THE IN VITICULTURE SERIES - BayerCentral · THE IN VITICULTURE SERIES Botrytis cinerea ... maturing...
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THE IN VITICULTURE SERIES Botrytis cinerea Botr ytis cinerea (grey mould/bunch rot) is an a a oppor tunistic fungus that takes advantage of environmental conditions to establish infection. Botr ytis affects grape vines and berries in a variety of ways, either during the growing season or most impor tantly at har vest. Botr ytis may reduce wine quality due to taints associated with infection and can make processing difficult. In addition, botr ytis can lead to secondar y problems such as vinegar flies, bacteria and yeasts. The three main problems associated with mouldy fruit, (including botr ytis infected fruit), at har vest 1 are: • The loss of wine quality and the change of wine style • Logistical problems including har vesting scheduling and storage • The tangible costs. For example, the increased cost of hand har vesting, price penalties and fruit rejection. There are also intangible costs associated with wine making from mouldy fruit including the impact on brand value and reputation. The disease progression and symptoms in the vineyard 2 Leaves: In wet conditions, botr ytis grows in young leaves to produce a characteristic v-shaped arc of dead brown tissue often with a yellow margin extending from the edge of the leaf into the main veins. Events such as hail, insect or mechanical damage can allow entr y of botr ytis into leaves resulting in irregular-shaped areas of dead tissue. Shoots: In favourable conditions botr ytis infects young succulent shoots causing soft brown spots. Infected shoots often break at the nodes revealing brown discolouration of the internal tissues. Shoots can be girdled at the point of infection causing their extremities to break or wilt and die. When infection occurs at the base, entire shoots are killed. Inflorescences: Individual flowers may carr y latent infection and show no signs of infection. Infected inflorescences develop brown, musty rot patches along the peduncle (main stalk) until the inflorescence is completely rotted. Latency and infection of inflorescences are not necessarily sequential events and can occur under different weather conditions. Bunches and berries: An early sign of infection in maturing grape berries is the formation of small circular water-soaked spots which appear as distinct clear patches on red grapes. When rubbed, the skin over these areas cracks and slips freely revealing the inner pulp. This is known as the “slipper y-skin” stage. Gradually berries go brown and soft especially after rain or high humidity. The characteristic grey masses of mycelium and conidia appear along the cracks in the skin. In compact bunches the rot can spread rapidly from berr y to berr y until entire bunches are rotted and covered with grey mould. Susceptible varieties include chardonnay, chenin blanc, grenache, pinot noir, traminer, riesling and sauvignon blanc.
Transcript of THE IN VITICULTURE SERIES - BayerCentral · THE IN VITICULTURE SERIES Botrytis cinerea ... maturing...
THE IN VITICULTURE SERIES
Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinerea (grey mould/bunch rot) is an Botrytis cinerea (grey mould/bunch rot) is an Botrytis cinereaopportunistic fungus that takes advantage of environmental conditions to establish infection. Botrytis affects grape vines and berries in a variety of ways, either during the growing season or most importantly at harvest.
Botrytis may reduce wine quality due to taints associated with infection and can make processing diffi cult. In addition, botrytis can lead to secondary problems such as vinegar fl ies, bacteria and yeasts.
The three main problems associated with mouldy fruit, (including botrytis infected fruit), at harvest1
are:
• The loss of wine quality and the change of wine style
• Logistical problems including harvesting scheduling and storage
• The tangible costs. For example, the increased cost of hand harvesting, price penalties and fruit rejection. There are also intangible costs associated with wine making from mouldy fruit including the impact on brand value and reputation.
The disease progression andsymptoms in the vineyard 2
Leaves: In wet conditions, botrytis grows in young leaves to produce a characteristic v-shaped arc of dead brown tissue often with a yellow margin extending from the edge of the leaf into the main veins. Events such as hail, insect or mechanical damage can allow entry of botrytis into leaves resulting in irregular-shaped areas of dead tissue.
Shoots: In favourable conditions botrytis infects young succulent shoots causing soft brown spots. Infected shoots often break at the nodes revealing brown discolouration of the internal tissues. Shoots can be girdled at the point of infection causing their extremities to break or wilt and die. When infection occurs at the base, entire shoots are killed.
Infl orescences: Individual fl owers may carry latent infection and show no signs of infection. Infected infl orescences develop brown, musty rot patches along the peduncle (main stalk) until the infl orescence is completely rotted. Latency and infection of infl orescences are not necessarily sequential events and can occur under different weather conditions.
Bunches and berries: An early sign of infection in maturing grape berries is the formation of small circular water-soaked spots which appear as distinct clear patches on red grapes. When rubbed, the skin over these areas cracks and slips freely revealing the inner pulp. This is known as the “slippery-skin” stage. Gradually berries go brown and soft especially after rain or high humidity.
The characteristic grey masses of mycelium and conidia appear along the cracks in the skin. In compact bunches the rot can spread rapidly from berry to berry until entire bunches are rotted and covered with grey mould.
Susceptible varieties include chardonnay, chenin blanc, grenache, pinot noir, traminer, riesling and sauvignon blanc.
Key management timingsSuccessful botrytis control is based on:
• A complete understanding of the disease
• Choosing and applying the right fungicide at the right time
• Ensuring a thorough coverage of the target area when spraying
• Following the Avcare fungicide resistance strategy
The fl owering stage is critical for the development of botrytis in grapes. It is often diffi cult to observe infection at this point but botrytis can be present from early fl owering, and although it can infect the developing berries early in the season, it often remains dormant (latent) within the berry until veraison.
When wet and humid conditions occur, the latent infection can become active, developing into devastating grey mould (botrytis) on the berries and the characteristic bunch rot.
The fungus that causes grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) can enter the berry through the pollen tube during fertilisation. The scar which is created when the fl ower cap is released is also an entry site for botrytis. Dead fl ower parts (such as stamens and fi laments) and other ‘trash’ such as aborted berries, provide a nutrient source for botrytis and can remain trapped within the bunch as it fi lls or can remain attached to berries, acting as a harbour for the disease.
Later in the season with enough moisture the fungus can move from these sources to the grapes themselves. In severe cases initial infection from
the fl owering period can result in entire bunch loss before the vine reaches pre-bunch closure stage.
A secondary problem with early infection is the production of the laccase enzyme. Laccase and other chemicals are produced by the fungus in response to the natural defence mechanisms of the developing berries and can cause severe reductions in wine quality even without the progression to a grey mould outbreak.
The pre-bunch closure timing is the last opportunity The pre-bunch closure timing is the last opportunity The pre-bunch closure timingto get a full protective cover around the developing fruit. This is especially important in varieties with tight, dense bunches and in higher risk areas.
Under wet conditions, a fi nal spray may be required prior to harvest. The total number and frequency of sprays required will vary between growing regions, depending on the risk factors associated with botrytis infection. (Refer page 3)
An integrated approach to botrytis management should also include good canopy management to improve aeration and, especially in cool regions, control of light brown apple moth.
However, research in many viticulture regions around the world has been conclusive in demonstrating the importance of a specifi c botryticide application during fl owering to reduce early infection and the harbouring of the disease in a dormant, non-visible phase. Early preventative measures will substantially reduce the risk of a pre-harvest outbreak and also greatly reduce the production of the laccase enzyme during berry development.
It is important to consult your winery as to their required pre-harvest interval for sprays applied close to harvest.
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THE LIFECYCLE OF BOTRYTIS IN THE VINEYARD
Teldor® – fenhexamid protectionTeldor contains the active ingredient fenhexamid and is the only botryticide from Group J. Teldor is a highly effective botryticide and a key component of any sustainable fungicide resistance management strategy.
Teldor is safe to a range of benefi cial insects when used as directed so is ideally suited to Integrated Pest Management systems.
Teldor has no adverse impacts on fermentation and taste of wine and through its high level of botrytis control, prevents laccase and polysaccharide formation.
Teldor offers fl exibility of use, having a 21 day withholding period in grapes, however for export grapes it is important to consult your winery.
Approximately 75% of fenhexamid moves past the leaf surface with most of this being absorbed into the waxy layer of the cuticle. The remainder moves through into the leaf tissue. This property gives Teldor its long lasting, rainfast ability. (Refer diagram below)
• Maximium concentration factor 5x• Rainfast within one hour• Can be tankmixed with Flint fungicide
Scala® – the winemakers choiceScala contains the active ingredient pyrimethanil and is a Group I fungicide.It exhibits rapid penetration and mobility within the developing fruitlets/berries, effectively protecting the berry from the inside out.
Scala is an ideal fungicide for use at 80% capfall getting inside the plant quickly to effectively control any botrytis that might have already entered the developing berry thereby providing excellent protection against latent infection.
Scala is compatible with Flint® fungicide and thus can be applied as a tankmix over fl owering to provide highly effective one-pass control of botrytis, powdery mildew and protection for downy mildew.
Scala is safe to benefi cial mites, bees and earthworms when used as directed, making it a very suitable partner in Integrated Pest Management systems (IPM).
Scala has a 7 day withholding period in grapes (wine and table grapes), however as export destinations may have different requirements, it is important to consult your winemaker as to their required pre-harvest interval.
Continuous monitoring has demonstrated that botrytis sensitivity to pyrimethanil (Group I)has remained fundamentally unchanged fromthat seen in 1997, prior to any commercial useof Scala. This means botrytis is as easily controlled by Scala today as it was at the timeof the fi rst commercial use. Adherence to the Avcare resistance management strategy forGroup I chemistry will continue to ensure such highly valued chemistry is retained as an effective botrytis management tool.
• Maximium concentration factor 3x
• Rainfast within one hour when dry• Rainfast within one hour when dry Leaf tissue
Portion of fenhexamid applied which penetrates into the leaf tissue. This portion is locally mobile (locosystemic)
Localisation of fenhexamid in grape leaves following spray application*
Wax layer (cuticle)Portion of fenhexamid applied which is absorbed by the waxy layer of cuticle. This portion is protected from washing-off.
Leaf surfacePortion of fenhexamid applied which can be redistributed by surface moisture. This portion is maybe not protected from washing-off.
• High humidity (>96%)
• Prolonged rain in conjunction with cool or mild temperatures(15-20 hours at 15-20°C)
• Wet, windy spring conditions followed by pre-harvest rain
• Dense canopies
• Leaf, berry and stem damage including- Pruning or mechanical damage - Light brown apple moth damage- Rain-split berries- Storm/hail/frost damage
• Thin skinned varieties
• Tight bunched varieties
Factors that predispose vines to botrytis attack
*greenhouse test
Rovral® – pure fi nancial logic• Rovral contains the active ingredient
iprodione, which is a Group B fungicide. Rovral is predominantly a protectant fungicide with penetrant properties. Rovral affects all phases of the development cycle of fungi
- Spore germination- Mycelial growth- Spore production
• Rovral has a withholding period (WHP) of only 7 days allowing for greater fl exibility in application timing at pre-bunch closure as a cost effective follow up to either Scala or Teldor application at 80% capfall, or as a pre-harvest application when conditions favour botrytis development.
• Rovral is not a scheduled poison.
• When applied to grapes destined for wine production Rovral has been shown to have no effect on fermentation, vinifi cation or organoleptic qualities of the wines and alcohols.
• Various formulations available:
- The unique oil-based formulation of Rovral Liquid enhances rainfastness (rainfast when dry) and assists in ensuring thorough coverage of the developing fruit. This formulation is the preferred formulation in botrytis prone regions for wine grapes.
- In addition, Rovral Aquafl o, a water-based formulation, is available for use where compatibility with other crop protection products is important or under hot conditions where for example in table grapes, marking of fruit may occur following application of an oil based fungicide.
- The new Rovral WG formulation provides an option to assist with product storage, handling and container management whilst also possessing similar attributes to Rovral Aquafl o in relation to compatibility and crop safety.
Notes 1. Use Teldor at 80% capfall if using a Group I or Group I containing fungicide at bunch closure (option 2)2. If a Group I fungicide was the last botrytis spray during 2003/04 season, then the fi rst spray of 2004/05 should be Teldor (option 2)3. Consult your wine maker or grape purchaser prior to making any late season fungicide applications4. Scala and Teldor are both compatible with Flint.
Inflorescence
Botrytis Spray Program
* More than 2 are permitted if tank mixed with a registered multi-site (Group Y) fungicide• DO NOT apply more than two consecutive sprays from the same fungicide group, including from the end of one season to the next.• Late season fungicide treatments should be applied before botrytis infection reaches unacceptably high levels in the vineyard.
Avcare resistance management strategy for botrytis in grapes.
Fungicide Group:
Group A (benzimidazole)
Group B (dicarboximide)
Group G (anilide)
Group I (anilinopyrimidine)[includes fungicides containing a Group I]
Group J (hydroxyanilide)
1-3 Total botryticides/season
1
1
1
1
1
4 (or more) Total botryticides/season
2*
2*
2
2
2
Maximum Number of Sprays per Fungicide Group per Season
What growers say across Australia
“The spray program commences around the end of November for chardonnay and pinot vines with the one Scala fungicide application at 80% capfall.”
“The later varieties such as shiraz and sauvignon blanc are sprayed around the middle of December also at 80% capfall.”
“One reason I like Scala is because it has an affect on laccase enzyme activity. It stops that enzyme forming which if present can make the wine go quite brown.”
Robin BrockettScotchman’s Hill, Bellarine Peninsula, Vic
“It’s a huge benefi t that Flint and Scala can be tank mixed and applied at the same time. It reduces time and machinery costs and in the end it’s these little things that add up and make a difference.”
George JessettVineyard Manager, Wirrilla, Jugiong, NSW
“Budburst is very erratic here, so accurately assessing the critical 80% capfall timing is not easy. This is especially so with the chardonnay where, without a good fungicide program we would expect to lose up to 50% of the crop to botrytis.”
Steve GreenManager, Karri Grove Estate, WA
Steve GreenManager, Karri Grove Estate, WA
“We spray at early fl owering and at 80% capfall. It’s obviously essential to prevent entry of botrytis through the nicks and scars that occur when the fl owers (petals) fall.”
“You just have to keep an eye on your crop; once botrytis gets in, it spreads very fast. It’s also important to rotate your sprays according to their active ingredients, to prevent resistance.”
“At CVMS, we’re fi rm believers in prevention especially given the aggressiveness of botrytis if it’s allowed to take hold. Teldor and Scala fungicides are vital components of ourpre-emptive crop management strategy.”
Jessica HabnerTechnical Offi cer at Coonawarra Vineyard Management Services, SA
“Selling my product as A grade material without defects is important. There’s no room for diseased fruit, so we always aim for perfection. Now that we are using the botrytis program incorporating the fungicides Scala and Rovral, we get excellent results and compared to our old program we all get along better at the dinner table, too!”
Frank FrancoLeeton, NSW
Frank FrancoLeeton, NSW
“Historically botrytis is a major problem in this region, so it is important I maintain a robust program. Being from a totally different chemical group, Teldor proved to be an ideal fi t at the critical 80% capfall timing. It has slotted perfectly into my resistance management programme.”
Scott LongbottomPadthaway, SA
For further information concerning Bayer CropScience viticulture range please contactour freecall technical information number:
Telephone: 1800 804 479Fax: 1800 009 388
www.bayercropscience.com.au
The information and recommendations set out in this brochure are based on tests and data believed to be reliable at the time of publication. Results may vary, as the use and application of the products is beyond our control and may be subject to climatic, geographical or biological variables, and/or developed resistance. Any product referred to in this
brochure must be used strictly as directed, and in accordance with all instructions appearing on the label for that product and in other applicable reference material. So far as it is lawfully able to do so, Bayer CropScience Pty Ltd accepts no liability or responsibility for loss or damage arising from failure to follow such directions and instructions.
This brochure is not a substitute for full label information. Always refer to product label before applying Bayer CropScience products.
BOTRYTIS
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Reference sources1 Godden, P. Bunch rots - understanding the winemaker’s dilemma. ASVO proceedings, 20002 Bugmatch Grapes 2.0, CRCV, 20013 Diseases and Pests, Grape production series, No 1, 1994. Adapted diagrams4 Growing quality grapes to winery specifi cations - CRCV, Winetitles 2003 Editor Sally Collings
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