The Industrial Revolution

Libertyville HS

Ind. Rev. in England (18th C.)• Industrial rev. triggered by

changes in agriculture – Consolidation: wealthy

landowners buying land up to make large estates

– Enclosures: small sections of large fields used to develop new ideas

– Led to efficiencies, new tech

• Developments– Seed drill (Jethro Tull)– Crop rotation

Roots of Industrialization• What is industrialization?– Process of developing

machine production of goods

– Industrialization roots were in England

• Why England?– Ample Factors of Production

• Land• Labor • Capital

– Presence of entrepreneurs

English Roots of Industrialization• Why England?– Expanding economy (lots of

banks, sophisticated methods of lending)

– “Protestant work ethic” (hard work, success = virtues)

– Form of government (200+ years of liberty, freedom)

– Climate of progress (England a dynamic, open society vs. rest of Europe / Russia)

Industrial Advancements• Textile industry first to

industrialize (machines replaced muscle power)– Flying shuttle (1733)– Spinning jenny (1764)– Steam engine (1765)– Spinning mule(1779)– Power loom (1787)– Cotton Gin (1793)

• New techniques– Old technique: piece work– Factory: place where bulky,

expensive machinery – and workers – were brought together

Weavers wove faster

SJ: process thread

Cotton GinSteam engine

Transportation Advancements

Erie Canal: 363 miles long!

• On water– Steam engine used to propel

boats (Steam ship & paddle wheel boat)

– Man made canals connected regions otherwise not fed with rivers

– Why was river / canal trade better than overland trade?

Transportation Advancements

• On Land– Macadam road

• Large rocks on top of smoothed gravel

• Easier travel, better drainage• Allowed travel during rainy

seasons

– Steam engine led to railroads• First RR engine = 1804• First RR line (1821)

transported coal to port city• Liverpool to Manchester line

(1830): 24 MPH train!

Transportation Developments

• Effects of Railroads– Spurred economic growth

(cheap way to transport goods)

– Created thousands of jobs• Coal mining• Iron smelting• Shipping

– Boosted agriculture– Made migration to cities

easier– Killed canal industry

Industrial Rev. on Continent• Belgium (ca. 1800)– First country to adopt

industrial processes from UK– Already had canals, raw

materials (textile industry)– Employed skilled British

workers– Built machinery, steam

engines, railroads

Industrial Rev. on Continent• Germany (ca. 1835)– Imported British ideas,

engineers & equipment– German children were sent

to UK schools, to learn about industrialization

– Germany first RRs were built connecting raw materials to manufacturing centers

– Helped Germany’s rise to power

Industrial Rev. on Continent• Regional spread of

industrialization to rest of Europe– Parts of Spain– Parts of Italy– Parts of Russia– Generally into cities near rivers

(why?)

• France industrialized after 1830 (what slowed it down?)– Government sponsored dev. of

RR after 1850– How was that different than

UK?

Impact of Industrialization

• Global inequality– Growing gap between

industrialized, non-industrialized nations

– Outside of Europe / America, no industrialization

Impact of Industrialization• Economic & Social Inequality

– Owners of factories got rich– Workers had hard, dangerous life

• Imperialism– Result of industrialization– Need for raw materials

• Where to get them from?

– Need for vast markets to sell finished (manufactured) goods • where to sell them?

– Industrialized nations took lands of non industrialized countries for raw materials, markets

– Even more power to industrialized nations

Impact of Industrialization• Economic power was

concentrated in the hands of Europe and America

• Asian & African economies based on agriculture and small work shops; no match for industrialized Europe