The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900
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Transcript of The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1700-1900Chapter 9
Pages 280-309
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THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
Section 1
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Revolution??? Industrial Revolution?
Increased output of _____________________________ goods that began in ____________________ in the middle 1700’s Spread to rest of Europe & North America
Before Revolution? People wove _________________ by __________________ People made _________________ by
___________________
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Agriculture Paves the Way… Wealthy landowners bought up _________________,
enclosed the land with __________________, & then experimented __________________ farmers were forced to become
___________ farmers or they gave up farming & moved to _______________
Led to more _____________________________________& harvesting methods = more ______________________________
__________________– invented the _____________in 1701. Allowed farmers to ___________seeds in well-spaced rows
at specific __________________ = boosted crop yields Before this, farmers just _____________________ seeds on
_____________ the ground
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Rotating Crops One of the best developments by
_____________________________ farmers
Improvement on the _______________________ system
Planted _______________________ crops in different fields each year to keep _____________________ in the soil (4-field system)
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Why it Began in England? Large population of ________________________ Extensive ____________________ resources
Water power & __________________ _______________ to construct machines, tools, &
buildings __________________ for transportation __________________ for merchant ships
Expanding economy, business men invested _______
Highly developed ____________________________ ________________________ stability
____________________ passed to encourage & protect business _____________________________
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Inventions in Textile Industry _________________ – created a
“_________________” made of ________________ that had a ___________ shaped design & ______________ was attached. It __________________ a weaver’s work in a day.
________________________– invented a spinning wheel, “__________________________”, that let a worker to uses ______ threads at a time
_________________________ – invented the water frame that used __________________ instead of hand power to move the ____________________________
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_____________________ – “______________________” made thread stronger, ______________ , & more consistent. It used __________________________.
_____________________________– power loom sped up the ______________________ process
_____________________– “_____________________”, machine used to remove the ________________ from the raw cotton. This ___________________________ the amount of cotton that could be cleaned in a day.
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Improvements in Transportation ________________________– made the
______________________ work faster & more efficient while burning _________________________
________________________________ – built a steamboat “______________________” & it made it’s first successful trip in _______________ & was then used as a ferry on _______________________________
_______________________– improved ____________ in England by putting a layer of ________________ down for drainage & then put crushed rocks on top. “_____________________________” roads.
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The Railway Age Begins _______________________________– built the world’s
first _______________________ line. __________ miles long & used _______ locomotives. Also invented the “_________________” steam engine that
could haul ______ tons at _________ miles per hour (very fast for 1830)
Major effects of the locomotive…. _____________________________ transportation
Spurred _____________________________ growth Boosted England’s agriculture & ________________ industries
Created _______________________for railroad workers & miners
Encouraged people to _____________, ________________, & take __________________ further away from home
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INDUSTRIALIZATION
Section 2
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Industrial Cities Rise ________________________ - after 1800, more
people living in ________________ than _______________ areas b/c of the growth of ________________ jobs that paid more Cities built ______________, usually near
_______________ _______________________ – most important city &
became Europe’s ________________________ city
Factories were built _________________to each other b/c they all were near _____________ (____________) for power
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Living Conditions No _____________________ plans, no ______________ codes,
no ___________________codes Whole families lived in ________________ room ______________ spread fast b/c dark & dirty conditions Avg. life span in city – _______ years, rural areas – _______ years
Cities lacked adequate housing, ____________________, & ________________________
________________ streets had no _________________ & ________________________heaps were left on them
Wealthy merchants & factory owners lived lavish lifestyles, built _______________ in the ________________
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Factory Working Conditions
Average person worked ________ hours a day, ________ days a week
Factories were not ________ well & very __________
Many ____________________ by machines
______________________ had the most dangerous job – the work made their life span _________ years shorter due to the conditions
Cheapest sources of labor were __________________________________________
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The Middle Class Factory owners, ________________, & merchants _______________ workers, professionals,
business people, & _____________________ farmers
____________________________________… Government employees, doctors, lawyers, &
managers of factories, mines, & shops Low-Middle Class…
Factory overseers, skilled workers; ___________________, mechanical ___________________, & printers
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Positive Effects of Ind. Rev. Created ______________ for workers Contributed to the _______________ of the nation Encouraged _______________________ progress &
______________________________ Increased the production of ____________________ Raised the _________________________________________ __________________________________________ Better ______________________________ Cheaper mass-produced ____________________________ Expanded _________________________ opportunities
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INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS
Section 3
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In the United States Had the same _______________needed as in
England
Began with the __________ industry just like England
1813 - _____________________________ & 4 others mechanized every stage in the manufacturing of ____________ and set up a factory in _________________________________. Became _________________ center & model for other
cities Rural young single _______________ left homes for
jobs to make higher wages working _______ hours a day _____ days a week
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The _____________________ experienced most of the industrial growth in the 1800’s
Most of the U.S. was _____________________ until after the _________________ (1865) then experienced the industrial boom due to… Wealth of natural resources: _______, coal,
___________ Lots of new inventions: electric _______________,
telephone Growing __________________ population
Cities near _______________________ also grew; Chicago & _____________________________
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In Germany Imported ____________ equipment &
____________________
Sent _____________________ to England to learn industrial management
Built ______________________ that linked manufacturing cities
Due to the economic growth they were able to develop as a ____________________________
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Impact of Industrialization Increased ________________________ b/t
industrialized nations & poverty in poorer nations Widened the ________________b/t the two types of
nations
Industrialized countries used less-developed nations (_______________________) to gain _______ materials
_______________________ grew out of the Ind. Rev. b/c of the need for resources & ___________________
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REFORMING THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD
Section 4
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Laissez-Faire Economics __________________ policy of letting
______________ of industry & business set working conditions w/out interference from the __________________________ A _________________________ unregulated Free trade & no ____________ regulations =
______________
__________________ term means… “let do” “ let people _________________________________”
From the philosophers of the _____________________________
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Adam Smith Professor at University of
________________________
Wrote, ___________________________________, 1776 Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress
The three natural laws of economics… Law of __________________: People work for their own
good Law of _________________: Forces people to make a
better product Law of ______________________________: enough goods
will be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand
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Capitalism An economic system in which the factors of
production are ____________________________ & money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
_____________________________ wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798 Population increased more rapidly than
_____________________________ w/out war & __________________________ to kill, people
were destined to be poor & miserable
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_________________________ wrote Principles of Political Economy & ______________________, 1817 Permanent underclass would always be
_______________ ___________________ would be forced down as
population increased
Smith, Malthus, & Ricardo all opposed __________________ efforts to help poor workers. Creating _____________________________ laws & better
working conditions would… upset the free market system _____________________ profits Undermine the production of _________________ in
society
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Utilitarianism Introduced by ________________ philosopher
_________________________________ gov’t actions are useful only if they promote the
greatest ______________ for the greatest ____________________________________________
His beliefs… People should judge ideas, institutions, & actions on
their utility (_________________________) Individuals should be free to pursue his/her own
________________________ w/out interference from ___________________________
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_______________________________ questioned unregulated __________________________
His beliefs… It was wrong workers led deprived lives & wanted to
help the __________________ working population by having an ________________ division of profits
Favored a _____________________ system of agriculture
Saw the need for __________________________ , including voting rights
Pushed for reforms in _______________ system, ____________________ system, & education system
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Utopian Ideas “A _____________________ living place” ____________________– owned cotton mill in
______________________ & wanted to help the working class living in poverty
His Solution… Built ____________ near factory & ______________ them at
low rates Children ____________________couldn’t work in his factory Provided free __________________________________
Tried a cooperative community in ______________________ Only lasted _____ years, but was an inspiration for others
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Socialism Factors of production are owned by the
_______________ & operate for the welfare of all Grew out of ___________________ view of human
nature, belief in progress, & concern for __________________________
Supporters Believed… _____________ should plan economy rather than
depend on free-market capitalism Gov’t control of __________________, mines, railroads,
& other key industries would end ________________ & promote equality
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Marxism: Radical Socialism ___________________ introduced a radical type
of socialism called Marxism in the ________ page pamphlet called ______________________________ Written by Karl Marx & ___________________________
Marx’s Background… German Studied _____________________, journalism, &
economics Left Germany for ________________________ in 1849 Earned a meager living as a
__________________________
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The Communist Manifesto Humans have always been divided into ___________
“Haves” – middle class or employers called the ______________________________
“Have-nots” – workers called the ______________________
The wealthy controlled ______________ of producing goods, the poor performed the ________________ under terrible conditions
_____________________ enriched the wealthy & _________________________ the poor
Prediction – workers would
___________________________ the owners
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Marx’s Beliefs ____________ system would eventually destroy
itself Workers would __________, seize the
_____________, & then produce what society ________________
Workers would share the _______________ = economic __________________
Workers would control gov’t by __________________
Final phase “________________________” – complete socialism in which the means of production (land, mines, factories, railroads, & businesses) would be owned by the____________________________ ** _______________________________would NOT exist All goods & services would be shared equally by the
people
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Effects of Marx & Engels 1848 & 1849 – widespread revolts, but were
eventually crushed
1900’s – inspired Russia (_____________), China (_______________), & Cuba (___________________)
Each adapted the beliefs to fit their own specific situations
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Unionization Workers joined together in
______________________ labor associations Engaged in ______________________ b/t workers
& employers for better working _______________, higher pay, etc.
If owner refused, workers would _______________
___________________ outlawed unions until 1825 people were ________________ or lost their job
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Reform Laws in England ____________________– illegal to hire children
under ________ years old, kids ___________ couldn’t work more than 8 hours, ____________couldn’t work more than 12 hours
_________________________– prevented women & children from working underground
________________________- limited work day to 10 hours for women & children
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Other Reforms Abolition of _____________________
Women’s rights – _____________________________
___________________________– free education
Prison Reforms – means to lead _______________ lives upon ____________________ & better conditions