The indo european family of languages
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THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY OF LANGUAGES
By Camilo Saavedra
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Family of languages
It is a group of languages that are related to one another in terms of (genetic) origin
They share a common ancestor
Features such as lexicon, phonology, morphology and syntax
It contains several subdivisions called branches
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Indo-European family
It refers to a family of languages which by about 1000 bce were spoken over a large part of Europe and parts of southwestern and southern Asia
Compared with the other 150 to 200 families of languages in the world, the IE is smaller
It contains about 140 languages
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Branches
Anatolian: Completely extinct. Only archeological discoveries (in Turkey) demonstrate its existence
Indo-Iranian: It contains two main subdivisions: Indic (Indo-Aryan) and Iranian
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Hellenic: contains the languages spoken in the peloponnese peninsula, like Attic-Ionic, Arcado-Cyprian and Doric
Italic: contains the Latin, the creadle of the western civilization. The romances languages, like: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Rumanian
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Germanic: includes English and belong to the north-western part of Europe. Languages like: German, Yiddish, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans, and English
Celtic: divided into continental and insular. Celtiberian, Lepontic, Brittanic, Welsh, Scots Gaelic.
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Tocharian: found in archeological excavations in Chinese Turkestan
Baltic: survives in two languages: Lithuanian and Latvian (Lettish)
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Slavic: south slavic Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian. West Slavic, which comprises Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian and East Slavic, made up of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarussian.
Armenian: first attested in religious documents, influenced by Greek, Arabic, Syriac, and Persian.
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Albanic: Gheg and Tosk. Influenced by its neighbours Greek, Slavic, and Turkish, as well as Latin.
Fragmentary languages: In addition to the 11 major subgroups, there are also many apparently unaffiliated languages which survive only in fragments such as glosses and sporadic inscriptions.
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Aspects of the structure of Proto-Indo-European family of
languagesThese aspects are the ones that allow researchers to find out similarities in a family of languages, these are: Phonology, Morphology and Syntax.