The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution. Ind. Rev. in England (18 th C.). Industrial rev. triggered by changes in agriculture Consolidation: wealthy landowners bought up small farmers’ land to make large estates Enclosures: small sections of larger fields used to experiment, develop new techniques - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of The Industrial Revolution

Page 1: The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

Page 2: The Industrial Revolution

Ind. Rev. in England (18th C.)• Industrial rev. triggered by

changes in agriculture – Consolidation: wealthy

landowners bought up small farmers’ land to make large estates

– Enclosures: small sections of larger fields used to experiment, develop new techniques

• Enclosure developments– Seed drill (Jethro Tull)– Idea of crop rotation– Selective breeding of cattle

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Results of Agricultural Advances, in England

• Agricultural output skyrocketed, supporting population explosion in 18th-19th C.– England’s population in 1750 = 5.7

million– England’s population in 1850 = 16.6

million

• As farms became more efficient (& big business), fewer farm workers needed

• People moved to the cities, providing ready labor force for new industries springing up

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Roots of Industrialization• What is industrialization?– Process of developing

machine production of goods

– Industrialization roots were in England

• Why England?– Ample “Factors of

Production”• Land, labor & capital• These are required to produce

anything

– Presence of entrepreneurs

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English Roots of Industrialization• Why England?– Expanding economy

• Many private banks• Sophisticated methods of

lending and financing

– Form of government• 100+ years of liberty, freedom

in a const. monarchy• Laissez faire (“hands off”)

approach to business, by government

– Climate of progress• England a dynamic, open

society vs. rest of Europe / Russia

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Industrial Advancements• Textile industry first to

industrialize (machines replaced muscle power)– Flying shuttle (1733)– Spinning jenny (1764)– Steam engine (1765)– Spinning mule (1779)– Power loom (1787)– Cotton Gin (1793)

• New methods– Old technique: piece work– Factory: a place where bulky,

expensive machinery – and workers – were brought together

Weavers wove faster

SJ: process thread

Cotton GinSteam engine

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Transportation Advancements

Erie Canal: 363 miles long!

• On water– Steam engine used to propel

boats (Steam ship & paddle wheel boat)

– Man made canals connected regions otherwise not fed with rivers

– Why was river / canal trade better than overland trade?

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Transportation Advancements

• On Land– Macadam road

• Large rocks on top of smoothed gravel

• Easier travel, better drainage• Allowed travel during rainy

seasons

– Steam engine led to railroads• First RR engine = 1804• First RR line (1821)

transported coal to port city• Liverpool to Manchester line

(1830): 24 MPH train!

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Transportation Developments

• Railroads affected virtually every other industry– Spurred economic growth

(cheap way to transport goods)– Created tens of thousands of

jobs• Coal mining• Iron smelting• Shipping

– Boosted agriculture (get crops to market quicker = higher profits)

– Made migration to cities easier– Killed canal industry

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Industrial Rev. on Continent• Belgium (ca. 1800)– First country to adopt

industrial processes from UK– Already had canals, raw

materials (textile industry)– Employed skilled British

workers– Built machinery, steam

engines, railroads on English model

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Industrial Rev. on Continent• Germany, ca. 1835– Imported British ideas,

engineers & equipment– German children were sent

to UK schools, to learn about industrialization

– Germany’s first RRs were built connecting raw materials to manufacturing centers

• But divisions of German Confederation slowed industrialization

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Industrial Rev. on Continent• Regional spread of

industrialization to rest of Europe– Parts of Spain– Parts of Italy– Parts of Russia– Generally into cities near rivers

(why?)

• France industrialized only after 1830 (what slowed it down?)– Government sponsored dev. of

RR after 1850– How was that different than UK?

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Impact of Industrialization

• Global inequality– Growing gap between

industrialized, non-industrialized nations

– Outside of Europe / America, no industrialization, anywhere

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Impact of Industrialization• Economic & Social Inequality

– Owners of factories got rich– Workers had hard, dangerous

life• Imperialism

– Result of industrialization– Need for raw materials

• Where to get them from?– Need for vast markets to sell

finished (manufactured) goods • Where to sell them?

– Thus, industrialized nations took lands of non-industrialized countries for raw materials & sold their people manufactured goods

– Result? Even more power to industrialized nations

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Impact of Industrialization• Economic power was

concentrated in the hands of parts of Europe and America

• Asian & African economies, based on agriculture and small work shops, were no match for industrialized Europe