The importance of Natural Ventilation and Daylight for Retail ...

The importance of Natural Ventilation and Daylight for Retail Applications

ContentsPage 3 Preface

Page 4 Front cover story - Tesco

Page 5 Front cover story - Tesco

Page 6 Introduction

Page 7 The Regulations

Page 8 Sainsbury’s Eco-store, Dartmouth

Page 9 Sainsbury’s Eco-store, Dartmouth

Page 10 Regulations and Standards

Page 11 Modelling and Compliance

Page 12 CSA - Model Retail Store

Page 13 CSA - SBEM Model

Page 14 Optimised Control Strategies

Page 15 Optimised Control Strategies

Page 16 Marks & Spencer and Primark

Page 17 Tesco Express

Page 18 BREEAM

Page 19 UK Organisations

0 ASDA, Bootle

Page 21 Decathlon, Portugal

Page 22 Energy Efficient Ventilation

Page 23 Reducing CO2

Page 24 Winter Heat Loss - The Myth

Page 25 Natural Ventilation for Cooling

Page 26 Sunpipes in Retail Applications

Page 27 Health Benefits

Page 28 Sainsbury’s, Gloucester Quays

Page 29 Waitrose, Altrincham

Page 30 Windcatchers to the Test

Page 31 Research & Development

3

According to the Government established Carbon Trust, the UK

retail sector is responsible for 21 million tonnes of CO2 emissions

per annum. The Trust further estimates that energy savings of up to

20% (equivalent to more than £560 million) are possible.

There is hence considerable attention on reducing these emissions

with strong emphasis placed on the use of natural ventilation,

daylighting and passive cooling. The Carbon Trust has produced a

range of publications to assist in retail design and refurbishment.

Monodraught has a long established record of maximising the use

of natural ventilation and daylighting in a wide range of buildings

including retail premises. Monodraught recognises that, to ensure

successful solutions it is necessary to follow the relevant legislation,

guidance documents and certification schemes that contribute to

defining exemplar low carbon retail premises. This recognises not

only considering air quality and lighting but also health and thermal

comfort for both staff and customers. Monodraught believes they

can make a major contribution to this ultimate goal. This Guide

provides an outline of the relevant requirements and also explains

how Monodraught products fulfil these needs. This document is

supported by Case Study examples to show how retail stores have

benefited from the technologies developed by Monodraught.

This booklet has been prepared by Monodraught with the valuable assistance

of Dr Martin Liddament of Veetech Ltd and other interested groups to explain

the relationship between these various requirements together with clarification,

explanations and recommendations on each sector.

Monodraught, originally founded by Professor Terry Payne in 1974, has been at

the forefront of low energy innovative solutions whose range continues to be of

high level Architectural design empathy achieved through design flexibility. This

enables designs to be visually appealing whilst still achieving an efficient and

practical contribution to the harnessing of our natural resources.

The provision of natural daylight by use of Monodraught Sunpipe systems is

increasingly being used in retail premises since their launch in 1995. Sunpipes

minimise the need for electric lighting during daytime and are the ideal alternative

to rooflights and skylights as an energy free natural lighting system. Sunpipes

provide natural daylight throughout the retail space.

The principle of capturing any prevailing winds and using this natural resource

as a form of ventilation originated some 2,000 years ago in the Middle East,

where ‘wind towers’ were often a common sight, but the principle is still used

today. The Monodraught Windcatcher is an extension of that principle but is

also a development of the highly successful Monodraught Vertical Balanced

Flue System patented in 1965, which has now been utilised by most leading

companies in the UK to provide the optimum ventilation system.

The importance of Natural Ventilation and Daylight in Retail ApplicationsA review of current legislation, latest guidelines and example case studies

minimise the need for electric lighting during daytime and are the ideal alternative

Pre

face

4

Front Cover Story

Tesco Stores Cheetham HillConsultant: Scott WilsonTesco, the UK’s leading supermarket chain set itself a target to reduce by 50% the carbon emissions from all its stores by 2020 as compared to a baseline of 2006.

Remarkably they exceeded this ambitious target when they opened their first major new Eco-store at Cheetham Hill, Manchester, reducing the carbon footprint by 70% compared to an equivalent sized store built just over two years ago.

The 52,000 sq ft Cheetham Hill store, located in a redevelopment area near Manchester, is built to an Environmental Format that will provide a “low carbon blueprint” for future Tesco stores built in the UK.

The design of Monodraught Windcatchers is based on an innovative technology that is making a positive contribution to the elimination of air conditioning, which in turn reduces the carbon emissions produced by burning fossil fuels. Windcatchers are also widely recognised as the most effective means of harnessing the wind’s potential as a renewable energy source.

Roof mounted and designed to operate with virtually no moving parts, they use established atmospheric principles and the natural effects of the wind to bring fresh air into a building and extract stale warm air, using only natural forces. Warm air rising to roof level decreases the air pressure within buildings, allowing cooler air to enter the building via the Windcatcher units. The resultant change in air pressure produces sufficient airflow

to make the space comfortably fresh.

Wind blowing onto the windward side of a ventilation stack increases the through-put of air and encourages stale and stagnant air to be extracted through the leeward side of the roof unit.

Opposed blade dampers – made from recycled plastic, with their ventilation rate controlled by the building’s BMS system

5

“The environmental impact of the store is

absolutely amazing. There’s a real nice feel about

the whole store... the fresh air that comes in

makes for a better working environment. All the

staff and customers like it, it’s not like working in

a normal supermarket.”Bill Moss, Community Champion

– can precisely control airflow through the system dependent on the internal temperature. At night, they can also be programmed to open fully, providing a downwash of cool air that purges the building, leaving the interior feeling fresh and clean for the following morning.

Monodraught Windcatcher units can be controlled individually or by a central control panel, which can be fitted with a spring/summer/autumn/winter switch to ensure that dampers open for night time cooling only during summer months. At other times of the year dampers can be set to provide trickle ventilation without the problems of cold draughts.

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6

Introduction to the technical aspects of this document

Retailers demand good ventilation, lighting and thermal comfort for their staff and customers. These demands often exceed the minimum requirements specified by legislation, codes and standards, yet CO2 emissions and energy use must satisfy the highest levels of environmental standard classification.

UK carbon reduction targets are set by Building Regulations Part L2A: Conservation of Fuel and Power. Achieving these targets demands stringent controls on the efficiency of lighting, air conditioning and ventilation performance.

To minimise carbon emissions and ensure energy efficiency, there is a strong emphasis on using natural ventilation, daylighting and passive cooling in retail premises. Designers are therefore required to demonstrate that new designs and major refurbishments take full advantage of natural solutions.

“Reducing energy use makes perfect business sense; it

saves money, enhances corporate reputation and helps

everyone in the fight against climate change ” The Carbon Trust

“Take advantage of natural ventilation and free cooling

and you could halve your energy costs” The Carbon Trust

“Reducing energy use makes perfect business sense; it

“Comfort cooling is very expensive. In the UK, there are

very few days per year where the temperature is very

high (over 28 °C). Using comfort cooling for just this

short term can cost as much as a whole year’s heating ”

Carbon Trust publication CTG005 Technology guide

7

The Regulations and Guidance Documents

Natural Ventilation Day Lighting

Energy Performance

Certificate

Environmental Rating

CIBSE Lighting GuideBritish Standards

GovernmentEstablishedOrganisations: Carbon Trust CABE

Building RegulationsPartL: Conservation of

Fuel and Power

BREEAM Retail

European EnergyPerformance of Buildings

Directive (EBPD)

Airtightness/Air Leakage

Nation CalculationMethods (NCM): SBEM DSM

Building RegulationsPart F: Ventilation

Strong management and design structures

have been established to ensure the

goals of sustainability are achieved.

This is supported through legislation and

various compliance schemes. These are

summarised in the figure and described

in more detail in this document.

Th

e R

egu

lation

s

8

Sainsbury’s new flagship green store, in Dartmouth, was the first UK supermarket to fit Monodraught 750 mm diameter Sunpipes in its main shop floor area.

It is understood that Food Stores consume the most energy in comparison to other parts of Sainsbury’s operation, mainly due to services such as cooling, heating, and lighting. This is why improving energy efficiency continues to be one of the company’s top priorities. The benefits are both economic and environmental, since using less energy means lower operational costs and lower CO2 emissions.

A total of 85 Monodraught Sunpipes were installed in this pioneering store, helping it to achieve its target of slashing by 50% the energy currently taken from the national grid; and saving 40% off CO2 emissions. As the Sunpipes bring natural light into the store, artificial lights can be automatically dimmed or turned off to save energy. In addition in staff areas and toilets, motion sensors were fitted in conjunction with daylight dimming to ensure that lights cannot be switched on while the Sunpipes are providing sufficient natural light.

9

Sainsbury’s, Commercial Director Neil Sachdev says: “Our Dartmouth store is a leader in sustainable construction, being sensitive to its local environment and extremely low in energy usage. We have adopted a number of energy saving measures here – from the Monodraught Sunpipes, which provide amazing natural light, to using a timber frame rather than steel, which consumes less energy in its production.”

Neil Sachdev, Sainsbury’s, Commercial Director

Sainsbury’s DartmouthArchitect: Stride TreglownSixty-four 750 mm diameter Sunpipes provide natural daylight for the shop floor with a further sixteen 750 mm diameter units fitted in the offices, and five 300 mm diameter units in other areas of the store.

Sainsbury’s aim was to be one of the first supermarkets to achieve a BREEAM ‘Excellent’ rating for its commitment to sustainable construction.

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Regulations and Standards

The Building RegulationsUltimately, buildings must be designed, constructed and operated in accordance with the relevant Building Regulations. Compliance is satisfied by following the relevant “Approved Documents”. In relation to ventilation and energy conservation these are:

z Ventilation (Part F Means of Ventilation)Ventilation must be provided and be capable, under normal circumstances of limiting the accumulation of pollutants and moisture, which could lead to mould growth, and would otherwise become a hazard to the health of people in the building. The prescribed minimum rate for retail premises (shop floors and general areas) is 5 L/s.p or 1 L/s.m2 of floor area. For office areas the minimum prescribed rate is 10 L/s.p.

z Part L 2010 Approved Document L2A (Conservation of fuel and power in new buildings other than dwellings and L2B Conservation of fuel and power in existing buildings other than dwelling) This covers energy efficiency and CO2 emissions. The basic Regulation states that:

Reasonable provision shall be made for the conservation of fuel and power in buildings by:

a. Limiting heat gains and losses:

i. Through thermal elements and other parts of the building fabric; and

ii. From pipes, ducts and vessels used for space heating, space cooling and hot water services;

b. Providing and commissioning energy efficient fixed building services; and

c. Providing to the owner sufficient information about the building services and their maintenance requirements so that buildings can be operated in such a manner as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the circumstances.

Part L has been formulated to comply with the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and to meet the UK’s own targets on reducing CO2 emissions. The approach is based on a “notional building” in which the criterion for satisfying CO2 (and energy) reduction to meet the 2006 Regulations is based on achieving a prescribed percentage reduction in the emission rates compared to a notional building of the same shape and size complying with the 2002 Regulations. A similar type of approach is being considered for the 2010 version of Part L. Calculation is based on the national calculation methodology (see page opposite page).

The Energy Performance of

Buildings Directive (EPBD)In Europe, as elsewhere in the world, there is a strong demand to reduce energy use, both to mitigate CO2 emissions and to strengthen security in supply. In the case of buildings in European Union Member Countries this is managed through the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD Directive 2002/91/EC). This requires member states to apply minimum requirements covering the energy performance of new and existing buildings. The EPBD therefore, plays a major role in forming building energy policy. The Directive requires:

z A common methodology for calculating the integrated energy performance of buildings;

z Minimum standards on the energy performance of new buildings and existing buildings that are subject to major renovation;

z Systems for the energy certification of new and existing buildings and, for public buildings, prominent display of this certification and other relevant information. Certificates must be less than five years old;

z Regular inspection of boilers and central air conditioning systems in buildings and, in addition, an assessment of heating installations in which the boilers are more than 15 years old.

11

Modelling Compliance

The common calculation methodology must include all aspects that determine energy efficiency and not just the quality of the building’s insulation. This integrated approach should take account of aspects such as heating and cooling installations, lighting installations, the position and orientation of the building and heat recovery, etc.

Energy Performance Certificate

(EPC)Part of the EPBD is the demonstration of performance, through the assessment, and the issuing of an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC). Its purpose is to inform potential buyers or tenants about the energy performance of a building, so that energy efficiency is considered as part of their investment or business decision to buy or occupy that building.

An EPC provides an energy rating for a building which is based on the performance potential of the building itself (the fabric) and its services (such as heating, ventilation and lighting). The energy rating given on the certificate reflects the intrinsic energy performance standard of the building relative to a benchmark which can then be used to make comparisons with comparable properties. It is accompanied by a recommendation report, which provides recommendations on how the energy performance of the building could be enhanced, together with an indication of the payback period.

(Full details are available from: A guide to energy performance certificates for the construction, sale and let of non-dwellings. UK Government Communities and Local Government)

Display Energy Certificate (DEC)A display energy certificate currently applies to Public authorities, and institutions providing public services to a large number of persons, who occupy space in a building with a total useful floor area greater than 1000 m2.

A DEC shows an operational rating which conveys the actual energy used by the building as opposed to an EPC which conveys an asset rating showing the intrinsic performance of the building.

National Calculation Methodology www.ncm.bre.co.uk

The National Calculation Methodology is the approved process by which the energy performance of a building is assessed and the energy performance certificate is awarded. Currently, two types of model are available and approved for use for buildings that are not dwellings. These are:

z SBEM – Simplified Building Energy ModelThis is the simplest tool available and has been designed to meet the fundamental requirements of the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). The SBEM approach places particular importance on natural ventilation stating “greater improvement is expected in buildings with mechanical ventilation and/or air conditioning than those with natural ventilation and no mechanical ventilation. This is meant to encourage designers towards more passive solutions for providing comfort”.

z DSM – Dynamic Simulation ModelDSM stands for Dynamic Simulation Model. It is a software tool that models energy inputs and outputs for different types of building over time. It is necessary because in certain situations, SBEM, is not sophisticated enough to provide an accurate assessment of a building’s energy efficiency. In these cases Government-approved proprietary dynamic simulation models may be used. DSM analysis is regarded as being more accurate and allows the modelling of buildings which have sophisticated features that vary non-linearly, such as:

o Night Ventilation;

o Thermal coupling;

o Demand Control Ventilation

Mo

de

lling C

om

plian

ce

“in certain situations, SBEM, is not sophisticated

enough to provide an accurate assessment of a

building’s energy efficiency” SBEM

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CSA Consulting Engineers have extensive experience and expertise for low energy, sustainable design and are recognised as the market leader for consulting engineers within the retail sector.

Monodraught commissioned CSA to provide independent dynamic modelling of a typical retail store to verify the predicted energy savings produced by SBEM and by dynamic simulation modelling to optimise control strategies.

Model Retail Store

The Model Retail Store was created using Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) software version 6.0.2. The software simulates building behaviour and energy consumption using the following variables, among others:

yy CIBSE weather data;yy Construction information;yy 3D modelling;yy Solar gains;yy Air flow;yy Building Occupancy Profiles;yy HVAC equipment and plant efficiencies; andyy Lighting energy consumption.

The software uses the information contained in the model and 14 weather variables to calculate nearly 80 building related results. The calculation is done for every 10 minutes in a year, and it is registered every 30 minutes. The results of the simulation are then analysed either using SBEM or IES dynamic simulation algorithm. The results for both simulations are described in the following sections.

Templates / ProfilesThe templates and profiles will be defined by the National Calculation Method (NCM);

Air permeabilityThe store will have an air permeability of 3 m3/(h.m2) @ 50 Pa;

The model will be based on the following:

yy Occupancy base on of 5 m2/person calculated from technical documents, in this store equals’ 730 people (CIBSE); Construction information;

yy Light levels 1000 lux (CIBSE);

yy Solar gains;

yy Air flow;

yy The model will use T5 lamps with an energy usage of 1.8 W/m2/100lux;

yy The model will be complete with 5 W/m2 for small power (CIBSE);

There are two methods of generating an Energy Performance Certificate: Using SBEM or using an approved Dynamic Simulation model. It is widely understood that SBEM is a basic method of calculation and currently cannot model passive design principles such as night ventilation and thermal coupling.

Site LocationThe model store was located in Leeds (weather data central to the UK). Further areas were modelled within this study including London and Edinburgh. Full details of the modelling are available on request;

ConstructionThe construction U values will be as per Part L/Section 6 requirements;

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SBEM MODEL – Windcatchers + SunPipes ResultsSBEM MODEL – Windcatchers + SunPipes Results

Windcatchers BER = 29.8 kgCO2/m2

Cooling 6.6 MWh / Heating 41.3 MWh

80

70

60

50W) Cooling 6.6 MWh / Heating 41.3 MWh

Windcatchers + SunPipe BER = 25.6

50

40

30

20

10

Pow

er (k

W

Windcatchers SunPipe BER 25.6 kgCO2/m2

Cooling 4.6 MWh / Heating 42.7 MWh

00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00

Date: Wed 15/Aug

Total lights energy: (a_v1 wind sun.aps)

Total lights energy: (a base wind sun aps)

Area Lighting profile Windcatchers Model Energy Consumption (MWh)

Total Heating Cooling Fans/Pumps Lights Equip

Total lights energy: (a_base wind sun.aps)

Windcatchers + SunPipe Model Energy Consumption (MWh)

g g g

458.8 41.3 6.6 34.9 277.7 98.4

Total Heating Cooling Fans/Pumps Lights EquipTotal Heating Cooling Fans/Pumps Lights Equip

406.9 42.7 4.6 34.3 226.9 98.4

29.8 kgCO2/m2 - 25.6 kgCO2/m2 = 4.2 kgCO2/m2

Reduction of 4.2 kgCO2/m2 => 14%

SBEM MODEL - Windcatcher natural ventilation results and combined with Sunpipe natural daylight results

CSA

In order to demonstrate the differences between SBEM and dynamic calculation methods, CSA modelled both scenarios.

The store was modelled using SBEM, using conventional mechanical ventilation principles. The results give us a Base Model to which we can compare the inclusion of our Windcatcher and Sunpipe systems. CSA calculate the Base Model to have a total energy consumption of 47.6 MWh.

Based on the simplified calculations within SBEM, including Windcatcher systems reduced CO2 emissions by 0.3% to 29.8 kgCO2 /m2. However with the inclusion of both systems, SBEM calculates a total drop of 4.2 kg to 25.6 kgCO2/m² which is a 14% saving against the Base Model.

Windcatcher BER = 29.8 kgCO2/m2

Windcatchers + Sunpipe BER = 25.6 kgCO2/m2

Reduction of 4.2 kgCO2/m2 = 14%

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Optimized Control StrategiesOptimized Control Strategies Using Apache we can module the temperatures as we see fit to maximise the

energy savings1st – Change operational temperature from 20-23°C to 18-25°C

Change operational temperatures for the building Change Windcatchers control formula to:

Flow = volume at 5m/s x (gt(ta,21.5,3.25) x (0.195 x ws + 0.031) x (to<24.75))Flow volume at 5m/s x (gt(ta,21.5,3.25) x (0.195 x ws 0.031) x (to 24.75))

Base Model Windcatchers 20-23°C Windcatchers 18-25°C

400 350400

350350

300

250

200

oad

(kW

)

300

250

200

150oad

(kW

)

350

300

250

200

oad

(kW

)Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

150

100

50

0

Lo

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

150

100

50

0

Lo

J F b M A M J J l A S O t N D J

150

100

50

0Lo


Date: Mon 01/Jan to Mon 31/Dec

Heating plant sensible load: 10 rooms (base.aps)

Cooling plant sensible load: 10 rooms (base.aps)



Heating plant sensible load: 10 rooms (v__2.aps)

Cooling plant sensible load: 10 rooms (v__2.aps)



Heating plant sensible load: 10 rooms (v__1.aps)

Cooling plant sensible load: 10 rooms (v__1.aps)

Cooling 21.3 MWh / Heating 27.0 MWhTOTAL = 48.3 MWh



Optimised Control Strategies

However, due to the nature of SBEM, Monodraught estimate greater levels of energy reduction through the use of Windcatcher systems than calculated using SBEM. In order to qualify this CSA modelled the same store under Dynamic Simulation using IES and their Apache algorithm.

The Base Model produced a similar total energy consumption of 48.3 MWh with an improvement of 12% energy reduction with the addition of the Windcatcher systems now being modelled dynamically.

When Monodraught’s recommended control strategy of between 18 °C to 25 °C is included the energy savings increase to nearly 50% compared to the Base Model to a total energy consumption of 24.2 MWh.

Using Apache we can model the temperature as we see fit to maximise the energy savings

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Optimized Control Strategies – Summer200

180

160160

140

120

100

80

Load

(kW

)

60

40

20

00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:000

Date: Tue 10/Jul

Cooling plant sensible load: Sales Area (v 1 corrected aps) Cooling plant sensible load: Sales Area (v 2 aps) Cooling plant sensible load: Sales Area (base aps)Cooling plant sensible load: Sales Area (v__1_corrected.aps) Cooling plant sensible load: Sales Area (v__2.aps) Cooling plant sensible load: Sales Area (base.aps)

Base ModelArea equates to 273 kWh(total area 689 kWh)

Windcatchers 20-23 CArea equates to 369 kWh(total area 416kWh)

Windcatchers 18-25 CArea equates to 47 kWh

Total energy saved 273kWh+369kWh = 642 kWhTotal energy saved 273kWh+369kWh = 642 kWhYearly the new control strategy will reduce the energy used on HVAC by 50%

Optimised Control Strategies - Summer

CSA

To analyse the potential energy savings a summer day was chosen to demonstrate the energy use within the Model Retail Store based firstly on the Base Model, shown in blue. Secondly, with the use of Windcatcher systems but with a control strategy of between 20 °C to 23 °C, shown in green. Finally with Monodraught’s recommended control strategy, with the Windcatcher systems operating between 18 °C and 25 °C, shown in red.

CSA calculated that on the Model Retail Store a yearly energy reduction of 50% could be achieved by adopting Monodraught’s natural ventilation systems and controls.

Yearly the new control strategy will reduce the energy used on HVAC by 50%

Graph shows reducing mechanical energy requirements by expanding the temperature differential away from SBEM restrictions

For further details, please contact Scott Barr at:C.S.A Consulting Engineers Ltd1 Grampian CourtBeveridge SquareLivingston EH54 6QF

Telephone: 01506 460 828Fax: 01506 466 541Mob: 07917 554 553Website: www.csa-eng.co.uk

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Primark East HamArchitect: IDL ArchitectsThree Windcatcher systems were installed within the canteen and stockroom with a further 42 Sunpipe system to back of house areas and 17 Suncatcher systems to internal office areas.

Marks & SpencerGalasheilsArchitect: GVA GrimleyThe 9,000 sq ft Galashiels store features 12 Sunpipe systems and three GRP 800 Square Suncatchers among ‘eco-features’ that significantly reduce its carbon footprint and improve its energy efficiency.

M&S claims the store uses up to 25% less energy and emits up to 95% less carbon dioxide than an average Simply Food store.

The Galashiels store has been a test bed for developing new initiatives that have since been rolled out in other Simply Food stores across the UK.

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Tesco ExpressHinkleyThis new-build Tesco Express store, opened in June 2008, was the first Tesco convenience store to be built in their Environmental Format.

Monodraught Windcatcher natural ventilation systems were specified by the Tesco Express design team to counter heat gains by introducing fresh air into the building and expelling stale warm air from the underside of the roof level of the building.

Four GRP 1000 Square Windcatchers were installed in the main sales area of the store and 350 mm Monodraught Suncatcher systems combining natural ventilation and Sunpipes, were fitted in the staff toilet facilities. In addition, three 300 Monodraught Sunpipes were installed in the staff room, store room and bakery preparation area.

“The Windcatchers are helping to reduce

the energy consumption of this store,

which in turn means it has a smaller

carbon footprint. For these reasons we

will be introducing Windcatchers to our

larger stores.”James Dorling, Head of Tesco’s

Environmental Centre of Excellence

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The BREEAM SchemeBREEAM is an environmental assessment method which is supported by the UK Government as a means to ensure the optimum environmental performance of buildings. This scheme covers a whole range of buildings including retail premises. The method addresses the areas of:

o Management

o Energy

o Health and Well Being

o Pollution

o Transport

o Land Use

o Ecology

o Materials

o Water Use

In each case credits are awarded and the building is given an overall rating of either Excellent, Very Good, Good or Pass

Particular emphasis is given to the benefits of natural ventilation and daylighting. Specific areas include:

z Section Hea 7: Potential for Natural Ventilation (1 Credit): The purpose of this section is to recognize and encourage adequate cross flow of air in naturally ventilated buildings. It also requires flexibility in air-conditioned/mechanically ventilated buildings for future

conversion to a natural ventilation strategy. To achieve a credit occupied spaces must be designed to be capable of providing fresh air entirely via natural ventilation. Also the system must be capable of providing two levels of user control with higher flow rates being suitable to remove odours and preventing summer overheating. Monodraught has substantial experience in meeting these requirements in major retail developments.

z Section Hea 1: Daylighting (2 Credits): Daylight is considered important by BREEAM for health and well-being as well as for energy performance. One credit is given for providing at least 35% of sales floor area and common areas with a point daylight factor of at least 2%. Exemplary level criteria raises this to 59% of the floor area. A further credit is given for providing daylight to associated office areas.

Many retail premises in which Monodraught components are installed have satisfied the BREEAM ‘very good’ and ‘excellent’ ratings.

Monodraught can produce detailed light analysis to show BREEAM compliance.

BREEAM Environmental Assessment

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The Carbon Trustthe need for natural ventilation and daylighting

The Carbon Trust was established by the UK Government to advise government and industry on reducing carbon emissions. Through a series of reports it has produced substantial guidance for retail premises. Report CVT 001 illustrates the average energy use in the retail sector. This shows that the largest savings can be made in lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration. This report goes on to state: “maximising daylighting, natural ventilation and passive cooling and heating minimises energy consumption and improves sustainability.” These are areas in which Monodraught has a strong record of success across all building sectors including major retail projects.

In relation to retail premises, the Carbon Trust states that:

z “Maximising daylighting, natural ventilation and passive cooling and heating minimises energy consumption and improves sustainability. In addition reducing energy consumption while achieving optimum comfort conditions makes sense.”

z Low-cost quick wins: “Take advantage of natural ventilation and free cooling to halve energy costs.”

z “Make good use of natural daylight: This costs nothing and can reduce your lighting costs by 15%” Carbon Trust Energy Saving Factsheet: (GIL 143 2004)

Government Established Organisations

Heating, Coolingand Ventilation

Lighting

Refrigerationand Catering

Other

Hot Water

Breakdown of average energy use in the retail environment (taken from Carbon Trust report CTV001)

maximising daylighting, natural

ventilation and passive cooling and

heating, minimises energy consumption

and improves sustainability

‘‘

’’CVT001 Carbon Trust

CABEThe Committee on Architecture in the Built Environment (CABE) is the Government established advisor on architecture, urban design and the public space. It has a remit to ensure that buildings are designed to fulfil environmental and energy needs.

In relation to the retail and business sectors, it has produced a series of handbooks. CABE states that:

Energy use and CO2 emissions are minimized through design, including measures such as natural ventilation, orientation, energy recycling, passive solar design/natural daylighting, grey water recycling and insulation.

Through good design, it is possible to create design options that offer benefits with no added costs. The way a building faces and the size and position of windows (to make the best use of sunshine and wind) can help to reduce the use of artificial lighting and mechanical ventilation.

The availability of a good view, natural daylight and good ventilation contribute to comfort, while their absence causes discomfort and has a negative effect on productivity.

Various organisations have been established by the UK Government to assist in the development of policies and measures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Those that engage significantly with the retail sector include:

Organ

isation

s

“Energy use and CO2 emissions are

minimized through design, including

measures such as natural ventilation,

orientation, energy recycling, passive solar

design/natural daylighting, grey water

recycling and insulation.” CABE

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Asda BootleArchitect: Ardas ArchitectsSupermarket group ASDA has a comprehensive energy efficiency programme that includes identifying sustainable and renewable sources of energy for all its stores and depots.

Its flagship energy efficient store model, opened in Bootle, Merseyside features innovations such as a main structural frame built entirely from sustainably sourced timber, a recycled aluminium roof, and extensive use of natural lighting including Monodraught Sunpipes and translucent walls.

The Monodraught Sunpipe systems are used to introduce natural daylight into a wide area of the first floor mezzanine area that includes a customer restaurant overlooking the sales floor and staff facilities including their restaurant and cafeteria, a communal changing room, a meeting room and offices.

Monodraught worked closely with ASDA’s M&E contractor SIAS on the specification and installation of our 750 mm Sunpipe systems, which are designed to produce approximately 1000 lux at floor level, making them ideal for buildings of more than 7 m in height.

“The sustainability initiative began when Wal-Mart chief executive Lee Scott challenged ASDA to ensure that new model stores would be at least 30% more efficient and emit 30% less CO2 by 2009, compared to 2005 model stores. Thanks to sustainable initiatives such as Sunpipes, the Bootle town centre store will be up to 40% more energy efficient and produce up to 50% fewer CO2

emissions than the 2005 baseline.”Mark Orpin, ASDA’s project manager for the Bootle eco-store

21

Decathlon PortugalEven in winter most of Portugal enjoys five to six hours of sunshine each day, so it is no surprise that Sunpipes are proving so popular. By taking advantage of natural daylight, leading retailers Decathlon, Hipermercados E Leclerc and Intermarche are benefitting from cost and environmental savings.

The three supermarket chains have installed a total of 575 Sunpipes. Decathlon, for example, has installed 209 Sunpipes at its store in Cascais, 120 in Santarem, 115 in Castelo Branco and 98 in Torres Vedras.

Case

Stud

y

“Monodraught Sunpipes are favoured by Decathlon due to their easy installation and on the performance which

makes a real difference to the internal conditions” Luis Franco

Director Comercial, Exuvent

22

How Monodraught Satisfies Energy Efficient VentilationMonodraught Windcatchers satisfy ventilation and passive cooling needs by incorporating the top down natural ventilation technique. Any prevailing wind is encapsulated by the louvres on the windward side of the Monodraught system and this air is turned through 90° to provide a continuous airflow down to the room below. Motorised volume control dampers, together with a sophisticated control system, can accurately control this airflow to provide the desired ventilation rate. Since the airflow is drawn from above the roof level, the air is generally much cleaner than it would be drawn through windows or low level intakes. By drawing air in from a high level, this avoids dust, dirt, and often traffic pollution that generally circulates at pedestrian level. Since the downflow of incoming air is generally much cooler and being wind driven, it has been proven through many years of testing that this airflow descends to floor level, similar to a displacement ventilation system, but without any energy costs!

Constant movement of air to floor level tends to slightly pressurise the room which the Windcatcher serves, and this incoming air helps to displace the warm air that rises through the natural passive stack effect of the leeward side of the Monodraught system. Warm air will naturally rise to ceiling level in any room and since the air ducts are open to atmosphere “passive stack ventilation” is created. Air movement over the top of the Monodraught system also helps to create a venturi effect on the leeward side of the Monodraught Windcatcher system also assisting in extracting stale air from the room.

The interaction of free night-time cooling cannot be overstated. During the summer months, the volume control dampers on the Monodraught systems are programmed to open fully at midnight to allow the cool night air to descend down to floor level. This

tends to slightly pressurise the room forcing the stale warmer air up through the leeward side of the Monodraught system situated at the roof level. Warm air will rise naturally, so, even if there is no wind blowing at night-time, the warm air will always rise up to roof level, rising up and being exhausted to the atmosphere, since this action cannot create a vacuum, cool night air will descend to replace the warm air that has been exhausted. It follows when there is any prevailing wind from any direction, this will simply increase the throughput of this fresh ventilation air, purging the building of stale odours and the residue of any heat build up, which has been created the day before.

Weatherlouvres

Motorised volumecontrol dampers

Ceiling diffuser

Freshair in

Staleair out

Internaldivider

Anti birdmesh

PLAN VIEW

air out

air in

The Windcatcher design

Ventilation and Air Quality There is increasing understanding on the need for ventilation to improve well-being. Low ventilation rates have now been shown to have an adverse effect on health and performance. European Standard EN13779:2007 “Ventilation for non-residential buildings – performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems” defines indoor air quality according to the fresh air ventilation rate (see Figure below). A ventilation rate below approximately 6 L/s.p is considered to be of low air quality while a value of 10 L/s.p (the minimum rate specified in the Building Regulations for UK offices) is on the boundary between moderate to medium air quality.

How Much Ventilation? - AQ Classification taken from CEN Standard 13779 - 2007

Minimum UK Offices

5

10

15

20

25

Vent

ilatio

n R

ate

L/s.

pers

on

High Indoor Air Quality

Medium Indoor Air Quality

Moderate Indoor Air Quality

Low Indoor Air Quality

Minimum UK Retail

23

The Passive Approach for Cost Saving & Customer Satisfaction

Avoiding Expense by Free Running

Natural VentilationIn general the European Standard is based on research that has shown that the higher the ventilation rate, the better the indoor air quality and occupant satisfaction.

Thus outside periods in which purpose provided heating and cooling is necessary, there is a clear advantage to operating systems above the low ventilation rates specified by the Building Regulations for retail premises. However, in the case of mechanically driven ventilation systems, increasing ventilation rates means the expense of installing larger capacity ventilation fans and ducts, as well as consuming more electricity. This extra expense is avoided with free-running natural ventilation.

Optimising Ventilation Rate with

Automatic Demand ‘CO2’ Control Because retail buildings are transiently occupied it makes sense to control the rate of ventilation according to occupant load. This is particularly important during periods in which purpose provided heating or cooling is being provided since unnecessary ventilation will result in the loss of conditioned air. Since carbon dioxide is generated by metabolism, the easiest way in which ventilation can be automatically adjusted is by monitoring the carbon dioxide concentration within the store. This is because there is a strong correlation between the steady state CO2 concentration and the ventilation rate in terms of litres/seconds per person. Thus for a given ventilation rate the concentration of CO2 will rise in proportion to the number of occupants.

The above limit value is well within the maximum safety limit. The reason why CO2 monitoring is so important is not because of the pollution effects of carbon dioxide itself, but because it provides an indication of the fresh air ventilation rate. It also acts as a surrogate for other pollutants that cannot be measured so easily but might cause a risk to health in poorly ventilated spaces.

This is further supported by extensive research carried out by Reading University and UCL London.

Ventilation Rate vs CO2 Concentration

0

5

10

15

20

25

500 1000 1500 2000

CO2 Concentration (ppm)

Vent

ilatio

n R

ate

(L/s

.p)

Minimum Ventilationfor Retail 5 L/s.p~ 1500 ppm of CO2

Better Air Quality

Poorer Air Quality

Minimum Ventilationfor Offices 10 L/s.p~ 1000 ppm of CO2

(Based on Part L and urban CO2 concentration of 500 ppm)

The figure below shows the approximate upper and lower level of steady state metabolic CO2 concentration for typical ventilation rates. Thus, taking the 5 L/s value, as given in the Building Regulations the CO2 concentration should not be higher than approximately 1400 parts per million (ppm). In heavily urbanised environments, where the outdoor CO2 concentration could reach 500 ppm, these extremities will be between 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm. As an optimal solution, Monodraught recommend a set point CO2 concentration of 1300 ppm as an acceptable threshold for demand control system for retail applications.

Re

du

cing C

O2

24

Winter Heat Loss - addressing the myth....Winter Heat LossConcern is often expressed that, during the winter, excessive heat and energy can be lost through the exhausting of ventilation air. It is for this reason that there can be a perceived conflict between providing the ventilation needed to ensure optimum health and productivity, and a desire to reduce building heat loss, Sometimes heat recovery units are specified but these can result in extra use of electrical energy thereby defeating the object of reducing the carbon footprint and reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, these require a continuing maintenance commitment to ensure that filters are regularly replaced and that ducts are kept clean.

In reality, for a well insulated space, such heat loss may not have as much of an additional space heating burden as some calculations may suggest. Much depends on the heat emission of the space, especially at night. For typical outdoor winter daytime temperature of between 6 ºC to 12 ºC and an indoor CO2 concentration maintained at between 1000 ppm to 1500 ppm the ventilation heat requirement varied from between about 51 W/m2 to 143 W/m2 (see figure). As the temperature falls, this will increase. For much of the daytime, these losses can be balanced against occupant heat emission combined with the incidental heat gains from lighting and other sources. By using CO2 ventilation control, ventilation heat loss can be further minimised. Therefore, with good design, natural ventilation may be expected to provide reliable ventilation without resulting in excessive energy loss.

Outdoor Air QualityNatural ventilation cannot, in itself, compensate for poor outdoor air quality. Fortunately much research has been undertaken in recent years to reduce problems associated with poor outdoor air quality. Local Authorities are now required to monitor urban air quality and designate zones of poor air quality as Air Quality Management Areas. Action plans must then be developed and enforced to improve the air quality in these zones. There are also restrictions on emissions and on the location of air exhausts and fresh air intakes. This is resulting in continuing improvement to outdoor air quality.

Nevertheless, some air pollution problems can occur and these may often be dependent on weather conditions. As a general rule, air intakes at a low level and facing busy roads are more likely to cause air quality problems than those placed at a high level or, indeed, at the roof level and away from traffic sources. There can sometimes be problems of dust ingress or traffic pollution through low level air intakes and complications with conventional windows and intakes placed in courtyards because stale air can become trapped in such zones. Monodraught Windcatchers can effectively overcome this range of problems by taking in fresh air at the roof level, since the air supply at roof level is relatively clean and uncontaminated as in comparison to low level air intakes sited at ground or pedestrian levels.

Ventilation Rate (L/s.p)

200

150

100

50

Ventilation Heat Loss for Typical Winter Daytime Temperatures

Vent

ilatio

n H

eat L

oss

(W)

89 W

51 W

6 ºC Outdoor Temperature

12 ºC Outdoor Temperature

By good controlretail requirements

can be satisfiedat less than 100 W

ventilation heat loss

5 10

In well designed spaces ventilation heat loss can

be balanced against solar, occupant and internal

heat gains

Typical Minimumand Maximum Ventilation Range

5 L/s.pPart F RetailSales Area

10 L/s.pPart F

Office Area

25

Natural Ventilation for CoolingAvoiding OverheatingOverheating is an increasing problem. Often it occurs not only as a result of high outdoor air temperature but also because of high indoor heat gains. Major sources of heat gain are IT equipment, artificial lighting, occupants themselves and solar gain caused by the direct effect of the sun. Control of indoor gains is therefore, essential.

The avoidance of overheating is covered by Part L2A of the Building Regulations. For UK climate conditions natural ventilation can provide the main mechanism for maintaining thermal comfort by flushing hot indoor air from the building with cooler outdoor air. This is particularly beneficial with top down ventilation provided by Monodraught Windcatchers.

Night-Time CoolingProbably, one of the most successful aspects of top down natural ventilation systems is the ability to provide secure night-time cooling, with virtually no energy costs and providing 100% security to the building.

During summer months, there is often a build-up throughout the day of solar gain as well as occupier heat gains. Night-time cooling provided by Monodraught Windcatchers means that dampers can be automatically programmed to open to allow the night-time cool air to descend to floor level, not only purging the building of state air but also cooling down the interior of the building, as well as the building mass and structure of the building.

Monodraught Windcatcher controls are programmed to close the dampers automatically at 15 ºC to prevent the building from overcooling but otherwise, this ventilation arrangement provides approximately 8 hours of free cleansing and cooling of the building interior, which is essential for the successful application of natural ventilation.

Programme SettingsMonodraught’s iNVent control system provides settings for spring and autumn as well as winter and summer, to ensure that night-time cooling only occurs during summer months when natural ventilation is essential. These settings are as follows:-

Temperature Spring Summer Autumn WinterUp to 16 °C

Dampers remain closed




At 17 °C Dampers open 20%



At 20 °C Dampers open 20% Dampers open 80% Dampers open 20%


Dampers remain fully open

Dampers open 40%



At 24 °C

Dampers fully open Dampers fully open

Dampers open 15%

At 25 °CDampers open 20%

At 26 °C

Night-time cooling

iNVent Control Panel

Co

olin

g

“Major sources of heat gain are IT

equipment, artificial lighting, occupants

themselves and solar gain caused by the

direct effect of the sun. Control of indoor

gains is therefore essential.”

26

Sunpipe and its benefits in Retail Applicationsvariability in their function. Furthermore, research conducted at Nottingham University shows that natural daylight through a Sunpipe has better colour rendering properties than most artificial light sources. However, the positive effects of applying natural daylight to retail spaces have long been suspected. Consider this article from a well known newspaper that considers daylighting in a well known retail outlet. It should be noted that as a cost saving measure, skylights were only installed in half of the store.

A strong scientific correlation between skylighting and increased sales has been demonstrated by a large study carried out in the USA. Here, 108 stores were analysed, of which two thirds contained sky lighting, while the remaining third did not. The design and operation of the stores were considered “remarkable uniform” where the presence of skylights was the only significant difference. Electric lighting was reported as largely fluorescent and controlled by photo-sensors, whereas the daylight provided by the skylights was diffuse so that no image could be seen through them, widely scattered, and provided light that was found to be more than two to three times the target illumination levels. Gross sales figures were collated for each store over an 18 month period and interviews with staff and customers were also conducted.

The results were controlled for variables other than natural daylight that may also influence sales. However, the key finding of the study was that skylights are found to be positively and significantly correlated to higher sales. An average non-daylit retail chain store monitored for this study, was likely to have 40% higher sales with the addition of skylights, and this value was found with 99% statistical certainty.

In 42 Interviews conducted in 10 daylit stores, only 3 customers could be found who were aware of the skylights. In response to the question, “Does this store feel any different to

Furthermore, some health professionals believe that daily exposure to high levels of daylight may have significant long-term health benefits.

Daylight provided by windows can be variable and may include unwanted contrast or glare. In addition, it has been suggested that windows are connected with personal status and have psychological implications beyond their physical attributes, whereas skylights and Sunpipes have less cultural significance or

Now, we shed some light on the scientific research conducted into daylighting applications. The provision of adequate indoor lighting is essential for retail customers and staff to work and move about in safety, perform tasks, and importantly, to create a pleasing ambiance. Generally, people have a strong preference for daylight over electric lighting in a room. Daylight is known to maintain circadian rhythm, and improve sleep patterns and mood. There is also strong evidence that relates exposure to daylight with a reduction in depression, and pain alleviation.

27

. . . the health benefits of Sunpipesyou than other stores like this?” the overwhelming response (80%) was “This store feels cleaner.” The second most common response (65%) was, “It feels more spacious, more open.” Approximately one third of respondents mentioned that the store was brighter. Several customers explicitly admitted to travelling to the store rather than an equivalent that was closer to home, specifically because they liked how it felt. Significantly, none of the interviewed customers objected to the skylights.

The reasons for the effects of skylights on sales remain unclear, but the authors of the report have five key hypotheses. The first is that customer loyalty is affected by the natural daylight and this seems to be confirmed by the interviews. Secondly, it is possible that the natural daylight relaxes in a manner that is similar to background music. The interviews certainly showed that customers identified the stores as being airy and clean. Thirdly, it is possible that the daylight provided illumination levels that made it easier or more comfortable for customers to select products. Fourthly, the daylight may improve the visual quality of the products making them more attractive. Fifth and finally, it could be that the moral of the staff was greater in the daylit areas, and so they provided a better service. Although the researchers were unable to determine the productivity of staff, it is entirely possible that if staffing levels remained constant, then the number of sales per employee hour also rose.

Whatever the reasons for the strong correlation, the message is clear, natural daylight can have a positive effect on a retail environment and the Sunpipe can play a significant part in creating a pleasant ambiance. Furthermore, a Sunpipe can also help to reduce energy use, CO2 emissions, and energy costs, helping us all to build for a brighter future.

“Wal-Mart claims energy savings from drawing natural light through the skylights But ‘something else has gotten the corporation’s attention,’ says the [Rocky Mountain] Institute. In every Wal-Mart store, each cash register is connected in real time back to headquarters in Bentonville, Ark. According to Tom Scay, who was then the company’s vice president for real estate, sales were ‘significantly higher’ in those departments in the day lit half of the store, and they were also higher there than in the same departments at other stores. Employees in the half without day lighting continue to try to have their departments move to the day lit side.”Wall Street Journal, November 1995

He

ath B

en

efits

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Sainsbury’s Gloucester QuaysSainsbury’s new 50,000 sq ft Gloucester Quays eco-store extends the lead taken by the supermarket chain’s Dartmouth store by installing Monodraught Sunpipe natural daylighting systems throughout the building. As electricity reduction is a high priority at Gloucester Quays, Sainsbury has ensured maximum use of natural daylight by installing a total of 146, 750 Sunpipes in the roof.

David Sheehan, Sainsbury’s director of store

development and the man responsible for

both the Gloucester Quays project and the

Dartmouth store, is enthusiastic about the

potential for Sunpipes, saying: “We want to

make natural light our standard.”

“As the line of Sunpipes above the aisles

flood the area with natural daylight to a

predetermined lux level, the electric lights

are automatically switched off, with no

noticeable difference in lighting levels.”

“Environmental features such as Sunpipes mean we are able to improve the store environment for our customers and colleagues at the same time as reducing our carbon footprint across the UK.”

David Sheehan, Store Development Director

29

Waitrose AltrinchamMonodraught has worked in partnership with supermarket Waitrose to develop a new retail lighting unit featuring a Sunpipe integrated into an artificial light fitting. The new system, a Composite Sunpipe Assembly (CSA), is designed to maximise the use of natural daylight, while controlling and balancing it with artificial light.In addition, Waitrose has now decided to extend the development of the Sunpipe CSA to introduce similar solutions into the main selling environment.

Daylight Linking

Monodraught Sunpipes are extremely successful worldwide. The unique faceted Diamond dome transmits more light and is available in a wide range of sizes. The wide range of 10 different sized Sunpipes from, 230 mm to 1500 mm diameter, makes Sunpipes the universal choice. There is virtually no limit to the application of Sunpipes and since no two Projects are the same, Monodraught’s Design Department will produce bespoke designs for any Project. The integration of daylight linked lighting further enhances the use of the systems.

Case

Stud

y

“Monodraught was identified early in the

Waitrose team’s thought process as a forward

thinking company leading the way in natural

lighting with its Sunpipes. ” Toby Marlow

Engineering Manager, Waitrose

30

The detailed monitoring and measurements were carried out over four days in August, during which the external temperatures were approximately 29 °C, for two of the days. On the other two days ranged from 18 °C to 22 °C.

The ventilation rates of the lecture theatres with the Windcatchers closed and sealed was determined to find a base comparison. Readings were also taken with the dampers closed and fully open and were measured on three days in

G105 and four days in G111. The effect of night cooling from the units was also determined over two days. Flow visualisation studies were undertaken on the units using smoke as a tracer. A recording of these tests were made on videotape.

It was determined that the background ventilation of both lecture theatres (i.e. Windcatchers sealed) was relatively low. With the Windcatchers fully open the ventilation rate in G105 ranged from 1.24 ac/hr at 1.7 m/s wind speed to 5.2 ac/hr at

4.5 m/s. For G111 it ranged from 2.13 ac/hr at 2.6 m/s to 4.68 ac/hr at 4.1 m/s.

Ventilation measurements were carried out in both lecture theatres using the tracer gas decay method, Sulphur Hexafloride (SF6).

Three pairs of small mixing fans mounted in opposing directions in stands were placed far apart in both lecture theatres. The purpose of the fans was to mix the incoming fresh air with the tracer gas inside the lecture theatre.

The BRE Tests determined that there was no short circuiting of airflows at any time and the air

Putting Windcatchers to the test

The University of Hertfordshire was the test site and used two Lecture Theatres that had been converted from what was originally its old mainframe computer room. There were no openable windows in either Lecture Theatre. G105 was the smaller of the two with a volume of 458m3. G111 had a volume of 769m3.

A 4-day on site investigation carried out in August 1998 by the Building Research Establishment on two Lecture Theatres at the University of Hertfordshire at Harlow proved the effectiveness of the Monodraught Windcatcher system under summer load conditions.

change rates were measured with the monitoring equipment being placed in the furthermost corners of the Lecture Theatre in each case and recorded air change rates of up to 5.2 ac/hr despite external temperatures of up to 29 °C which is considered to be an excellent result.

Left: Flow visualisation of moderate wind speed with no evidence of any "short circuiting" of the air movement

31

Carbon Trust and DTI AwardsTwo major funding awards were made to Monodraught in 2006 to research PCM (Phase Change Materials) and Evaporative & Desiccant cooling in conjunction with Nottingham University. As a result, Monodraught’s new Cool-phase system has been launched.

A 4-year Research Programme was completed in 2009 in conjunction with Brunel University to investigate

indoor environmental conditions on a wide range of Projects including Schools, Colleges, and Universities to Building Society offices throughout the UK. Buildings are being assessed after Windcatchers have been installed and full Reports are available on request.

A 3-year Research Programme has been undertaken to study

and assess the potential of solar powered air conditioning, to be used in conjunction with the Monovent system and to establish the viability of an energy free cooling system.

Liverpool University, Loughborough University

and UMIST have all been closely involved with research into Monodraught products and various Papers have been published.

Other Universities and Test HousesWork has also been carried out at Loughborough University and UMIST, as well as at BRE and BSRIA on the application of Windcatcher natural ventilation systems. Full copies of all these Reports are available on request from Monodraught.

Monodraught have a very active Research and Development Department at their offices at Halifax House in High Wycombe and are also working closely with a number of Universities in the UK. A group of nine full-time dedicated R&D Engineers are exploring every avenue of renewable energy features at Halifax House, where a total of 45 Sunpipes, Windcatchers and Cool-phase systems are installed at the offices and constantly monitored on performance.

Monodraught have a permanent Environmental Test Chamber there to

carry out the continuous assessment and development of Sunpipes and all their associated components. Monodraught Suncatcher and Sunpipe systems are also installed at the Eco Houses at Nottingham University.

A 2-year Study was carried out to develop a computerised prediction model, as shown,

to assess the transmittance of daylight by lux plots into the interior of buildings. Further advice on light output is always available from Monodraught Head Office.

NAPIER UNIVERSITYEDINBURGH

BrunelUNIVERSITYW E S T L O N D O N

THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOLINVESTING IN KNOWLEDGE

Choking risks to childrenGOVERNMENT CONSUMER SAFETY RESEARCH

under four from toys and other objects

Department of Trade and Industry

Our commitment to R&D

Monodraught supports a number of

Research Programmes being carried out

to ensure that their products maintain a

continual development cycle that can be

monitored and independently assessed by

the Universities. Furthermore, Monodraught

considers it has a commitment to

supporting and encouraging new Engineers

to the industry to engross themselves

in these new sustainable developments

that may hold the key to so many of our

dilemmas for our future energy usage.

R &

D

Halifax House, Cressex Business Park,

High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire

HP12 3SE

Tel: 01494 897700

Fax: 01494 532465

email: [email protected]

www.monodraught.com

Apr

il 201

0

Monodraught

Leading the Field in Design and Innovation

The importance of Natural Ventilation and Daylight for Retail ...

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