Presenter: Cash ESL 156 Instructor: Lyra Riabov October 22 nd 2008.
The Imperial Russia Lecture 2 Lyra Riabov Associate Professor Southern New Hampshire University.
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Transcript of The Imperial Russia Lecture 2 Lyra Riabov Associate Professor Southern New Hampshire University.
The Imperial Russia
Lecture 2
Lyra Riabov
Associate Professor
Southern New Hampshire University
Russian Empire1613-1917
Romanov Dynasty
Westernizing Russia
The Golden Age of Russian Culture
Northern Russian Architecture, XVIIth Century, Kizhi
Russian Architecture, XVIth - XVIIIth Centuries
The Romanov Dynasty
MIKHAILFEODOROVICH 1613-1645
ALEXEI MIKHAILOVICH 1645-1676
FEODOR ALEXEEVICH 1676-1682
IVAN V (IVAN ALEXEEVICH) 1682-1696
SOFIAALEXEEVNA 1682-1689
PETER THE GREATEMPEROR OF ALL RUSSIA 1721-1725
CATHERINE I 1725-1727
PETER II1727-1730
ANNA IVANOVNA 1730-1740
IVAN VI1740-1741
ELIZAVETA PETROVNA 1741-1761
PETER III1761-1762
CATHERINE THE GREAT 1762-1796
PAUL I1796-1801
ALEXANDER I 1801-1825
NICHOLAS I 1825-1855
ALEXANDER II 1855-1881
ALEXANDER III
1881-1894 NICHOLAS II
1894-1917
Peter The Great1689 - 1725
• Transformed Russian Society to its foundation
• Military reform: Russia was at war in every year of Peter’s reign but one
• Peter ordered thousands of Church bells to be melt down and made into cannons and cannonballs
• His army numbered more than 200,000 regular troops, the largest in Europe
• He built ships and had 28,000 sailors
• Built St. Petersburg, a new capital of Russia
• Placed Church under control of Holy Synod, a secular office
• Peter defeated the Swedes in the battle of Poltava in 1709, obtained territory on the Baltic coast, and marked the emergence of Russia as a military power in Europe
• Developed economy and created a better, more enlightened administration
• Introduced sweeping government reforms, using western European models: a Senate was created with “Twelve colleges”/ministries
• Foreign trade increased by 400%• Introduced new taxes• Decreed to shave beards,
westernized clothes, encouraged learning foreign languages
Peter I in 1716
Summer Palace of Peter the Great
In 1703 Peter said,“ Here shall be a town.”
Peter I Bust in CopenhagenGrand Palace and Fountains in
Petrodvorets
St. Petersburg –A Window on the West
Peter the Great The AdmiraltySt. Peter & Paul Fortress
Vasilievsky Island – The place of original Peter the Great’s Port More Views
Kunstcamera, Peter’s First Museum
Reigned: 1762-1796Born in GermanyMarried Peter III in 1745 Great intelligence, strong willPassionate and clever womanTurned her romances to the advantage of the state
Catherine the Great
The Bronze Horseman
On the Shore by the desolate waves
He stood, with lofty thoughts,
And gaze into the distance…
Alexander Pushkin (1833)
Catherine II to Peter I
They both admired Western Culture
Peter had practical nature: imported western technology
Shipbuilding fascinated Peter
Catherine was interested in culture and ideas. She built palaces and purchased grand collections of art
Catherine corresponded with French philosophers Voltaire and Rousseau. She also was the author of essays, plays, poems and music.
Peter was traveling in Europe as a workman learning shipbuilding, navigation, geometry,dentistry, and carpentry.
Palaces of St. Petersburg, XVIIIth - XIXth Centuries
St. Petersburg & Peterhof, XVIIIth - XIXth Centuries
Publication of books increased from 600
during Peter the Great’s reign to 7,500
Built Smolny Institute for noblewomen
Founded Odessa, a southern port and
stronghold on the Black sea
Established Russian Academy of Science
Ended the initial concord between the
empress and the writers
Signed the execution sentence of
Alexander Radishchev for his pamphlet
Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, in
which he described the evils of serfdom.
Ended Pugachev rebellion in blood
Peter the Great had ended the threat to
Russia from Sweden,and Catherine did the
same from the Ottoman Empire and Poland
Expanded Russian territories: annexed
most of Poland, the Crimea,and the
Northern Caucasus
Confirmed and strengthened gentry’s
ownership of land and serfs. Peasants were
serfs since XVIth century.
Seized Church lands for state needs
Emancipated Nobility from compulsory
state service, and granted freedom from
taxation
Catherine the Great
“My aim is to do good…to bring happiness freedom and
well being to my subjects”
1812 Russia’s War against Napoleon
Alexander I
1801-1825
Interested in the ideas of constitutional government and corresponded with Thomas Jefferson
Won the war over Napoleon
This was an epic and popular victory for Russia, later celebrated in word (Tolstoy’s War and Peace) and music (Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture)
Kutuzov, Commander-in -Chief of Russian Army
Kutuzov is at Fili meetingbefore the Battle at
Borodino
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia with 600,000 troops in 1812.
Only one-tenth of this number left Russia alive.
The end of Napoleonic Empire was in sight.
Emancipation of Serfs in1861
It is better to abolish serfdom
from above rather than await the time when it
will begin to abolish itself from below
Alexander II 1855-1881
50 million serfs received freedomIlya Repin. Barge Haulers on the Volga.
1870-1873. Oil on canvas. The Russian Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia
“Nowhere has the artists been more burdened with the task of moral leadership and national prophesy, nor more feared and persecuted by the state. Alienated from official Russia by their politics, and from peasants by their education, Russia’s artists took it upon themselves to create a national community of values and ideas through literature and art…if we look carefully, they may become a window on to a nation’s life.”
Orlando Figes, Historian
In Search for Truth
It was a quest to grasp the idea of Russia, its nationality, its character, its history, its customs and conventions, its spiritual essence and its destiny.
Pushkin Lermontov Gogol Turgenev Leo Tolstoy
Glinka Tchaikovsky Dostoevsky Borodin Musorgsky
Repin Karl Brullov Isaac Levitan Mendeleev Hertzen
The Golden Age of Russian Culture
Orest Kiprensky (1782-1836)
Alexander Pushkin Evgraf Davydov
Nikolai Ge (1831-1894)What is Truth? Peter is Interrogating his Son Alexis
Karl Brullov (1799-1852)
Self-portrait & The Last Day Of Pompeii (Detail)
Ivan Kramskoy (1837-1887)
Leo Tolstoy Christ in the Wilderness
Serov, Levitan, Miasoedov XIXth – XXth Centuries
The End of Romanov Dynasty
1613 - 1917
Olga Tatiana
Nicolas
Marie Anastasia Alexei
Alexandra