The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South...
Transcript of The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South...
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-impact-of-land-use-change-on-the-carbon-stocks-associated-with-soil-and 1/28
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Roe nh|cmr fj icgb u}e mocgke fg roeRoe nh|cmr fj icgb u}e mocgke fg roe
mcp`fg }rfma} c}}fmncreb {nro }fni cgbmcp`fg }rfma} c}}fmncreb {nro }fni cgbzekercrnfg ngzekercrnfg ng ]furo]furo AfpecAfpec
Mocg \CPA$) BfgkAug IEE$) H~ugkA~ffg IEE$$
$]efui Gcrnfgci Ugnzep}nr~) $$Aenh~ugk Ugnzep}nr~
Emfgfhnm} fj Minhcre Mocgke cgb If{ Mcp`fgKpf{ro ]rpcrekne} ng Gfproec}r C}ncPe|u`inm fj Afpec„} 0gb GCRNFGCI [FPA]OF\35 Fmrf`ep 0<3<Kpcgb Ch`c}}cbfp ]efui) ]efui) Afpec
3
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Ngrpfbumrnfg
0
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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@cmakpfugb * F`demrnze}
]hnro er ci'/0<<?.
Ngrpfbumrnfg
Icgb”u}e mocgke}/IUM}. cjjemr gfr fgi~ kpeegofu}e kc} ehn}}nfg} `ur
ci}f roe mcp`fg }rfma} c}}fmncreb { nro }fni cgb zekercrnfg
Nr n} nh|fprcgr rf cmmfugr jfp roe b~gchnm} fj IUM ng mcp`fg }rfma
mocgke hfbeingk
Mfugrpne} hc~ mocpke mcp`fg u|rcae rf roe Icgb U}e) Icgb U}e Mocgke
cgb Jfpe}rp~ /IUIUMJ. }emrfp c} mcp`fg mpebnr}
Ng }|nre fj cg ngmpec}e ng crregrnfg
rf mcp`fg(}nga hcgckehegr ng
minhcre mocgke gekfrncrnfg} cgb ng
cmcbehnm }rubne}) roe pfie fj jurupe
IUM ng mcp`fg }rfma} n} ugmeprcng ng
]furo Afpec
E}rnhcrngk roe ejjemr} fj IUM fg
mcp`fg }rfma} ng ]furo Afpec
`er{eeg roe ~ecp} fj 0<<5 cgb 0<=<=
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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]mf|eNgrpfbumrnfg
Tceoie er ci') 0<<;
]nhuicreb icgb”crhf}|oepe M
jiux /G@E. pe}uir} jpfh roe
bnjjepegme ̀ er{eeg reppe}rpnci
ger |pnhcp~ |pfbumrnfg /G\\.)cgb M peiec}e} jpfh
oerepfrpf|onm pe}|npcrnfg /Po.)
`nfhc}} ̀ upgngk) if}}e} jpfh
icgb(u}e mfgzep}nfg}) cgb
ouhcg c||pf|pncrnfg fj
`nfhc}} bue rf mfh`ngeb
ejjemr} fj minhcre zcpnc`ninr~)
minhcre mocgke) ngmpec}ngk
crhf}|oepnm QMF0X) cgb icgb(
u}e mocgke}
Jfmu}ngk 4 ejjemr fj icgb(u}e mocgke fg mcp`fg }rfma}
2
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Herofbfifk~
5
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Fzepzne{Herofbfifk~
Icgb(u}e mocgke }megcpnf}
Ex|epr Pezne{
Icgb(u}e mocgke hfbeingk
Icgb mocgke hfbeiep
Icgb(u}e mocgke}
0<<5 z} 0<=<
Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}
Zekercrnfg/@nfhc}}.) ]fni
:
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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IUM }megcpnf
Roe IUM }megcpnf} u}eb ng ron} }rub~ cpe
`c}eb fg roe jfup N\MM ]PE] }megcpnf}
@c}eb fg roe }fmnci emfgfhnm
c}}uh|rnfg} c}}fmncreb {nro roe ]PE]
}rfp~inge}) {e hfbnjneb cgb
mfh|iehegreb fup IUM} }megcpnf}
cmmfpbngk rf }fmnf(emfgfhnm mfgbnrnfg}
ng ]furo Afpec
[e pemenzeb mfhhegr} jpfh ex|epr}
ngmiubngk ngbnznbuci} {of ocb rcaeg |cpr
ng c }rub~ fg minhcre mocgke /r{f
emfgfhn}r}) r{f ex|epr} fg icgb(u}e
|finm~) cgb cg ex|epr fg IUM hfbeingk.
Herofbfifk~
Herofb} jfp Bezeif|ngk ]megcpnf}
;
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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IUM }megcpnfHerofbfifk~
]rfp~inge
]megcpnf} ]rfp~inge}
C3 ]megcpnf
( Mpf|icgb cgb jfpe}r cpe hf}r inaei~ rf `e up`cgnteb( Pekuicrnfg} |pfremrngk kpeeg`eir cpec} cpe injreb rf cmmfhhfbcre emfgfh nm
kpf{ro cgb roe ex|cg}nfg fj |pnzcre |pf|epr~( Roe mfgrpfi fj mpf|icgb bezeif|hegr n} peicxeb bue rf roe nh|pfzehegr} ng
ckpnmuirupci |pfbumrnznr~
C0 ]megcpnf
( Up`cgntcrnfg |pfk pe}}e} cr roe }che iezei( Kpc}}icgb cgb jfpe}r cpe hfpe inaei~ rf mocgke ngrf mpf|icgb /jffb }emu pnr~.( Jfpe}r cpec bempec}e c} roe~ mocgke ngrf kpc}}icgb) up`cg cpec) cgb mpf|icgb( Kpeeg`eir cgb ckpnmuirupci bezeif|hegr peknfg} cpe ae|r cr |pe}egr iezei
@3 ]megcpnf
( Up`cgntcrnfg |pfkpe}}e} cr c if{ ep iezei( Hfpe mpf|icgb cgb kpc}}icgb cpec} cpe mocgkeb ngrf jfpe}r /C& P MBH.( Kpc}}icgb cgb jfpe}r cpec} cpe mocgkeb ngrf mpf|icgb /`nf(egepk~.( Bezeif|heg r mfgrpfi} |pe}epzeb kpeeg`eir) cgb mpf|icgb cpec} cpe ae|r
cr |pe}egr iezei
@0 ]megcpnf( Roepe n} inrrie ge{ up`cgntcrnfg( Icgb(u}e mocgke} ngrf jfpe}r fmmup hcngi~ fg hcpkngci mpf|icgb cpec}( Bezeif|hegr pekuicrnfg jfp |pfremrngk mpf|icgb cpec} cpe ae|r /jffb }emupnr~.
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IUM Hfbeingk
[e u}eb Icgb Mocgke Hfbeiep /IMH. mfh|fgegr fj roe NBPN]N 35'<
[e e}rc`in}oeb Icgb(u}e rpcg}nrnfg |pf`c`ninrne} `~ cgci~tngk
mfppeicrnfg} `er{eeg |c}r icgb u}cke cgb }u}|emreb bpnzngk jcmrfp}
[e |pebnmreb jurupe icgb(u}e mocgke} `~ c||i~ngk roe}e jcmrfp} rf
exn}rngk icgb(u}e |crrepg}
[e ci}f u}eb roe huirnic~ep |epme|rpfg /HI\. geupci ger{fpa herofb
rf kegepcre icgb(u}e rpcg}nrnfg |pf`c`ninrne}
Roe}e rpcg}nrnfg puie} {epe uirnhcrei~ c||ineb rf exn}rngk icgb(u}e
|crrepg} `~ eh|if~ngk c meiiuicp curfhcrfg remognsue
Ron} herofb fj IUM hfbeingk ocb behfg}rpcreb c kffb |epjfphcgme ng
|peznfu} peknfgci }rubne} fj ]furo Afpec
Herofbfifk~
Herofb} jfp IUM hfbeingk
>
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IUM Hfbeingk
Kpf}} Peknfgci Bfhe}rnm \pfbumr /KPB\.
]megcpnf(}|emnjnm |f|uicrnfg
Rf|fkpc|onm eiezcrnfg) }if|e) bn}rcgme jpfh pfcb}) cgb bn}rcgme jpfh
`unir(u| cpec}
Kpeeg`eir}) gcrnfgci |cpa}) roe Behninrcpnteb Tfge) roe `ceabubcekcg)
{ericgb}) mfg}epzcrnfg jfpe}r}) {crepjpfgr}) ckpnmuirupci bezeif|hegr
peknfg}) jfpe}r pe}fupme mfg}epzcrnfg cpec}) {crep }fupme mfg}epzcrnfg
cpec}) cgb { nib cgnhci cgb |icgr |pfremrnfg cpec}
Herofbfifk~
Bpnzngk Jcmrfp}
Mfg}rpcngeb Jcmrfp}
3<
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Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}Herofbfifk~
]nga cgb ]fupme
]fupme]fupme Bejfpe}rcrnfg) Bemfh|f}nrnfg
]nga& ]fupme]nga& ]fupme Ger mocgke ng }fni mcp`fg }rfma}
]nga]nga ]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr) Cjjfpe}rcrnfg
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8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}
Mocgke} ng mcp`fg }rfma { epe mcimuicreb `~ mfg}nbepngk roe mocgke} ng
`fro roe `nfhc}} c}}fmncreb { nro jfpe}r zekercrnfg cgb mcp`fg ng roe
}fni
[onie `fro cpe cjjemreb `~ IUM) roe jfphep cpe ci}f cjjemreb `~ gcrupci
kpf{ro
Herofbfifk~
Mcimuicrnfg herofb}
]fni }rfma mocgke 8 }fni mcp`fg }rfma /0<<5. ” }fni mcp`fg }fma /0<=<.
@nfhc}} }rfma mocgke 8 }reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr ! cjjfpe}rcrnfg
” bejfpe}rcrnfg ” bemfh|f}nrnfg fj inrrep
]rfma mocgke 8 }fni }rfma mocgke ! `nfhc}} }rfma mocgke
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Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}Herofbfifk~
Mcimuicrnfg herofb}
Cgguc i kpf{ro pcre fj } reh zfiuhe /AJPN ) 0<<:.
/㎥ & oc.Mfgnjepfu}
jfpe}rBemnbufu}
jfpe}rHnxeb jfpe}r
Cgguci kpf{ro pcre fj ]reh zfiuhe 5':? ='25 2'5:
Mfej jn mnegr jfp mcp`fg }rfma mcimu icrnfg `~ zekercr nfg r~|e /AJPN) 0<<:.
]reh Beg}nr~ /rfg&㎥.@nfhc}} Ex|cg}nfg
JcmrfpMcp`fg Jpcmrnfg fj
@nfhc}}
Mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r <'2; 3':53 <'5
Bemnbufu} jfpe}r <'?< 3';0< <'5
Hnxeb jfpe}r <':=5 3':?5 <'5
3=
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}
Rf e}rnhcre mcp`fg cmmuhuicrnfg ng }fni) roe herofb} fj Iee er ci' /0<<3.
{epe eh|if~eb {nro bn}rngmrnfg} bpc{g chfgk jfup r~|e} fj icgb u}e
Herofbfifk~
Mcimuicrnfg herofb}
]f ni mcp`fg } rfma `~ icgb u}e r~|e /Iee e r ci') 0<<3.
Jfpe}r \cbb~ jneib U|icgb jneib Kpc}}icgb Froep
]fni mcp`fg/Mr& oc. :;'> :<'5 25'> 25'> 33'5
@ejfpe Mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r Bemnbufu} jfpe}r Hnxeb jfpe}r
Cjrep Mpf| Kpc}} Froep Mpf| Kpc}} Froep Mpf| Kpc}} Froep
@nfhc}} mocgke /& oc. (=2 (23 (2> (;2 (;> (?> (5= (5? (:?
[oeg roe jfpe}r {c} mfgzepreb rf froep icgb u}e}) {e c}}uheb rocr
zekercrnfg { nii mfh|ierei~ bejfpe}reb cgb :<% fj inzngk `nfhc}} inae
inrrep cgb pffr} {nii bemc~'
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng `pcgmoe} cgb pffr} mcp`fg }rfma} /Iee er ci') 0<<3.
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Pe}uir
35
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IUM pe}uir}Pe}uir
C3 C0 @3 @03>>>
/C3. Up`cgntcrnfg fmmup} |pnhcpn i~ fg if{) jicr icgb) fmmc}nfgcii~ pe|icmngk
ckpnmuirupe' Cipecb~(up`cgnteb cpec} cr roe fur}anpr} fj ]efui cgb froep hcdfp
herpf|fi nrcg cpec} cpe e}|emncii~ }u}me|rn`ie rf up`cgntcrnfg
/C0. Bezeif|hegr regb} rf fmmup ng roe }u`up`}
/@3. Je{ ep mpf|icgb cpec} gecp ]efui cpe up`cgnteb) cgb up`cgntcrnfg jfmu}e} fghcdfp mnrne} ropfukofur roe mfugrp~
/@0. Up`cgntcrnfg exregb} jpfh `fro icpke mnrne} cgb }hcii rf{g}) {onie
up`cgntcrnfg ng hfpe pupci cpec} regb} rf mocgke ngrf mpf|icgb fp jfpe}r
3;
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma ng i nzngk `nfhc}} ng jfpe}r icgb pehcng ngk jfpe}r icgb /0<<:w0<=<.
Mfgnjepfu}
jfpe}r
Bemnbufu}
jfpe}rHnxeb jfpe}r Rfrci
C3 Cpec /3<<< oc. 0)50; 3):3? 3)55= 5);<<
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<< ㎥. =5?)>;= 3=>):<? 3;;)303 :;5);<0
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 3=>)0>= >:)<:3 >2)>05 ==<)0;>
C0 Cpec /3<<< oc. 0)5:= 3):0> 3)5;0 5);:2
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<< ㎥. =:=)><3 32<)55: 3;>)0;? :?=);=5
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 323)0<5 >:);32 >:)<?3 ==2)<<<
@3 Cpec /3<<< oc. 0)52= 3):0> 3)5:3 5);=2
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<< ㎥. =:3)02< 32<)5=3 3;;)>25 :;>);3:
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 32<)3;= >:):>; >5)=:: ==0)0=:
@0 Cpec /3<<< oc. 0)5>0 3):=> 3)5?: 5)?3?
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<< ㎥. =:?)3=> 323)=50 3?<)?5> :><)=5<
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 320)?5< >;)0:3 >:)>0? ==;)<=>
Mcp`fg }rfma ng inzngk `nfhc}}
\pebnmreb ngmpec}e} ng `nfhc}} cgb mcp`fg cmmuhuicrnfg bue rf rpee
kpf{ro ng jfpe}r) {onmo pehcng} c} c jfpe}r cpec) cpe }of{g c} `eif{
==;'< HrM n} |pebnmreb rf cmmuhuicre ng roe jfpe}r) {onmo pehcng} c} c
jfpe}r cpec) jpfh 0<<5 rf 0<=< ng @0 }megcpnf
3?
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
Mcp`fg }rfma ng inzngk `nfhc}}
Ng cii roe IUM }megcpnf}) mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r} cmmuhuicre c icpke chfugr
fj mcp`fg c} c pe}uir fj `fro rpee kpf{ro cgb kefkpc|onm ex|cg}nfg
Of{ezep) bemnbufu} rpee} cpe hfpe ejjemrnze ng pebumngk mcp`fg
Roe chfugr fj cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma} `~ cjjfpe}rcrnfg fzep 05
~ecp} mfuib `e mcimuicreb c} }of{ g c} `eif{
Mcp`fg }rfma `~ cjjfpe}rcrnfg} n} icpke}r ng @3 }megcpnf bue rf icgb
mfgzep}nfg rf jfpe}r {c} bfge hcngi~ ng roe @3 }megcpnf
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma ng i nz ngk `nfhc}} ng icgb mfgzepreb rf jfpe}r icgb/0<<:w0<=<.
C3 /3<<< RM. @3 /3<<< RM. @3 /3<<< RM. @0 /3<<< RM.
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma 00)25< 0?);?; =0)52? =3)53>3>
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng inzngk `nfhc}}
Mcp`fg ehn}}nfg} pe}uirngk jpfh mfhhepmnci murrngk cpe kpecre}r ng C3
Ng roe mc}e fj }megcpnf @3) mcp`fg ehn}}nfg n} peicrnzei~ onkoep rocg
}megcpnf C0 cgb @0 } ngme roe~ ocze icpkep rpcg}nrnfg cpec fj jfpe}r icgb'
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma} ng i nzngk `nfhc}} bue rf bejfpe}rcrnfg/0<<:w0<=<.
Mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r Bemnbufu} jfpe}r Hnxeb jfpe}r RfrciC3 Bejfpe}rcrnfg cpec /3<<<oc. =<= ?0 30> 532
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<<㎥. 03)5=; =)55< ;)=:; =0)252
Cmmuhuicreb ]reh zfiuhe /3<<<㎥. 22);5< 3<)352 3>)3=; ;2)<23
Bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 3;)=:5 :)>?; 3<)05: =2):<?
C0 Bejfpe}rcrnfg cpec /3<<<oc. 0:? ;3 33< 22>
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<<㎥. 3>)<;= =)<;: :)0?? 0?)2=;
Cmmuhuicreb ]reh zfiuhe /3<<<㎥. =>):=< ?);>? 3:)==5 :2);:=
Bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 35)=;? :)<52 ?);52 =<)3?:
@3 Bejfpe}rcrnfg cpec /3<<<oc. 0?; ;0 300 2?3
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<<㎥. 0<)2<2 =)<?? :)>55 =<)22;
Cmmuhuicreb ]reh zfiuhe /3<<<㎥. 20)=>5 ?)?== 3?)<:; :>)0>5
Bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 3:)253 :)<;? >):?0 =0)033
@0 Bejfpe}rcrnfg cpec /3<<<oc. 0=> :0 >; =>?
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<<㎥. 3:)>55 0):;? 5)2>? 05)3=3
Cmmuhuicreb ]reh zfiuhe /3<<<㎥. =5)00? ;)::< 32)0?0 5;)3;<
Bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 3=):;< 5)0;3 ;):52 0:)5>5
0<
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
]megcpnf C3 }of{ eb roe onkoe}r mcp`fg bnfxnbe }fupme ng inzngk `nfhc}}
inae `pcgmoe} cgb pffr}
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng `pcgmoe} cgb pffr} mcp`fg }rfma} /0<<:w0<=<.
Jpfh RfC3
/3<<< RM.
C0
/3<<< RM.
@3
/3<<< RM.
@0
/3<<< RM.
Mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r
Mpf|icgb 3);5= 3)520 3)>?; 3);>0
Kpc}}icgb ><5 ?35 =0= 2;3
Froep} ?5< ;52 >;5 =:2
Bemnbufu} jfpe}r
Mpf|icgb ><5 ;;3 ?>0 >3;
Kpc}}icgb 5:= 5=3 0<2 =0;
Froep} 2;: =;> :<? 3??
Hnxeb jfpe}r
Mpf|icgb 3)<=; ??: 3)00= 3)<50
Kpc}}icgb :3; 5:0 0=; ==?
Froep} 5?= 25: :20 003
Rfrci ;):?> :):>2 ;)<>0 5):;<
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng `pcgmoe} cgb pffr}
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
]fni mcp`fg {c} roe onkoe}r ng }megcpnf @0 cgb if{e}r ng }megcpnf C3
Ger mocgke ng }fni mcp`fg }rfma}
Ger mocgke ng }fn i mcp`fg }rfma} `er{eeg 0<<5 cgb 0<=<
Icgb U}eCpec /0<<5.
/3<<< oc.
Cpec /0<=<.
/3<<< oc.
Mcp`fg ]rfma
/0<<5. /3<<< RM.
Mcp`fg ]rfma
/0<=<. /3<<< RM.
Ger Mocgke
/3<<< RM.
C3
]megcpnf
\cbb~ jneib 3)250 3)30; ?;)?:; :?)3>0 (3>):;5
U|icgb jneib 3)3<? ?:< 5<)?53 =>)2:5 (33)=?:
Jfpe}r :)035 :)53; 200)<32 220)2?< 0<)2::
Kpc}}icgb 3?; 2<5 ?)5?? 3?):30 3<)<02
Froep} 3)<:0 3)335 30)0<> 30)?02 :35
Rfrci 5?3)5;= 22
C0
]megcpnf
\cbb~ jneib 3)250 3)30; ?;)?:; :?)3>= (3>):;5
U|icgb jneib 3)3<? ?:< 5<)?53 =>)2:5 (33)=?:
Jfpe}r :)035 :)?3< 200)<32 2:0)=?> 2<)=;5
Kpc}}icgb 3?; 0>0 ?)5?? 3=)=>= 2)?<2
Froep} 3)<:0 >=: 30)0<> 3<);5> (3)22>
Rfrci 5>2)3>> 30)::>
@3
]megcpnf
\cbb~ jneib 3)250 3)3:; ?;)?:; ;<):<> (3;)05?
U|icgb jneib 3)3<? ?>< 5<)?53 2<)?:= (>)>??
Jfpe}r :)035 :)>3: 200)<32 2:>)5;< 2;)55:
Kpc}}icgb 3?; 0<; ?)5?? >)5<3 >3=Froep} 3)<:0 ?22 30)0<> >);<? (0)5<<
Rfrci :<<)053 3?);0=
@0
]megcpnf
\cbb~ jneib 3)250 3)0=3 ?;)?:; ;2)2?; (3=)=?3
U|icgb jneib 3)3<? >=> 5<)?53 2=)3<; (;);22
Jfpe}r :)035 :)>:0 200)<32 2;0);32 5<);<3
Kpc}}icgb 3?; 3?? ?)5?? ?):=5 2;
Froep} 3)<:0 ;<2 30)0<> ?)<>2 (2)335
Rfrci :<;)<=; 05)5<?00
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
]uhhcp~
Roe pe}uir} fj roe mcp`fg }rfma mocgke {epe }rpfgki~ ngjiuegmeb `~ roe
mfgzep}nfg pcre fj c`cgbfgeb ckpnmuirupci cpec} rf jfpe}r
]uhhcp~ fj cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma mocgke ng roe jfup }megcpnf} /0<<:w0<=<.'
C3 0<=<
/3<<< RM.
C0 0<=<
/3<<< RM.
@3 0<=<
/3<<< RM.
@0 0<=<
/3<<< RM.
Zekercrnfg
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr ==<)0;> ==2)<<< ==0)0=: ==;)<=>
Cjjfpe}rcrnfg⑬ 00)25< 0?);?; =0)033 0:)5>5
Bejfpe}rcrnfg④ (=2):<; (=<)3?: (=0)52? (=3)53>
Inrrep① (;):?> (:):>2 (;)<>0 (5):;<
]fni ]fni Mcp`fg ]rfma⑭ 22 30)::> 3?);0= 05)5<?
Bnpemr mcp`fg if}} bue rf IUM /④!①!⑭. (20)050 (02)033 (0<)>3; (33):?3
Ger mocgke fj Mcp`fg }rfma bue rf IUM /⑬!④!①!⑭. (3>)?<0 2)5;: 33)0>2 32)>32
Rfrci cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma
/czepcke cgguci ngmpehegr ng mcp`fg }rfma.
=3<)2;;
/30)23>.
==?)5;:
/3=)52=.
=2=)5=<
/3=);23.
=53)>5=
/32)<;?.0=
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
Ej jemr f j IUM fg mcp`fg } rfma cgb emfgfhnm zciue
/hniinfg} fj bfiicp}& ~p. C3 C0 @3 @0
Bnpemr ejjemr fj IUM (3> 2 33 32
Ger mocgke fj Mcp`fg }rfma 0:> 0?> 0>3 =<2
Mcp`fg pebumrnfg} c}}fmncreb {nro roe @0 }megcpnf mcg `e esucreb { nro
cg emfgfhnm kcng fj ?05 hniinfg rocg C3 fzep 05 ~ecp}
Rcangk ngrf cmmfugr }fmnci cgb emfgfhnmci mfg}rpcngr}) of{ezep) c
}hciiep chfugr fj M }esue}rpcrnfg { nii hfpe inaei~ rf fmmup
Cmmfpbngk rf roe pe|fpr ̀ ~ roe Hngn}rp~ fj Mfhhepme) Ngbu}rp~) cgb
Egepk~ /3>?>.) cg cjjfpe}rcrnfg |pfkpch n} `emfhngk hfpe crrpcmrnze
hnrnkcrnfg f|rnfg rf bemn}nfg hcaep}
Emfgfhnm zciue
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Mfgmiu}nfg
05
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]uhhcp~ * Pehcpa}Mfgmiu}nfg
Ron} }rub~ oc} behfg}rpcreb roe nh|fprcgme fj IUM c} c hcdfp jcmrfp)
cjjemrngk `fro mcp`fg }fupme} cgb mcp`fg }nga}
@c}eb fg IUM |pfdemrnfg}) {e cgrnmn|creb mcp`fg pebumrnfg iezei} fj
30'5 HrM cgb 32'3 HrM) ecmo ~ecp jfp }fni cgb zekercrnfg
Roe @3 }megcpnf }eeh} rf `e roe hf}r }unrc`ie jfp roe jurupe if{ (mcp`fg
}fmner~ /IM]. nhcke}) }ngme nr oc} roe onkoe}r mcp`fg pebumrnfg'
Roe onko peiec}e fj mcp`fg c}}fmncreb { nro bejfpe}rcrnfg fj fib(kpf{ro
jfpe}r cgb roe |fregrnci jfp mcp`fg }esue}rpcrnfg c}}fmncreb { nro
mpf|icgb c`cgbfghegr
Ng icgb(u}e |finm~) nr n} geme}}cp~ rf `peca fur exn}rngk |cpcbnkh}
\finm~ }ofuib `e }onjreb jpfh roe ex|cg}nfg fj up`cg cpec} jfp roe
emfgfhnm kpf{ro rf nh|pfzehegr fj czcnic`ie icgb ropfuko pege{ci fj exn}rngk up`cg cpec} cgb ngmpec}e }|crnci ejjnmnegm~
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Cog ] /0<<5. Cg Emfgfherpnm Cgci~}n} fg roe Mf}r} fj Mcp`fg
]esue}rpcrnfg ng Afpec' Afpec Egznpfghegr Ng}rnrure'
Ngrepkfzepghegrci \cgei fg Minhcre Mocgke /0<<;. N\MM Jfupro
C}}e}}hegr Pe|fpr4 Minhcre Mocgke'
Afpec Jfpe}r Pe}ecpmo Ng}rnrure /3>>:. Afpecg |ef|ie cgb Mcp`fg
bnfxnbe) 30:'
Afpec Jfpe}r Pe}ecpmo Ng}rnrure /0<<:. Bezeif|hegr fj KOK} Ehn}}nfg
Ngzegrfp~ ]~}reh jfp minhcre mocgke mfgzegrnfg'
Iee B) \cpa M /0<<>. Roe Cgci~}n} fj \fregrnci Pebumrnfg fj MF0
Ehn}}nfg ng ]fni cgb Zekercrnfg' Dfupgci fj Roe Afpecg ]fmner~ fj
Egznpfghegrci Pe}rfpcrnfg Remogfifk~' 30/0.4 >5(3<5'
Iee A) ]fg ^) Anh ^ /0<<3. Kpeegofu}e Kc} Ngzegrfp~ ng Icgb(U}e
Mocgke cgb Jfpe}rp~ ng Afpec) Dfupgci fj Jfpe}r Egepk~' 0</3."J5=(:3'
]hnro \) Jcgk M) Bc{}fg DDM) Hfgmpnejj D@ /0<<?. N h|cmr fj Kif`ci
[cphngk fg ]fni Fpkcgnm Mcp`fg) Cbzcgme} ng Ckpfgfh~) >;4 3(2='
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