The importance of manure and cropping systems …...The importance of manure and cropping systems...
Transcript of The importance of manure and cropping systems …...The importance of manure and cropping systems...
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The importance of manure and cropping systems for P management – how do we reach long term
sustainability?
Paul Withers, Barbro Ulen, Helena Arronsson and Paulo Pavinato
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• Large volumes due to high demand for meat – and range of materials expanding
• Policy drivers now in place to encourage land application – a resource with multiple benefits
• Often applied in excess of requirements leading to soil P accumulation
• Potential substitute for fertilisers – more highly valued than ever before
• Must be managed for effective utilization and environmental protection
Issues with Manures
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Global Nutrient Dynamics
Rapid expansion after 1950 and further increases to 2050. Inputs of manure nutrients exceed those of fertiliser inputs. 100% substitution of manures for fertilisers would remove the P surplus (but not the N surplus). Scenario analysis predicted that better integration of livestock and cropping systems is the best way to reduce fertiliser P use.
Bouwman et al. 2011
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Export of particulate P (filled bars) and dissolved reactive P (unfilled bars) from small agricultural streams in the different countries.
(Ulén et al., 2012)
Soil P Balance – Baltic Sea
-15
-10
-5
0
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2
SoilP
bal
ance
(kg/
ha)
Stocking density (LU/ha)
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Large Regional Variation
Senthilkumar et al. 2012
Agriculture’s impact on regional P flows occurs largely through livestock densities!
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Land Use Distribution in the UK
Segregation of farming systems exacerbates sustainable P management
Only 20% of arable crops receive livestock manure each year
2.8 M tonnes of manure
must be recycled from west to east to balance P demand (Bateman et al., 2012)
Spatial disconnects: - arable to livestock - rural to urban
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Concentrated feed fertilizer P import
Livestock
Manure
Akkerbouw
P export
Arable land
Bio-refinery
Reduction P input
P- recovery
Mineral concentrates
Manure separation
3
4
5
1
2 Non-food
Technological Innovation
Schoumans et al. 2012
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Constraints
• Variable composition and quality
• Low confidence in nutrient release rates
• Difficulties of uniform/precise application
• Costs of storage and transport
• Unbalanced supply of NPK for crops
• Rate restrictions in some areas (e.g. NVZs)
• Public perceptions of contamination
• Stringent regulations for land application of wastes
Manure Utilization on the Farm
Dilemma: Manure is a valuable sustainable renewable Resource but many barriers to overcome to improve utilization
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• Accounting for total nutrient content • Matching supply with demand (N v P) • Exporting what cannot be utilised • Maximising efficiency of use (timing) • Reducing losses to water
Improving Utilization on the Farm
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Gleadthorpe Boxworth Pwllpeiran
Control
TSP
FYM
DSC
TDS
Yield t/ha
Manures are equally effective sources of P over a rotation provided background soil P is adequate
6-yr trials
P Index 2/3
140 kg P2O5/ha
Demonstrating Manure Fertiliser Value
Livestock manures have generally greater P availability than other manure types (Oenema et al. 2012)
Use manures to build-up the soil fertility bank and use inorganic fertilisers where P availability more critical
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ALOWANCE – Manures Landbank
Estimates the allowable landbank for spreading of new wastes based on physical and regulatory constraints: Used to estimate landbank shortfalls in different areas and the length of time it will be available. Available landbank in E&W is 5.1M ha or 55% of total productive land
Nicholson et al. 2012
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Liu, J. et al., 2012
Incorporation of pig slurry reduces the risk of P leaching (64%) from structured soils but not completely!
+ + Incorporation
Surface
Manure Incorporation Effects
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Spreading The Risk
0
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1.5
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Events
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kg h
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Events
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Control Slurry Plough Tine Slurry split
• Incorporation of manures very effective
• Multiple manure applications
spread the risk but still greater than the control
1999/00
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Manure Management
Brimstone 2003-2006 Drained clay soils Cattle slurry 20 kg P/ha Soil Olsen P – 6 mg/L Mean of 3 years Export greater from grass than arable land
Sagoo et al. - accepted
Largest losses when applied to wet soils in winter and spring
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Timing NO3-N NH4-N P Compaction (X compliance)
Autumn
Winter
Spring
Summer
Low risk; Medium risk; High risk
Managing the Risk
Brimstone Farm
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Issues with Cropping Systems
• Intensification of cropping systems has led to loss of OM, soil degradation and erosion
• Widespread implementation of measures to control erosion but variability in effectiveness and side effects
• Precision farming capability expanding rapidly
• Different crop species have potential to conserve and recover soil P – designer cropping
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Cropping Systems and Soil Erosion
• Agriculture is a major driver of soil degradation
• Key farming methods that have increased erosion include:
Over-exploitation of soils
Cultivation of marginal land
High sheep stocking densities on upland soils
Over-cultivation of lowland soils
Removal of hedgerows
Soil compaction
Introduction of tramlines
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• Identify vulnerable areas • Provide crop cover • Improve OM/soil structure • Alleviate soil compaction • Contour cultivation • Manage tramlines • In-field buffer strips • Restrict livestock access • Reversion to grass
Reducing Erosion Risk
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Tillage no
plots
PP DRP NO3-N OrgN* N/P
Conventional ploughing
12 0.81 0.11 23.4 3.4 29
Structure limed 4 0.46** 0.13 26.9 2.6 50
Shallow tillage 8 0.93 0.12 22.4 3.0 24
Not ploughed, fallow 4 0.63 0.14 3.3** 2.9 8
** Significant lower than conventional ploughed
Nutrient leaching (kg ha-1 year-1)
(Svanbäck et al., submitted)
Tillage and Liming Effects
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The Problem with Reduced Till
Lake Erie - 1500 fields in reduced-till analysed to 20cm (Johnson, 2013)
Soil depth (cm)
Soil test P (mg/kg)
0 – 2.5 60
2.5 - 5 49
5 - 12.5 34
12.5 - 20 26
Brazil savanna – 14 years no till compared to conventional (Nunes et al. 2011)
• Build-up of STP at the soil surface
• Link between STP and dissolved P (DRP) in runoff
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Take up variable amounts of P but no benefit to succeeding crop
Photo: Erik Ekre
Potential Benefits of Catch Crops
• Nutrient capture over winter (less N leaching)
• Soil protection • Soil fertility • Improve soil structure • Weed suppression
Cover crop
FallowVetch
White lupineRadish
Ryegrass
Black oatClover
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
100002009/10 2010/11 2010/11
Pavinato et al. – in prep
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Phosphorus for Two?
Hinsinger et al. 2011
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<80%
P in soil
<6
>10
>105% >25 kg/ha
0 kg/ha
Need of fertilizer
Precision Farming
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1. Basic information about the farm
Soil mapping nutrient content of own manure
Main house Kłębek’s farm Photo: E. Ryjak.
From Knowledge to Action
Self-evaluation of farms for improved nutrient management
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1. Basic information about the farm
soil mapping nutrient content of own manure
2. Risk evaluation - walking around the farm
Main house Kłębek’s farm Photo: E. Ryjak.
From Knowledge to Action
Self-evaluation of farms for improved nutrient management
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1. Basic information about the farm
soil mapping nutrient content of own manure
2. Risk evaluation - walking around the farm
3. Knowledge about possible mitigation options
Main house Kłębek’s farm Photo: E. Ryjak.
From Knowledge to Action
Self-evaluation of farms for improved nutrient management
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1. Basic information about the farm
soil mapping nutrient content of own manure
2. Risk evaluation - walking around the farm
3. Knowledge about the possible mitigations
4. Possible actions
Main house Kłębek’s farm Photo: E. Ryjak.
From Knowledge to Action
Self-evaluation of farms for improved nutrient management
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• Fundamental need to close the P cycle using 4R strategy
• Meat demand will drive larger manure volumes
• Manure has multiple benefits (not just P) but some conflicts in P-rich areas
• Designer cropping has potential to conserve and recover soil P
• Integration of manure/cropping needed but how and at what scale?
Conclusions
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• Nutrient accounting on farm essential - export
• Improve precision and efficiency on the farm
• Reduce losses by managing the risk
• Must consider pollution trade-offs - models
• Knowledge transfer/advisory tools still key
Conclusions