burden

The concept of the ‘‘white man’s burden’’ included the belief that the superiority of their civilization obligated Europeans to impose their practices on supposedly primitive nonwhites.

This advertisement for Pears’ Soap clearly communicates the Europeans’ view of their responsibility toward other peoples.

The Scramble for Africa South Africa

Britain’s Cape Colony Tensions with the Boers (Afrikaners)

Great Trek, 1835 Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River

(Transvaal)

Cecil Rhodes (1853 – 1902) Diamond and gold companies Seizure of the Transvaal Attempts to overthrow the

neighboring Boer Government

The Boer War, 1899-1902 Lessons on the costliness of modern warfare Union of South Africa, 1910

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Africa in 1914 The major European powers’ rush to acquire colonies was motivated by a combination of factors:

The need for ports and fueling stations for navies

Enhancement of international prestige

Outlets for nationalist feelings

Expression of social Darwinism

Desire to ‘‘civilize’’ non-Europeans.

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The Struggle for South Africa

Boer War

England vs. Dutch

Settlers

Introduction of

Concentration Camps

1899 – 1902

Ties down 500,000

British personnel

Portuguese and French Possessions Portugal’s hold on Mozambique and Angola

French expansion: Algeria, West Africa, Tunisia, and Morocco

Other British Possessions From Egypt and the Suez Canal to the Sudan

Belgium and Central Africa (Atrocities) Leopold II (1865 – 1909) and the Congo

German Possessions Imperialism in South West Africa, Cameroon,

Togoland, and East Africa

Impact on Africa

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Imperialism in Asia

The British in Asia (Search for Raw Materials)

British East India Company (17th Century) Sepoy Rebellion - 1857

From private to imperial control in India, 1876 Viceroy – government representative

Imperialism in Asia

The Russians in Asia A product of Russia’s traditional expansionism

Steady growth at the expense of the Ottoman Empire

Temporary halt after defeat against Japan, 1905

Russia weaker – Japan stronger

1919 – 1922 Occupation of Vladivostok

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Imperialism in Asia

The Russians in Asia A product of Russia’s traditional expansionism

Steady growth at the expense of the Ottoman Empire

Temporary halt after defeat against Japan, 1905

China British acquisition of Hong Kong (Opium War 1839-

1842)

Creation of Western spheres of influence

Asia in 1914Asia became an important arena of international competition in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Beset by economic stagnation and an inability to modernize, a weak China was unable to withstand the demands of the United States, the European powers, and a Westernizing Japan.

Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and the United States had direct or indirect control of nearly all of Asia by 1914.

Imperialism in Asia

Japan and Korea New contacts: Matthew Perry opens Japan,

1853-1854

Japan’s emergence as a power allows for domination of Korea

Southeast Asia British and French control and rivalry

French Indo-China (Vietnam)

American Imperialism The Spanish-American War, 1898

Philippines / Cuba / Puerto Rico

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The French in Southeast AsiaIn Saigon, the French created a new city plan with wide streets and constructed cultural and administrative buildings designed by Europeans, such as the Post Office pictured here. Gustave Eiffel, the architect who built the Eiffel Tower in Paris, designed the Post Office. Buildings such as the Post Office reflected France’s increasing investment in its colonial holdings during the late nineteenth century.

China Antiforeign revolt: the failed Boxer Rebellion,

1900-1901

Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925) and the fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912 Establishment of the Republic of China

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Responses to Imperialism Japan

Mutsuhito, 1867 – 1912

Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)

Westernization of military and industry

Responses to Imperialism India

British control brings peace, honest government, Western technology, and Western education

The price of British rule

Extreme poverty

Indian National Congress, 1883

Japanese Expansion

Prelude to World War II

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The Bismarckian System The Balkans: decline of Ottoman power

The Congress of Berlin, 1878

New Alliances Triple Alliance, 1882: Germany, Austria, and Italy

Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887

Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890

New Directions and New Crises Triple Entente, 1907: England, France, Russia

Triple Alliance, 1907: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy

The Balkans in 1878

Prelude to World War I

Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913 Setting the Stage for World War I

Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 Serbian protest and Russian support of Serbia

First Balkan War, 1912 Balkan League defeats the Ottomans

Second Balkan War, 1913 Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire

attacked and defeated Bulgaria

Serbia’s ambitions

London Conference

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The Balkans in 1913

The First Balkan War (1912) liberated most of the region from Ottoman control

The Second Balkan War (1913) increased the size of Greece and Serbia at Bulgaria’s expense.

Russia supported the ambitions of its fellow Slavs in Serbia, who sought to create a large Slavic kingdom in the Balkans.

Austria and its ally Germany opposed Serbia’s ambitions.