CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND

The name Baguio conjures, for both the international and domestic

traveler, a highland retreat in the Grand Cordillera in Northern Luzon, with

pine trees, crisp cold breezes and low verdant knolls and hillocks. Through

the numerous decades Baguio has morphed from what was once a grassy

marshland into one of the cleanest and greenest, most highly urbanized

cities in the country. It has made its mark as a premiere tourist destination

in the Northern part of the Philippines with its cool climate, foggy hills,

panoramic views and lovely flowers. Being the ideal convergence zone of

neighboring highland places, Baguio is the melting pot of different peoples

and cultures and has boosted its ability to provide a center for education

for its neighbors. Its rich culture and countless resources have lured

numerous investments and business opportunities to the city.

Introduction

The City of Baguio (Ilokano: Ciudad ti Baguio; Filipino: Lungsod

ng Baguio) is a highly urbanized city in northern Luzon in thePhilippines.

2

Baguio City was established by Americans in 1900 at the site of

an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway. Baguio City was designated by

the Philippine Commission as the Summer Capital of the Philippines on

June 1, 1903 and incorporated as a city by the Philippine Assembly on

September 1, 1909. Baguio is the seat of government of the Cordillera

Administrative Region. The name of the city is derived from the

word bagiw in Ibaloi, the indigenous language of the Benguet Region,

meaning 'moss'. The city is at an altitude of approximately 1500 meters

(5100 ft) in the Luzon tropical pine forests ecoregion conducive to the

growth of mossy plants and orchids. Baguio City has become the center of

business and commerce as well as the center of education in the entire

Northern Luzon.

According to the 2007 census, Baguio City has a population of

301,926. The City of Baguio celebrated its Centennial on September 1,

2009. The celebrations marked the first 100 years of the Baguio City

Charter, which was authored by former Philippines Supreme Court

Justice George A. Malcolm. Baguio City is also the Ghost Capital of the

Philippines.

3

Background of the Study

The region around Baguio was first settled primarily by the

the Ibalois and later the kankanaey's. In the nearby town of La Trinidad,

Benguet, Spaniards established a commandante or military garrison,

although Kafagway, as Baguio was once known, was barely touched. In

1901 Japanese and Filipino workers hired by the Americans built Kennon

Road, the first road directly connecting Kafagway with the lowlands of

Pangasinan. Before this, the only road to Kafagway was Naguilian Road.

On September 1, 1909 Baguio was declared a chartered city. The famous

American architect Daniel Burnham, one of the earliest successful modern

city planners, laid a meticulous plan for the city in 1904. His plan was,

nevertheless, realized only to a small extent, primarily due to growth of the

city well beyond its initial planned population of 25,000 people. The

Americans earlier declared Baguio as the Summer Capital of the

Philippines on July 1, 1903 and The American Residence as the residence

of the American governor-general to escape Manila's summer heat. They

further developed Baguio, building parks and public structures such as

Wright Park in honor of Governor General Luke E. Wright,Burnham

Park in honor of Baguio city planner Daniel Burnham, Governor Pack

Road, and Session Road.

4

On April 26, 1945, Filipino troops of the 2nd, 11th, 12th, 13th, 15th

and 16th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army, 1st

Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary and the USAFIP-NL 66th

Infantry Regiment and the American troops of the 33rd and 37th Infantry

Division of the United States Army was entered Baguio City and fought

against the Japanese Imperial Army forces led by General Tomoyuki

Yamashita which started the Battle for the Liberation of Baguio City during

World War II.

Baguio is the site of the formal surrender of General Tomoyuki

Yamashita and Vice Admiral Okochi. It is where they gave up the entire

Imperial Japanese Armed Forces to American authorities at the High

Commissioner's Residence (now the United States Ambassador's

Residence) in Camp John Hay on September 3, 1945, marking the end

of World War II.

A very strong (Ms = 7.8) earthquake destroyed most of Baguio on

July 16, 1990. A significant number of buildings and infrastructure were

damaged, major highways were temporarily severed, and a number of

houses were leveled or severely shaken with a significant loss of life.

Some of the fallen buildings were built on or near fault lines. Baguio City

5

was rebuilt, however, with the aid from the national government and

various international donors like Japan, Singapore and other countries.

Around May 2003, a petition initiated by Dion Fernandez to declare

Baguio a heritage zone was circulated on the Internet and national print

media, gaining more than 10,000 signatures. The petition calls upon

unspecified officials to create the Zone prior to the Baguio centennial in

2009. In May 2005, the Heritage Conservation Society(HCS) submitted to

the Baguio City Council a proposed Special Heritage Bill drafted by HCS

Trustee Ivan Henares. It has been approved on second reading but is

being opposed by a group of businessmen.

The arrival of the Americans in the early 1900s spurred

development in the City. The American Governor Luke E. Wright

commissioned Architect Daniel H. Burnham, a prominent Urban Planner to

develop a plan for a health resort where the American soldiers and civilian

employees could find respite from the sweltering lowland heat. This plan,

better known as the Burnham Plan greatly altered the original mountain

settlement and provided the first physical framework plan for the City. It

paved the way for rapid physical development, the undertones of which

are still visible up this date.

6

The physical framework as embodied in the Burnham Plan

integrates a road and park system into one. It envisioned evolving in a

compact garden city for 25,000 to 30,000 people. Supporting this

development plan was the enactment of a charter approved on September

1, 1909 that provided administrative as well as managerial autonomy for

the city. Soon after the city‘s charter was enacted, scenic Kennon Road

was opened to vehicular traffic. This triggered the mining boom in

surrounding areas in the early to mid 1930‘s. Baguio City was the service

and operations center for the mining industry, and hence a direct

beneficiary of the economic growth. The events of the Second World War

stalled all development, leaving the city in total devastation. Fast placed

development however ensued following the war years. Such development

trends transformed the city into what it is today, a premier urban center

north of Manila, performing a municipality of roles, as an educational,

trade, tourism and administrative center.

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Statement of the Problem

Major Problem/ General Problem

To determine the impacts of ecotourism in the city of Baguio as

perceived by the tourist in the year 2011.

Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions.

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents of the study in

terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Simple Status: Single/Married

1.4 Religion

1.5 Income

1.6 No. of days visits

1.7 Tourist destination visited in Baguio

1.8 Accommodation

1.9 Mode of transportation

1.10 Education Attainment

1.11 No. of times visited

1.12 No. of Companions

8

2. What are the factors affecting the ecotourism in the city of Baguio in

terms of:

2.1 Pricing

2.2 Site Seeing

2.3 Culture

2.4 People

2.5 Transportation

2.6 Accommodation

2.7 Food

2.8 Satisfaction

3. What is the significant relationship between the demographic profile

and the factors of affecting the ecotourism in Baguio City?

4. What are the problems of ecotourism in Baguio?

5. What are the propose solution to improve the ecotourism in Baguio

City?

9

Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the demographic profile of the respondents of the study in

terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Simple Status: Single/Married

1.4 Religion

1.5 Income

1.6 No. of days visits

1.7 Tourist destination visited in Baguio

1.8 Accommodation

1.9 Mode of transportation

1.10 Education Attainment

1.11 No. of times visited

1.12 No. of Companions

2. To ascertain the factors affecting the ecotourism in the city of Baguio in

terms of:

2.1 Pricing

2.2 Site Seeing

10

2.3 Culture

2.4 People

2.5 Transportation

2.6 Accommodation

2.7 Food

2.8 Satisfaction

3. To evaluate the significant relationship between the demographic profile

and the factors of affecting the ecotourism in Baguio City.

4. To determine the problems of ecotourism in Baguio.

5. To evaluate the propose solution to improve the ecotourism in Baguio

City.

Ho:

There is no significant relationship between the demographic

profile in terms of Pricing, Site Seeing, Culture, People, Transportation, to

the ecotourism in the city of Baguio.

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Conceptual Framework of the Study

What is the demographic

profile of the

respondents of the study

in terms of:

Age

Gender

Simple Status: Single/Married

Religion

Income

No. of days visits

Tourist destination in Baguio

Accommodation

Mode of transportation

Education Attainment

No. of times visited

No. of companions

What are the factors

affecting the ecotourism

in the city of Baguio in

terms of:

Pricing

Sight seeing

Culture

People

Transportation

Accommodation

Food

Satisfaction

Improvement of the

ecotourism in Baguio

City, satisfaction

guaranteed by the

tourist, to become a

top tourist destination.

12

Significance of the Study

Arellano University - This study will provide the school an

information about Baguio City. They can plan an excursion

there for the students.

Professors - This information can help them to encourage many

students to go there and explore that place. They can also teach the

students what are the knowledgeable facts about that certain place.

Tourism Students - This research will let them know about this

place. They can add this research as a knowledge for them when they are

going to make a tour in this place.

Environment – This investigation will let the tourist and local

community how they are going to maintain the surroundings clean and

without damaging the location.

Tourist – This study will attract more tourist because they can find

beautiful sceneries in here. They can also have good benefits when they

are going to visit there.

Local Environments – This will help the Baguio residents a lot

about how are they going to maintain the attractiveness of this place.

13

They will also know what are the things that they can do for this place.

Community – It will encourage them not to abuse the nature but to

maintain it so that the environment can exist long.

Department – They can know what are the ways how they are

going to develop this place.

Country – It will help our country to be proud of having this kind of

place that other country does not have.

Future Researcher – It will serve as a guide for the future

researcher.

Scope and Limitations

When

What

Who

Where

Why

14

Operational Definition of Terms

Kafagway- Ibaloi village

Ibaloi- are one of the indigenous peoples collectively known as Igorot, who

live in the mountains of the Cordillera Central on the island of Luzon.

Kankanaey- is a language used on the island of Luzon in The Philippines.

It is widely used by Cordillerans, specifically people from the Mountain

Province and people from the Northern part of the Benguet Province.

USAFIP- United States Army Forces in the Philippines

15

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter is the second component of research thesis. This

includes the review of related studies which is divided into two parts, the

foreign studies and local studies. Next is the review of the related literature

which includes local and foreign literature.

FOREIGN STUDIES

Marine Ecotourism & Community Participation: Case Studies from

Bohol, Philippines

According to Stuart J. Green, This paper examines the potential of coastal

ecotourism and its role in community-based Coastal Resource

Management Programs in Bohol, Philippines. It focuses on case studies of

tourism products operating in three different coastal ecosystems: a coral

reef sanctuary, deep-sea waters and a river estuary. The case studies

highlight a variety of issues and some successes encountered with

community-based tourism initiatives in Bohol‘s coastal communities. The

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first case study looks at diving, Bohol‘s main tourism product. It examines

conflicts between village residents and dive operators over a community-

managed coral reef marine sanctuary on Cabilao Island, Loon. The

second case study is on dolphin and whale watching, an emerging tourism

product. It looks at Pamilacan Island, Baclayon where a traditional whaling

community now run and manages community-based marine mammal

tours. This case study examines the changes in the last five years since a

nationwide ban on whale hunting. It looks at the impact of a WWF funded

project designed to assist the residents of Pamilacan and create a local

whale and dolphin watching industry. The third case study focuses on a

community-run river cruise in the village of Cambuhat, Buenavista. This

case study focuses on the changes in the community since the tour was

introduced. The economic and resource management benefits that have

accrued to the community are then discussed. Broad lessons learned from

the three case studies are described and recommendations are made on

how to strengthen ecotourism development as a strategy for community-

based coastal resource management.

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Ecotourism and the Empowerment of Local Communities

According to Regina Scheyvens, This research note considers ways in

which we may better understand how ecotourism ventures impact on the

lives of people living in, and around, the environments which ecotourists

frequent. From a development perspective, ecotourism ventures should

only be considered successful if local communities have some measure of

control over them and if they share equitably in the benefits emerging from

ecotourism activities. An empowerment framework is proposed as a

suitable mechanism for aiding analysis of the social, economic,

psychological and political impacts of ecotourism on local communities.

Meeting the Global Challenge of Community Participation in

Ecotourism: Case Studies and Lessons from Ecuador

According to Megan Epler Woo, Ecuador represents one of the most

exciting countries in the world for investigating appropriate community

participation in ecotourism development. A wide range of community

groups including indigenous people, Afro-Ecuadoreans, and mestizos are

all involved in developing ecotourism projects in a diverse variety of

ecosystems from the Amazonia to the high sierra to the coast of Ecuador.

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One inventory found 30 indigenous controlled ecotourism projects in the

Amazonian region of Ecuador alone (Wesche, 1997). The sophistication of

community ecotourism projects ranges from village-based initiatives to

small-scale joint ventures with the private sector to a multi-million dollar

private sector development where transfer to local, indigenous ownership

is being planned in 15 years. This paper investigates the role of

community participation in the development of ecotourism in Ecuador from

social, political, and conservation perspectives. Ecuador is a living

laboratory of ecotourism and community development issues that provides

an excellent base to study and learn about how communities in tropical

zones will adapt ecotourism to their needs. It is an important testing

ground for incorporating community business and human development

needs into national tourism laws and regulations. The future of community

participation in ecotourism development in Ecuador will also provide

important lessons about how directly ecotourism can be linked to the

conservation of biodiversity. The issues identified in this paper and the

recommendations provided, offer direct guidance on the development of

ecotourism with the full participation of local communities. The lessons

learned from the past will help create more sustainable projects in the

future.

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International Ecotourism Management: Using Australia and Africa as

Case Studies

According to Paul F. J. Eagles, Nature-based tourism is a rapidly

expanding portion of the world‘s travel market. Many of the destinations

are national parks, game reserves and other types of protected areas.

Nature tourism is a very important export industry throughout much of sub-

Saharan Africa. The size of the industry causes impacts that require

sophisticated management approaches. This paper discusses key

management issues apparent world-wide: management of environmental

quality, limits of acceptable change, management of tourist use, allocation

of access, market specialization, management of recreation conflict,

enforcement and monitoring, consumer assurance of quality, facility

design, park financial viability and community development. North

American, Australian and African experiences in these areas are

emphasized.

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International Ecotourism and the Valuation of Tropical Rainforests in

Costa Rica

According to Susan Menkhaus and Douglas J. Lobe, Tropical rainforests

have many values beyond the timber they hold and their potential as sites

for agriculture and cattle grazing. This study examined one of these

additional values, rainforests as places for ecotourism. The study

determined the value that tourists from the U.S. place on Costa Rican

rainforests as ecotourism destinations, using the Monteverde Cloud Forest

Reserve as a sampling site for tourism to Costa Rica‘s protected areas.

The valuation method used was the travel cost model, a non-market

valuation approach which uses travel expenses as a proxy for the value of

the park. Data were collected by a survey of 240 U.S. tourists. This study

found that the value placed by U.S. ecotourists on visiting Costa Rican

rainforests was $1150 per visit. This value can be used in policy making to

better assess all the alternative land uses available.

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The Bottom Line: Getting Biodiversity Conservation Back into

Ecotourism

According to Katrina Brandon and Richard Margolui This paper argues

that the distinguishing feature of ecotourism should be that it benefits

biodiversity conservation. We propose a set of five benefits to

conservation which should be evident in any tourism activity which claims

to be ecotourism. These benefits will not happen spontaneously. They will

only result from first specifying a clear framework for analyzing the

linkages between project-level activities and conservation. This paper

identifies a series of steps which need to be undertaken as part of project

design which help to identify the logical links between the project design

cycle and measuring project success. When such methodological rigor is

introduced into ecotourism initiatives, there will be a much greater chance

for success to be verifiable and measurable in relation to real-world

impacts. It can then provide better sources of learning for other projects

and places, and genuinely benefit biodiversity conservation.

22

Planning for Sustainable Ecotourism: The Case for Research

Ecotourism in Developing Country Destinations

According to Julian Clifton and Angela Benson, Research ecotourism is a

relatively new component of activities within the ecotourism industry,

providing research opportunities for visitors focusing on aspects of the

natural environment which are principally located in developing countries.

This paper is directed towards identifying the nature and causes of socio-

cultural impacts of this strand of ecotourism using a case study from

Indonesia. The positive nature of socio-cultural impacts perceived by host

communities alongside the irregular nature of economic benefits to host

communities is analogous with the altruistic surplus theory of individual

recognition of communal benefits. Certain characteristics of research

ecotourists are identified as contributing towards host reactions towards

visitors which reinforce the contention that this is a desirable form of

ecotourism in similar locations.

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A feasibility study on ecotourism potential areas using RS and GIS

According to Oladi, J., Ecotourism is considered as the most attractive

subset of tourism industry which can contribute natural resource

conservation and local development if it is properly managed. Ramzani

Gouraei, 2003, stated several advantages of establishing forest parks and

natural recreation areas such as attracting larger numbers of tourists

through providing a place for spending their leisure times as well as

creating new jobs and natural resource conservation. Although great

numbers of people annually visit Abbasabad area, in Veresk,

Mazandaran, to enjoy its brilliant landscape and its moderate ecologic

condition; still there isn't an applicable ecotourism plan for many natural

attractive zones in this area. As a result, some specific most known areas

would be threatened by being overused by visitors while other unknown or

less familiar ones remain unvisited. Therefore, proper comprehensive

ecotourism plans are required to prevent overusing most widely known

forests as well as new integrated plans for introducing the unknown

potential areas to people. In this research, a feasibility study was

conducted to identify potential ecotourism zones within the study area,

and then applicable strategies were suggested for optimal exploitation of

the area. Both Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote

24

Sensing (RS) techniques had accelerated our research process,

enhanced the accuracy and reduced the expenses of this study. In

continue, the map of slope, height and orientation had been produced

using a topographic map in an ARCVIEW environment. These three

maps were overlaid to provide the Land shape map of the study area.

The primary evaluations of available ecotourism potentials in the study

area were carried out using Makhdom model (2001). To make an

accurate decision about the most appropriate ecotourism land use, two

maps of soil and vegetation cover were overlaid to produce a

bioenvironmental unit map. The ecotourism potential map was obtained

via measuring the available bio-environmental units on this map based on

our predetermined factors in this study. We used RS to perform the

following steps: a) image correction, b) image classification, c) optical

studies on the area, d) establishing a meaningful relationship among

various ecotourism activities throughout the study area. Although the

results of studies on maps and images showed no potential areas for

class I ecotourism, the largest part of the area was identified suitable for

class I alternative ecotourism. Moreover, two villages of Abbasabad and

Bezmilesh made the study area appropriate for establishing an ecotourism

village. According to the results of this study, Abbassabad Veresk forest

area was proved to be appropriate to construct a natural forest park.

25

Study on Ecotourism Resources of Labagoumen Nature Reserve in

Beijing

According to SHI Jinlian and LI Chaoyang, with increasing quantity of

nature reserves in our country, the forest ecotourism also begins booming

continuously in recent years as green low-carbon tourism. In order to keep

the hot ecotourism of nature reserve developing healthily and initiate the

protective development, this paper introduces a reasonable and practical

method of handling the confliction between conservation and utilization,

that is, key districts of Labagoumen Nature Reserve in Beijing are

selected and identified through GIS technology, and then divided into four

areas on the base of eco-adaptability evaluation, including the strictly

protected area, ecological cultivation area, tourist area and ecotourism

service area, of which will be utilized for recreation according to their

different sensitivity. This research method has certain referential

significance on guiding the reasonable development and utilization of

other tourist attraction.

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The Eco-tourism of Cultural Heritage Management (ECT-CHM):

Linking Heritage and ‘Environment’ in the Okavango Delta Regions

of Botswana

According to S. O. Keitumets, The principles of eco-tourism allude to the

importance of socio-cultural and psycho-social aspects in natural

resources management. However, approaches to natural resources

management are more often addressed in isolation from cultural and

heritage resources. For Botswana, this loophole is illustrated within

community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) programme

that focuses exclusively on natural and neglects cultural resources.

Botswana Tourism Policy is another example.I argue that these

management approaches negatively impact on sustainable conservation

and development of both natural and cultural resources. A case study of a

community-based organization (CBO) called Sankuyo Tshwaragano

Management Trust (STMT) is used to illustrate that the current CBNRM

programme originates from a management failure to perceive cultural and

heritage resources as components of the broader ‗environment‘ and

hence neglects the significance of alternative resources in nature tourism.

An operational point of departure for an Ecotourism of Cultural Heritage

Management ECT-CHM model is identified using a Community Based

27

Cultural Heritage Resources Mangement (COBACREM) approach and an

operational definition of eco-tourism that acknowledges alternative

resources suggested.

Ecotourism and its Effects on Native Population

According to Kevin Belanger, Tourism, especially international tourism, is

one of the world‘s fastest growing industries. The world has seen an

―increase in international tourist arrivals from 25 million in 1950 to 664

million in 1999‖ (Griffin, 2002, 25). People have always had a great desire

to travel the world, to experience other environments, and to simulate

foreign ways of life. In its most basic sense, tourism can be defined as

―travel outside one‘s normal home…, the activities undertaken during the

stay, and the facilities created to cater for tourist needs‖ (Dowling, 2003,

1). However, this description is not as basic as one might think; rarely are

the facilities created to cater for tourist needs discussed in tourism.

Tourism is not only the act of a foreigner visiting a foreign land, but also

the participation of and effects on the local populations of touristic areas.

These facilities and programs become part of the local culture, and it is up

to the planning of tourism to make sure that they stay within the original

framework of the culture. With the definition of traditional tourism in mind,

28

ecotourism can be discussed as a different entity based on the

involvement of local populations in all aspects of tourism. Indigenous

populations are the most knowledgeable about the area, and they

―possess the practical and ancestral knowledge of the natural features of

the area‖ (Wearing, 2001, 402). Maintaining this historical bond between

the culture and its environment is important to the survival of an

ecotourism program. This is especially important now, in a time when

ecotourism is part of the development strategy of nearly every developing

country. Not only is ecotourism an essential part of the development

approach for Costa Rica, Tanzania, and Kenya, but it is also the greatest

earner of foreign currency in these countries (Moreno, 2005, 217). And

while it is important to ensure that cultures are allowed to maintain their

sense of identity, it would also be contradictory to expect them to remain

static. It is important ―that tourism of a culture not inhibitthe culture from

growing and changing‖ with the natural flow of expansion (Wearing, 2001,

399). This paper seeks to discover the history, the present, and the future

of ecotourism. This will be done through the analysis of case studies of

ecotourism throughout the world, as well as management practices from

all levels of ecotourism governance. Analysis of the benefits and

consequences of each specific example of ecotourism programs can lead

to the ultimate goal of a defined set of ecotourism guidelines. These

29

would have various changes from region to region, culture to culture,

depending on the resources available, but the general framework would

remain similar.

Ecotourism: A Perspective from Thai Youths

According to Ardash Batr and Aswin Sangpiku, This research note is

based on a survey of ecotourism experiences of Thai youths. Its

objectives are to assess their knowledge and attitude towards ecotourism

as well as to survey their travel experiences relating to ecotourism. The

findings revealed that most of the Thai youths had a moderate level of

ecotourism knowledge. Their attitudes appeared to be positive to the

concept of ecotourism. The study also found that majority of them had

ecotourism experiences. Related parties should create more awareness

by providing information regarding ecotourism concepts to encourage Thai

youths to realize the importance of ecotourism in helping conserve natural

tourism resources and the local economy of the country.

30

Measuring the Impacts of Ecotourism on Animal Populations: A Case

Study of Tikal National Park, Guatemala

According to Lori A. Hidinge, Nature tourism has great potential for

negatively impacting animals as tourists seek out rare and spectacular

species. Ecotourism-induced stresses on animals may result in changes in

population densities, species composition, and community structure. Tikal

National Park is visited extensively by tourists, most of whom are

concentrated around the Mayan ruins. Potential impacts of tourism in Tikal

were evaluated by comparing the population densities of select species of

mammals and birds in two regions of the park, with and without tourist

traffic. Densities were estimated using visual line transects and distance

sampling methods. Trends show the impact of ecotourism is species

specific, with some species increasing in density, some decreasing, and

others unaffected. An evaluation of the limitations and assumptions of the

methods used provides a framework for consideration of the results. Given

the potential negative impact of tourists on animals, national parks should

develop management strategies to minimize these impacts, such as

concentrating tourists in already disturbed areas.

31

Ecotourism as a development strategy: experiences from Costa Rica

According to Jacobus Franciscus Koens, Carel Dieperink and Miriam

Miranda, This article reflects on the Costa Rican experiences with

ecotourism by assessing the positive and negative environmental,

economic and social impacts of ecotourism development at four tourist

destinations—Manuel Antonio, Monteverde, Tortuguero and

ASCOMAFOR. These destinations represent different stages of tourism

development. The assessment shows that the development of ecotourism

has a dilemma character. Compared to alternative land-use options,

ecotourism remains a promising development strategy. However, it should

be embedded in a broader process of capacity building.

VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOTOURISM: A CASE STUDY ON

BAN THUNG SOONG COMMUNITY FOREST IN KRAB

According to Dr. Suree Bhumibhamon, Thailand is located in the proper

site of South East Asia where the people have less natural disasters for

centuries. In addition, the country is rich in the natural tourism resources

(more than 320 units of natural parks, wildlife sanctuary, non hunting

areas, nature parks; 14 botanical garden and few hundred sites of tropical

32

gardens) and cultural heritages ( more than 1000 historical and cultural

sites) which differed remarkably from region to region. It is possible to

point out that natural attraction, historical attraction; ethnic attraction,

cultural attraction, and vacationing attraction are the major tourist

attraction categories in Thailand. This gives Thailand the position of the

most attractive country for tourism destination. However, the competition

among countries in the region is generally relatively high and this requires

more integration among institutions responsible for tourism management

and the stability of political systems. That brings uncertainly condition to

the country.]

Factors Influencing Ecotourism Benefits To Small, Forest-reliant

Communities: A Case Study of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National

Park, East Java

According to Ms. Janet Cochrane, MSc, Ecotourism is being developed as

an integral part of Indonesia‘s overall tourism strategy, which attempts to

maximize the economic benefits of foreign visitation and to provide

recreational facilities for an increasingly urbanized domestic population.

Foreign intours to Indonesia increased by more than 400% in the last

decade (1985 1994), surpassing the 5 million mark in 1996. Tourism is the

33

country‘s third largest foreign exchange earner, generating $5,172 million

in 1995, and is expected to become the largest within ten years (Jakarta

Post 1996). Even though only a small proportion of tourists visit the

country‘s national parks and other protected areas, the earning potential of

these areas has been recognized. National park managers hope that

community based ecotourism will improve local people‘s standard of living

leading to increased appreciation of the parks (Sumardja 1995, Ediwijoto

1996).

Ecotourism for the purposes of this paper is taken to mean travel to and

within natural areas, enjoying the natural and cultural elements contained

within them. Discussions of ecotourism also frequently include the

provisos that it should contribute to the conservation of the focal area and

to the social, cultural and economic development of the host community,

and these points will be considered throughout the discussion of the case

study. Two principal models of Indonesian Ecotourism – ―spontaneous‖

and ―planned‖ – are described below.

34

The African Safari Lodge Programme: Maximizing the Rural

Development Potential of Ecotourism

According to Louise M. Dixey, African Safari Lodges are founded on the

diversity and abundance of fauna and flora in protected areas and

communal lands in Southern Africa. Since the 1960s this unique form of

nature-based tourism has grown rapidly. The industry offers the brand

promise of a safari – a Swahili word meaning to ‗journey‘ – through wildlife

areas and wilderness landscapes. Lodges are exclusive with between 8

and 48 beds, attentive staff, expert field guides, exceptional cuisine and

superior guest comfort. A recent addition in many lodges is the opportunity

to engage with the culture and lifestyle of indigenous people who live in

the vicinity.

Ecotourism for Inclusive Growth: A Case Study of Ashtamudi Lake

According to C.K. Sasidharan and P. Sivanandana, healthy Environment

is essential for the growth and survival of all living things. The growing

concern on environment calls for a new direction to address

developmental issues in a more scientific manner. Sustainable

development requires economic growth, social and cultural progress and

35

protection of environment. Conservation of environment has become a

challenge to development due to population growth and consequent

pressure on natural resources. As life-sustaining systems are threatened

by growing pressure of human activity, it is imperative to become

proactive and to contribute to reduce global warming, pollution, scarcity of

fresh water and the loss of biodiversity. The future of mankind is inevitably

linked to the sustenance of plants, animals and ecosystems.

Ecotourism, conservation biology, and volunteer tourism: A mutually

beneficial triumvirate

According to Donald J. Brightsmith, Amanda Stronza and Kurt Holle,

Funding for basic conservation research is chronically lacking. The

potential for ecotourism to fund conservation research exists, but has

been little explored. One branch of ecotourism with funding potential is

volunteer tourism, where conservation scientists and recruiting agencies

develop research projects and volunteers provide funding and labor. We

examine the costs and benefits of a three-way partnership among a

conservation research project (The Tambopata Macaw Project), an

ecotourism operator (Rainforest Expeditions), and a volunteer-recruiting

NGO (the Earthwatch Institute). From November 1999 to December 2006,

36

Macaw Project researchers invested about 1700 h in giving research

presentations and interacting with ecotourists and received from

Rainforest Expeditions $278,000 worth of salaries, transportation, food,

and lodging (total cost to Rainforest Expeditions $98,000). Since 2001,

researchers invested 2300 h in training and supervising volunteers and

related activities and received from Earthwatch 328 volunteers, 13 000 h

of volunteer labor and $115,000 in research funding. Rainforest

Expeditions received $175,000 in fees from Earthwatch for food and

lodging for volunteers. In this association, all parties benefited financially:

the research received >$400,000 in cash, goods and services, Earthwatch

retained $387,000 in volunteer fees, and Rainforest Expeditions received

nearly $300,000 in gross income. Additional benefits to Rainforest

Expeditions included services for their guests and free marketing through

research related publications and word of mouth. We discuss ways to

structure projects to maximize the benefits and the potential of this model

for funding other long-term conservation research projects.

37

Beyond ecotourism: the environmentally responsible tourist in the

general travel experience

A shift of attention from the dominant product-orientation in

environmentally sustainable tourism to a demand-orientation has been

suggested as a way of minimizing the effects of the inherent trade-offs the

tourism industry faces between maximization of profits and investment in

environmental sustainability. The success of such an approach depends

on the existence of a class of tourists who are not only motivated to take

care of the natural surroundings of the host destination, whether they are

travelling in an ecotourism or general tourism context, but also represent

an economically attractive market segment.

LOCAL STUDIES

Exploring Social Enterprises as partners for Ecotourism

Development in the Philippines

According to Richard Philip A. Gonzalo, CPA, The purpose of this paper

discusses the potential contribution and relevant issues when utilizing

38

social enterprises as an institutional strategy for ecotourism development

and promotion in the Philippines.

Ecotourism in the Philippines

According to Arturo M. Alejandrino, The Philippines offers diverse tourism

activities and destinations for tourists with various inclinations. The

competitive advantages of the country are its ambiance and natural

attractions that are excellent for rest and recreation. Its tropical climate is

perfect for outdoor recreational activities. Being an archipelago, the

coastline of the country is spiced up with thousands of natural coves and

beaches that offer tourists great satisfaction and relaxation. For

cosmopolitan pleasures, the major cities of the country offer giant malls,

cinemas, shopping arcades, restaurants, hotels, gaming establishments,

fashion boutiques and golf courses. The country‘s various government

agencies are conducting continuous product development activities to

promote tourist destinations.

39

Analysis of revenues from ecotourism in Apo Island, Negros

Oriental, Philippines

According to P. L. Cadiz and H. P. Calumpong, Apo Island Marine

Sanctuary in Central Philippines was established in 1986 as a fisheries

intervention using a community-based approach. Its continued protection

resulted not only in increased fish standing biomass and harvest but also

in the preservation of its coral reefs. However, the unregulated number of

tourists diving and snorkeling in the sanctuary has raised concerns among

members of the community and the Protected Area Management Board

(PAMB) of the damage it has caused to the corals. Hence, this study was

conducted to monitor tourism in Apo Island with the objective of aiding the

PAMB in regulating it. April was the peak month for tourism (2,301 visitors)

and September the lowest month (737 visitors). Number of visitors daily

ranged from 26 to 54. The majority of visitors were foreigners (62%).

Filipinos comprised only 38%. Total donations and user fees collected

amounted to PhP 539,489 (US$ 13,487 @ US$1: PhP 40); 5.48% were

donations, the rest were user fees prescribed by PAMB. Of the amount,

75% went back to Apo Island for maintenance of the marine sanctuary.

Income in support of tourism activities, e.g. diving, boats, accommodation,

40

and souvenir was estimated to be 7,234,366 (US$ 180,859), 20% of which

went directly to Apo residents.

EXISTING AND POTENTIAL ECOTOURISM MANGROVE

DESTINATIONS IN BOHOL

According to Calixto E. Yao, Bohol has the biggest mangrove area

(natural and plantation) in the whole Visayas with only two coastal towns,

out of 28 city and municipalities have no mangroves. The province has

also the richest biodiversity in Central Visayas and probably the whole

country (Primavera, 2000). The 1,400ha mangroves of Cogtong Bay,

Candijay has 33 mangroves species (Yao,1999). No wonder it has five

Mangrove Ecotourism Destinations run by either LGUs or Peoples

Organization assisted by DENR/ NGOs. The Province has some rich

historical background on community based management in mangroves: 1)

with Banacon Island as the first awardees of Certificate of Steward

Contract (CSC) in Mangroves in 1980s, the tenurial instrument given by

DENR to farmers in timberland areas and to fishermen dependent on

mangroves in order to protect and conserve the forest; 2) Talibon, the first

Co-Management Project in Mangroves in the country. This is an

agreement between DENR and LGU, where the latter is mandated to lead

41

in the development and protection of the natural resources within the

municipality. The agreement was facilitated by the Ecological Governance

(Eco-Gov) Project, a USAID assisted project in 2004; 3) Banacon, the first

large scale community-based mangrove afforestation sans assistance

from government or NGOs. Banacon is also one of the 11 CBFMA

(Community Based Forest Management Agreement) holders in Bohol

issued by DENR and facilitated by CRMP; and 4) Calapi, the first to

showcase the protective value of mangrove plantation in effectively

protecting the Pangangan causeway. The plantation was initiated by Mr

Ytac assisted by students/Boy and Girl Scouts (Yao, undated).

Ecotourism: a Tool for Community Development Panacea or Mere

Rhetoric? The case of Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island in the

Philippines

According to Monica M. Andrade, The concept of ecotourism has been

widely misunderstood and misused. This undermines some of its aims

when it is put in practice. In theory, one of the principles of ecotourism is

bringing benefits to the local communities at the destination site.

Benefiting the local communities, in turn, offers an opportunity for

community development of the local populations (particularly in poor

42

countries). But, in practice, as the concept of ecotourism is misused, it

has been documented that the local communities have not always been

directly involved and have not benefited from ecotourism projects;

consequently, community development has also been undermined. The

present study aims at gaining a deeper understanding of the concept of

ecotourism, as a means to community development, and finding the links

between these two concepts. In addition, two case-studies in the

Philippines – each case-study composed by a community and a

community-based ecotourism initiative- have been analyzed in order to

explore the ways in which ecotourism could support community

development at the implementation stage, so as to find the

correspondence between conceptualization and implementation. From

the conceptual analysis, it has been suggested that in theory ecotourism

has a great potential as a tool for community development. This is

supported by the fact that some principles of ecotourism could lead to the

achievement of some of the aims of community development. However,

when the concept of ecotourism is put into practice, several limitations are

encountered, which undermine the community development aims. This

study identifies such opportunities and limitations. Then, it provides

recommendations towards a better understanding of the concept of

ecotourism, and towards a better implementation to achieve its aims. The

43

model of the tourism value chain is used to illustrate the community-based

ecotourism initiatives proposed for the two communities in the Philippines,

and to identify the elements needed for a proper implementation of

ecotourism.

Appropriate Tourism Impact Assessment: A case study of Kaniki

Point Resort Palawan, Philippines

According to William J. Trousdale, There is a growing gap in the

developing world between the accumulating information generated by

tourism research and its practical application. Nowhere is the gap more

apparent than in the relationship between tourism and its impacts on

natural and human environments. This chapter presents a practical model

for impact assessment (IA) that is more appropriately adapted to the

unique contextual requirements of tourism development in developing

countries. Therefore, it offers a more pragmatic and immediate way to

close the gap between knowledge (tourism research) and action (effective

decision making and management). Appropriate Tourism Impact

Assessment (ATIA) offers a pragmatic way to aid decision-makers, project

developers, and affected communities, thereby moving the tourism

industry in the developing world towards sustainability.

44

THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FOR PALAWAN AND THE

DEVELOPMENT OF ECOTOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

The formulation and implementation of plans, programs and projects

affecting the environment and natural resources of Palawan are guided by

the provisions of RepublicAct No. 7611, otherwise known as the ―Strategic

Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan Act‖ (June 19, 1992). This Act

serves as a comprehensive framework for the sustainable development of

Palawan compatible with protecting and enhancing the natural resources

and endangered environment of the province [Sec. 4, R.A. 7611]. The first

part of this report presents background information about the island

province of Palawan with a table of Palawan‘s national parks, wildlife and

marine reserves which shows the name, location, description and laws

pertinent to its administration and/or management. The second part deals

with the SEP for Palawan Act which contains the SEP philosophy, its legal

effects, administrative machinery for its implementation, the main strategy

of SEP and thrusts for the year 2003. Included also are: 1) ecotourism

development in the Philippines, 2) criteria for declaring an area as

ecotourism destination, 3) key ecotourism sites and, 4) the processes

involved in the development of ecotourism destinations.A list of House

45

bills filed during the Twelfth (12th) Congress proposing thecreation and

establishment of protected areas and natural parks is incorporated

showing their authors and status.

Grassroots Ecotourism Entrepreneurs in the Philippines

According to Miguela M. Mena, Ph.D., Ecotourism is one strategy being

used in and around protected areas in the Philippines for supporting

conservation and providing income generating opportunities for local

peoples in rural areas. This research is an investigation about the

Philippine Department of Tourism Grassroots Entrepreneurship for

Ecotourism (GREET) program which was pursued in the hope that it may

provide valuable inputs in the development of tourism entrepreneurs.

Specifically, using secondary data analysis and personal interviews, this

research aims to examine the profile of the GREET program applicants

and the types of ecotourism businesses of the applicants. The study also

explores the profile of the first grant beneficiaries and the challenges faced

by the grant beneficiaries regarding the growth, profitability and

sustainability of their businesses. Since the implementation of the

program in 2008, it has been reported that DOT has received more than

400 proposals from entrepreneurs. Forty nine (49) percent were individual

46

applicants while the remaining fifty one (51) percent were socio-civic

organizations, associations, tourism councils, non-government

organizations, and private corporations. The ecotourism business

ventures under the GREET program were so numerous, varied and

unlimited in scope. Even if the program followed a point rating system to

assess the business proposals, the diversity and scale of the accepted

business proposals raised concerns on whether the accepted business

proposals and the grant beneficiaries truly embody the principles of

sustainability, environmental sensitivity, and respect for local peoples and

cultures. The major challenges that the new community-level ecotourism

businesses faced are the lack of capital among local entrepreneurs, the

lack of collateral to secure loans, the high risk of new ventures, and the

inadequate business management skills to produce quality business plans

that take advantage of the market opportunity.Further study and

continuous monitoring is needed in order to examine whether the grant

beneficiaries have sustainable, environmentally appropriate and socio-

culturally acceptable as they implement and operate their approved

businesses. It is worth noting the importance of the program‘s mandatory

requirement for grant recipients to be given capacity building, environment

stewardship and sustainable development seminars to ensure their ability

in business management and their knowledge in doing business in an

47

ecotourism site as this requirement addresses the identified challenges of

the grassroots entrepreneurs.

Ecotourism for Agrobiodiversity Conservation

According to Marleni Ramirez, PhD, The continuation of evolution in

agricultural crops depends on the maintenance of landraces managed in

situ by farmers. Many farmers that maintain diverse farm plots also

maintain a rich store of knowledge on uses and lore about diverse crops.

These farmers usually have few economic options and are increasingly

abandoning farming. In order to promote in situ conservation of landraces,

options that increase their value to the farmer must be found. This study

reports the results of an exploration of the implications of ecotourism and

interest in food and culture (mainly in the US) for agrobiodiversity

conservation. A desk review of ecotourism initiatives, supplemented with

site visits to Peru and Mexico, revealed that ecotourism can live up to its

promise of contributing to the conservation of nature while providing

benefits for local human communities, although the benefits vary widely in

scope and distribution within communities. Such effective ecotourism is

only possible through partnership. Various stakeholders involved in

ecotourism have recognized the viability of developing an ecotourism that

48

focuses on the conservation of agrobiodiversity. An important finding of

this study is the urgent need to educate all sectors about the importance

of agrobiodiversity conservation.

Recommendations range from public awareness campaigns to the

development of agroecotourism components for ongoing in situ projects

and the development of strategic alliances with likely partners.

Ecotourism Potential of the Bacman Geothermal Production Field in

Sorsogon City, Philippines

According to Henry P. Roy, Jr., The 25,000-hectare geothermal

reservation in Luzon, where the Energy Development Corporation (EDC)

operates the 150-MWe Bacon Manito Geothermal Production Field

(BGPF), not only hosts one of the country‘s geothermal powerhouses but

is also a budding ecotourism destination. It boasts of natural geological

wonders such as the Inang Maharang Mud Pool, Naghaso Boiling Lake,

Parong Hot Springs and Botong Twin Falls. The reservation is also a

sanctuary of the world‘s largest remaining fruit bats, the Acerodon jubatus,

found only in the Philippines — a clear proof that energy development

activities and environmental preservation are not mutually exclusive. Thus,

EDC has recognized eco-tourism as a sustainable conservation tool that

49

could promote protection efforts and, at the same time, provide alternative

livelihood opportunities to its steward communities. The Company

endeavors to develop the capabilities of these communities in handling

ecotourism projects, in keeping with its thrusts on environmental

protection and good corporate citizenship.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Buckley, Ralf C. 2009. Ecotourism: Principles and Practices

Fennell, David A. 2008. Ecotourism

Zeppel, Heather. 2006. Indigenous ecotourism: Sustainable Development

and Management

Higham, James E. S. 2007. Critical issues in ecotourism: Understanding a

Complex Tourism Phenomenon

Kunkel, Lilly Marlene. 2020 Ecotourism in Brazil – Case Study of the

―Legal Amazon―

Buckley, Ralf C. 2006. Adventure tourism

Neil, John. Wearing, Stephen. 2009. Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials and

Possibilities?

Buckley, Ralf C. 2011. Conservation Tourism

Weaver, David. 2008. Ecotourism

50

Gale, Tim. Hill, Jennifer. 2009. Ecotourism and Environmental

Sustainability: Principles and Practice

Buckley, Ralf C. 2009. Adventure Tourism Management

Weaver, David Bruce. 2006. Sustainable tourism: Theory and Practice

Patterson, Carol. 2007. The business of ecotourism: The complete guide

for nature and culture-based Tourism Operators

Black, Rosemary. Crabtree, Alice. 2007. Quality assurance and

certification in ecotourism

Curtin, Patricia Ann. Gaither, Thomas Kenneth. 2007. International Public

Relations: Negotiating Culture, Identity, and Power

Roberts, Jeanne. 2008. Green Your Home : The Complete Guide to

Making Your New or Existing Home Environmentally Healthy

Cater, Carl and Erlet. 2007. Marine Ecotourism: Between the Devil and

the Deep Blue Sea

Singh, Jagbir . 2010. Ecotourism

Dr. Honey, Martha PhD. 2008. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development,

Second Edition: Who Owns Paradise?

Buckley, Ralf C. 2008. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism

51

LOCAL LITERATURE

Diamantis, Dimitrios. 2004. Ecotourism

Alampay, Ramon Benedicto A. 2005. Sustainable Tourism

Belen, Erlinda H. Cabrera, Alexandra Z. Sisteberio, Mercedita P. 1997.

Ecotourism

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Institute of Tourism, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China, 100101

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2009, pp. 223–244

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57

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methods and procedures used by the

researchers in conducting the study. It includes the research design,

sources of data, data gathering, procedures, respondents, and sampling

design. It further discusses the instruments used that help the researchers

in analyzing the data. Statistical tools used for the treatment of the data

that will be essential in the fulfillment of the study are likewise tackled in

this chapter.

Research Design

The researches utilized a descriptive method of research wherein

the principal aim in employing this method is to describe and interpret the

data collected. It is concerned with conditions of relationships that exists;

practices the prevail; beliefs, processes that are going on; effects that are

being felt or trends that are developing

(Calderon, 2007).

58

In this study it intends to determine the impacts of ecotourism in the

city of Baguio as perceived by the tourist in the year of 2011. Since the

present study will be concerned on the current status of subject matter

(topic), the descriptive method of research is the most appropriate method

to be used.

Sources of Data

The researchers used both primary and secondary data. The

primary source is the basis needed in the main inquiry of the study. The

researchers will construct a set of questionnaires designed for this study

as validated by our adviser to the respondents and selected officers of the

Baguio were also conducted to support the needed data in the study.

The secondary sources of data come from the books, manuals or

brochures of Baguio City, journals, internet publications and magazines

that were deemed relevant to the present study.

59

Data Gathering Procedure

The questionnaire is the primary source of all data in order to solve

the main inquiry of the study. However, a series of interview to the

Department of the Tourism of the Baguio and selected officers also used

to inquire important information that needed to generate a valid and

reliable questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire inquired on the

demographic profile of the respondents. A combination of open ended &

close ended type of questions will use while a likert scale will be used on

the second part to evaluate its effectiveness.

A draft of the questionnaire was submitted to the thesis

adviser/professor for approval as well as to the Department of Tourism of

the Baguio together with prepared letter of consent to seek permission for

the final implementation of the questionnaire. The significant importance of

the questionnaire is to test the validity, accuracy and effectiveness or if

there were presence of vagueness of the questions before the final

distribution of the questionnaire to selected respondents.

After the approval of the questionnaire it was be personally

administered to the respondents for almost 2 weeks. The researchers

60

collate it and systematically review and analyzed using the appropriate

statistical tools.

Respondents of the Study

The total number of the respondents, four hundred. The

researchers will use the slovens formula in order to shorten the number of

sample size. Likewise setting of respondents criteria will also be realized

such as the following:

1. The chosen respondents of the study is located to the place of the

study.

2. The specific respondents of the study personality answer the

survey questionnaire.

3. The chosen respondents of the study is both local and foreign

tourist.

61

Sampling Design

The researchers used the stratified, random, cluster sampling to

give an equal chance to answer all respondents of the study by means of

giving questionnaire to specific respondents of the study.

A Sloven‘s formulas will be used for the sampling such as follows:

N n = 1 + Ne2

Where:

n = sample size

N = size of population

e = margin of error

Research Instruments

The research instruments used in this study is the survey

questionnaires validated by both adviser/professor and the Department of

Tourism. After validation it will be personally administered to selected

respondents of the study that will serve as pilot study. The primary

62

purpose of the pretesting is to check the clarity or vagueness of the

questions before given to selected respondents.

The questionnaire will personally administer during distribution. A

maximum of 20 minutes will be given to the selected respondents to

answer the survey questionnaire then it will also be personally collected by

the researchers.

The questions are composed of combination of both open ended

and close ended of the type of questions asking the views and

perceptions of the impacts of ecotourism in the city of Baguio as perceived

by the tourist in the year of 2011 in terms of demographic profile, and its

factors that affect their pricing, site seeing, culture, people, transportation,

accommodation, food, and satisfaction.

A likert scale will also be use to determine the degree of effectiveness.

Below is the point scale value and description of the likert scale system:

63

Point Scale Value Description Interpretation

5 4.50-5.00 Strongly Agree Very Effective

4 3.51-4.50 Agree Effective

3 2.51-3.50 Moderately Agree Moderate Effective

2 1.51-2.50 Disagree Less Effective

1 0.00-1.50 Strongly Disagree Not Effective

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following are the appropriate statistical tools needed for the

tabulation, analyzation and interpretation of data.

1. Percentage

Percentage was used to determine the demographic profile of

the respondents. It was obtained by dividing the ratio of the frequency

of responses (f) and the total number of respondents (n) as symbolized

as presented by the following formula

f % = x 100

n

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Where:

% = percentage

f= frequency

n = Total number or respondents

2. Weighted mean

This was used to interpret the degree of importance of each

item in the questionnaire. The weighted mean was used by multiplying

each value to the appropriate weight factor and the product will be

summed up and divided to the total respondents. The formula is;

Sum of (w) X = Sum of F

Where:

X = weighted arithmetic mean

F = frequency

W = unit weight

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3. Chi-Square Test

The chi-square distribution was used to test the significant

relationship between a set of expected values and a set of values

observed in a sample referred to this study as the motivational factors

and wok performance of the respondents.

∑ (fo - fe)2

X2 = Fe

Where:

X2 = chi-square

∑ = summation

fo = observed frequency

fe = expected frequency

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Chapter IV

Presentation and Analysis of Data

This chapter presents the data implemented using by the

questionnaire gathered from those respondents. It is presented by the use

of table and graphical representation of analysis by the use of frequency

and percentage.

Table 1.1

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Gender

Gender

Frequency

Percentage

Female

280

70%

Male

120

30%

Total

400

100%

Table 1.1 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Gender is majority in female with 280 respondents (70%) and 120

respondents (30%) for male.

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Table 1.2

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Nationality

Nationality Frequency Percentage

Filipino 400 100%

Table 1.2 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Nationality are all Filipino respondents (100%)

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70

Table 1.3

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Religion

Religion Frequency Percentage

Catholic 270 67.5%

Iglesia ni Cristo 50 12.5%

Baptist 50 12.5%

Born Again 20 5%

Protestant 10 2.5%

Total 400 100%

Table 1.3 revealed that that the FPDATA of the demographic profile

according to Religion is majority to Catholics who has 270 respondents

(67.5%), then Iglesia ni Cristo with 50 respondents (12.5%), same with the

Baptist with 50 respondents (12.5%), followed by the born again people

with 20 respondents and lastly the protestants with 10 respondents (2.5%)

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Table 1.4

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Age

Age Frequency Percentage

Below 20 180 45%

21-25 60 15%

26-30 50 12.5%

31-35 20 5%

36-40 40 10%

41 and above 50 12.5%

Total 400 100%

Table 1.4 revealed that that the FPDATA of the demographic profile

according to Age is majority to teenagers with 180 respondents (45%),

next is 21 to 25 yrs old with 60 respondents (15%), 26 to 30yrs old with 50

respondents (12.5%), same with and 41 yrs old and above with 50

respondents (12.5%) followed by 36 to 40 yrs old with 40 respondents

(10%) and lastly 31 to 35 yrs old with 20 respondents (5%)

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Table 1.5

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Status

Status Frequency Percentage

Single 260 65%

Married 100 25%

Separated 20 5%

Widow 20 5%

Total 400 100%

Table 1.5 revealed that that the FPDATA of the demographic profile

according to Status is majority to respondents that are single with 260

respondents (65%), followed by married with 100 respondents (25%) then

separated people with 20 respondents (5%) and lastly for widowed who

has also 20 respondents (5%)

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Table 1.6

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Occupation

Occupation Frequency Percentage

Professional/Technical 50 12.5%

Sales/Clerk 60 15%

Management/Administration 20 5%

Student 190 47.5%

Non-working 40 10%

Others 40 10%

Total 400 100

Table 1.6 revealed that that the FPDATA of the demographic profile

according to Occupation is majority to students with 190 respondents

(47.5%), followed by sales/clerk with 60 respondents (15%), then

professional/technical workers with 50 respondents (12.5%), and then

non-working and other job which is not indicated in the survey with both 40

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respondents (10%) and lastly management/administration option with 20

respondents (5%)

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Table 2.1

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Attractions

Mountain Scenery Frequency Percentage

Very important 140 35%

Important 170 42.5%

Neither important or unimportant 90 22.5%

Unimportant 0 0

Very unimportant 0 0

Total 400 100%

Table 2.1 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Attractions by the 400 respondents of Baguio by rating its mountain

scenery is majority to important by 42.5%, some also said that it is very

important by 35%, neither important or unimportant by 22.5% and 0% by

unimportant and very unimportant choices

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Table 2.2

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Attractions

Trekking/physical activity Frequency Percentage

Very important 100 25%

Important 150 37.5%

Neither important or unimportant 150 37.5%

Unimportant 0 0

Very unimportant 0 0

Total 400 100%

Table 2.2 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Attractions by the 400 respondents of Baguio by rating its

trekking/physical activity is majority to important and either important or

unimportant selection which is same by 37.5% followed by very important

selection by 25% and no one rated the unimportant and very unimportant

selection

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Table 2.3

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Attractions

Camping Frequency Percentage

Very important 50 12.5%

Important 160 40%

Neither important or unimportant 100 25%

Unimportant 30 7.5%

Very unimportant 60 15%

Total 400 100%

Table 2.2 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Attractions by the 400 respondents of Baguio by rating its camping site

is majority to important selection by 40%, neither important nor

unimportant by 25%, Very unimportant by 15%, Very important by 12.5%

and unimportant by 7.5%

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Table 2.4

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Attractions

Wildlife viewing Frequency Percentage

Very important 100 25%

Important 140 35%

Neither important or unimportant 160 40%

Unimportant 0 0

Very unimportant 0 0

Total 400 100%

Table 2.4 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Attractions by the 400 respondents of Baguio by rating its wildlife

viewing is majority to neither important or unimportant selection by 40%,

Important by 35% and 25% by Very important reasons

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Table 2.5

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Attractions

Information on the area Frequency Percentage

Very important 60 15%

Important 180 45%

Neither important or unimportant 130 32.5%

Unimportant 30 7.5%

Very unimportant 0 0

Total 400 100%

Table 2.4 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Attractions by the 400 respondents of Baguio by rating its Information

on the area is majority to important selection by 45%, neither important

nor unimportant by 32.5%, very important by 15% and 7.5% to

unimportant

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Table 2.6

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Attractions

Information on local culture Frequency Percentage

Very important 50 12.5%

Important 110 27.5%

Neither important or unimportant 210 52.5%

Unimportant 30 7.5%

Very unimportant 0 0

Total 400 100%

Table 2.4 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Attractions by the 400 respondents of Baguio by rating its Information

on local culture is majority to neither important nor unimportant selection

by 52.5%, important by 27.5%, very important by 12.5% and lastly

unimportant by 7.5%

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Table 2.7

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Attractions

Guest lodges – variety, availability & quality

Frequency Percentage

Very important 150 37.5%

Important 180 45%

Neither important or unimportant 70 17.5%

Unimportant 0 0

Very unimportant 0 0

Total 400 100%

Table 2.7 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Attractions by the 400 respondents of Baguio by rating its Guest lodges

– variety, availability & quality is majority to important selection by 45%,

very important by 37.5% and lastly neither important nor unimportant by

17.5%

91

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Figure 2.7 Graphical Presentation according to Attractions

Figure 2.7 Guest lodges –variety, availability & quality

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Table 2.8

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Attractions

Availability of locally produced vegetables

Frequency Percentage

Very important 60 15%

Important 150 37.5%

Neither important or unimportant 160 40%

Unimportant 30 7.5%

Very unimportant 0 0

Total 400 100%

Table 2.8 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Attractions by the 400 respondents of Baguio by rating its Availability of

locally produced vegetables is majority to neither important nor

unimportant selection by 40%, important by 37.5%, very important by 15%

and lastly unimportant by 7.5%

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Table 2.9

Frequency and Percentage Dissertation according to Attractions

Availability of local handicrafts

Frequency Percentage

Very important 50 12.5%

Important 170 42.5%

Neither important or unimportant 170 42.5%

Unimportant 10 2.5%

Very unimportant 0 0

Total 400 100%

Table 2.8 revealed that the FPDATA of the demographic profile according

to Attractions by the 400 respondents of Baguio by rating its availability of

local handicrafts is majority to important and neither important or

unimportant selection which is same by 42.5%, followed by very important

by 12.5% and lastly unimportant by 2.5%

95

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Figure 2.9 Graphical Presentation according to Attractions

Figure 2.9 Availability of local handicrafts