THE IMPACT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) … · THE IMPACT OF BUILDING INFORMATION...
Transcript of THE IMPACT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) … · THE IMPACT OF BUILDING INFORMATION...
THE IMPACT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) TO
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
PUNITHA RAJENDRAN
A thesis submitted in
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of Master of Property and Facilities Management
Faculty of Technology Management and Business
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
JULY 2015
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ABSTRACT
Design in architecture is one of the most diverse activities considered by all related
parties in construction industry. During the construction design process, many
problems and errors such as design changes & rework, incomplete design, standard
of quality in drawings and technical specifications, lack of communication, delays in
the drawings, mistakes and errors are arising from this industry day by day. This
research has been conducted with the aim to establish the contribution of Building
Information modeling (BIM) on architectural design process. The objectives of this
research includes, to recognize and examine the current conventional design
problems in construction projects in terms of time, cost and quality and to
recommend the benefit that is obtained by using BIM technology in the architectural
design process. This research was conducted by using qualitative method where
experience architects whom are currently implementing BIM in their firms was been
interviewed. The feedback and results obtained from the interview were analyzed by
using Microsoft Excel. Quota sampling method was used in selecting the
respondents, which consists of 8 architects implementing BIM. The analysis results
shows that, architect realize the problems and suggested the solutions based on their
experience in handling several of projects by using the conventional method. It also
shows that, BIM is the future tools for 3D design since it integrate all the design
documents, the drawing are well interpreted and the designer easily viewable
compared to conventional method. It is important, architects need to present their
design in 3D drafting to create a better visualization to the client. Adoption of BIM
should be implemented from the early process in order to manage construction
project effectiveness.
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ABSTRAK
Rekabentuk adalah salah satu aktiviti yang paling penting dititikberatkan oleh semua
pihak yang terlibat di dalam industri seni bina. Semasa fasa pembinaan, kebanyakan
masalah yang sering berlaku seperti perubahan rekabentuk dan pembaikan semula,
rekabentuk yang tidak lengkap, tahap kualiti lukisan rekabentuk dan spesifikasi
teknikal, kurang komunikasi, kelewatan dalam penyiapan lukisan dan kekangan yang
meningkat dalam industry ini dari masa kesemasa. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk
mengenalpasti kebaikan pengunaan “BIM” dalam proses rekabentuk pembinaan.
Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti masalah yang wujud di fasa
rekabentuk dalam sektor pembinaan yang sedia ada dari segi masa, kos dan kualiti
serta mengkaji cara pengurangan masalah dalam fasa rekabentuk dan mencadangkan
faedah yang boleh diperolehi melalui pengaplikasian “BIM” dalam fasa rekabentuk
bangunan. Kaedah metodologi yang digunakan dalam kajian ialah melalui
pendekatan kualitatif. Maklum balas dan keputusan yang diperolehi melalui
temubual telah dianalisiskan dengan menggunakan “Microsoft Excel”. Kaedah
persampelan kuota digunakan untuk memilih responden arkitek seramai 8 orang
yang menggunakan “BIM”. Hasil kajian telah menunjukkan pihak arkitek menyedari
dan memberi cadangan mengikut pengalaman mereka dalam pengedalian sesebuah
projek pembinaan dengan menggunakan sistem konvensional. “BIM” adalah alat
rekabentuk maya 3D masa depan kerana ia dapat mengintegrasikan semua maklumat
projek serta boleh dipraktikan dalam sektor pembinaan berbanding dengan sistem
konvensional yang sedia ada. Cadangan kajian ini adalah, arkitek perlu
membentangkan rekabentuk mereka didalam paparan 3D supaya pelanggan dapat
memahami reka bentuk tersebut. “BIM” seharusnya dilaksanakan dari proses
permulaan supaya pengurusan effektif projek pembinaan dapat dilaksanakan.
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CONTENTS
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xv
LIST OF FIGURES xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES xviii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Research 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Aim of the Research 6
1.4 Research Objectives 6
1.5 Significance of the Research 6
1.6 Scope of the Research 7
1.7 Research Methodology 7
1.8 Organization of the Thesis 8
1.9 Summary 10
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 Overview of the Malaysia Construction Industry 11
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2.2 Definition and Concept 12
2.2.1 Project Management (PM) 12
2.2.2 Design 13
2.2.3 Building Information Modeling (BIM) 14
2.3 BIM Concept 18
2.4 Current Industry Practices in PM 19
2.4.1 Time, Cost and Quality 20
2.4.2 Time Management 22
2.4.3 Cost Management 23
2.4.4 Quality Management 23
2.5 Issues of Construction Project Management 24
2.5.1 Fail to Achieve an Efficient Time 25
2.5.2 Wastage 26
2.5.3 Cost Overrun 27
2.6 Theoretical Framework 27
2.7 Factors Affecting Time, Cost and Quality Management 29
2.7.1 Rework 29
2.7.2 Design Error 29
2.7.3 Design Changes 30
2.8 Previous Studies on Time, Cost and Quality 30
2.9 BIM Technology 37
2.10 Usage of BIM on Construction Projects 38
2.11 BIM Technology Advances and Benefits 38
2.12 Design Effectiveness 41
2.13 BIM Technology in Design Stage 42
2.14 BIM in Time 44
2.14.1 Design Reviews 44
2.14.2 Design Quality 45
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2.14.3 Fasterand More Effective Processes 45
2.14.4 Early Check Againstand Reducing Rework in
Design Intent 46
2.14.5 Detection of Errorsand Omissions(Clash detection) 46
2.14.6 Reducing Conflicts and Changes 49
2.14.7 Better Collaboration 49
2.15 BIM and Cost 50
2.15.1 ConstructionandFabrication 50
2.15.2 Take-offsandEstimating 51
2.15.3 ShopandFabricationDrawing 52
2.16 BIM and Quality 53
2.16.1 System Coordination 53
2.16.2 Lighting Analysis 54
2.16.3 Structural Analysis 57
2.16.2 3D Coordination 57
2.16.3 Generation of Accurate and Consistent 2D
Drawings at any Stage 59
2.16.4 Code Validation 59
2.17 Benefits of BIM in Design Management 60
2.18 Summary 62
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Research Methodology Framework 64
3.3 Qualitative Research Approach 65
3.4 Method 66
3.4.1 Primary Data 67
3.4.2 Literature Review 67
3.5 Data Collection 68
3.5.1 Interview 68
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3.6 Sample Size 70
3.7 Respondent of Background 71
3.8 Data analysis 71
3.8.1 Coding and Textual Analysis 72
3.9 Summary 73
CHAPTER IV PROBLEMS IN DESIGN PROCESS 74
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Architects Interview and Survey 74
4.3 Respondent’s Profile 74
4.3.1 Company Specialization 75
4.3.2 Profession 76
4.3.3 Working Experience 76
4.3.4 BIM Practice’s (Years) 77
4.4 Interview Results 77
4.5 Time 82
4.5.1 Changes 82
4.5.2 Drawing Preparation Mistakes 84
4.5.3 Delay in Design Process 87
4.6 Cost 88
4.6.1 Design Changes and Error 89
4.6.2 Cost Overrun 90
4.7 Quality 91
4.7.1 Lack of Communication Between Stakeholders 91
4.7.2 Work With 2D Coordination 92
4.7.3 Poor Management Process 93
4.8 Discussion 94
4.9 Summary 97
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CHAPTER V BENEFITS OF USING BIM IN CONSTRUCTION DESIGN
PROCESS 98
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Interview Results 98
5.3 Benefits of BIM 101
5.3.1 BIM Changes the Process 105
5.3.2 Improve Coordination 106
5.3.3 3D and 4D Visualization 107
5.3.4 Faster, More Accurate Construction Documents 107
5.3.5 Better Design 108
5.3.6 Visual Planning 108
5.4 Cost 109
5.4.1 Reduced cost 109
5.5 Quality 110
5.5.1 Communication 110
5.5.2 Energy Analysis 110
5.5.3 3D model 111
5.6 Discussion 112
5.7 Summary 113
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 114
6.1 Introduction 114
6.2 Recommendation from Findings 114
6.3 Conclusions Drawn from the Research 115
6.4 Suggestions in Adopting BIM in the Construction Industry 117
6.4.1 Contribution of Government 117
6.4.2 Contribution of Related Bodies 117
6.4.3 Contribution of Academic and Researcher 118
6.5 Research Limitations 118
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6.6 Ideas for Further Research 118
6.7 Summary 120
REFERENCES 121
APPENDICES 135
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Effect Studied by Different Authors 30
Table 2.2 Construction Projects in Different Countries 33
Table 4.1 Respondents Profile 75
Table 4.2 Current Problem in Design Stage 78
Table 4.3 Minimization Current Problem in Design Stage 80
Table 5.1 Current Practice of BIM Technology in Construction Industry 99
Table 5.2 Benefits of BIM in Design Stage 100
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Building Designs Were Digitalized 1990’s Until Present 4
Figure 2.1 The Different Views of Design 13
Figure 2.2 A BIM approach 14
Figure 2.3 Different Definitions for BIM 16
Figure 2.4 Triangle Relationship 20
Figure 2.5 Usage of Technology to Produce Model in 2007 21
Figure 2.6 Theoretical Framework 27
Figure 2.7 Percentages of Market Share of BIM Technology 36
Figure 2.8 BIM, Interoperability and Integrated Processes 40
Figure 2.9 BIM Uses throughout a Building Lifecycle 41
Figure 2.10 Wall Assembly 44
Figure 2.11 3D View, Shows Errors and Warnings in Revit 46
Figure 2.12 Clash between Ventilation Shaft and False Ceiling 47
Figure 2.13 Clash between Ventilation Shaft and Supporting Wall 47
Figure 2.14 Enables Estimating Construction Costs 51
Figure 2.15 Systems Coordination 53
Figure 2.16 Visibility Analysis 54
Figure 2.17 Sun Paths on-Screen in Revit 55
Figure 2.18 Layers of Complex Systems 58
Figure 3.1 Flow of Research Methodology 63
Figure 4.1 Problems in Time 82
Figure 4.2 Design Activity Flow by Using Conventional Method 85
Figure 4.3 Problems in Cost 86
Figure 4.4 Problems in Quality 89
Figure 4.5 Design Activity Flow by Using BIM 91
Figure 5.1 Elevation View of a Building in CAD Application 104
Figure 5.2 Elevation View of a Building in BIM Application 104
Figure 5.3 Changes Can Be Updated Automatically 105
Figure 5.4 Floor Plan, Section Plan, 3D View, and
Elevation Plan in Revit 111
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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
BIM - Building Information Modeling
IPD - Integrated Project Delivery
AEC - Architecture, Engineering and Construction
NIBS - National Institute of Building Sciences
CAD - Computer Aided Design
DOD - Department of Defense
DED - Department of Energy
RFI - Request for Information
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Architectures Semi Structured Interview Question 136
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides general introduction for this thesis. It begins by discussing the
subject matter of the research by highlighting the main issue under exploration and
providing a background to explain it. This aspect culminated in the problem
statement of the research. The next main section addresses the purpose of the thesis
by explaining the main aim and objectives of the research. It also outlines the key
research questions that guided the inquiry. The next section indicates the scope and
limitation of the thesis. It describes the key elements considered in the research and
the geographic area to which the research is confined. It then indicates the limitations
of the research in terms of time and those relating to data collection. This followed
by briefly addressing the scientific relevance, applicability, societal relevance and
use and the methodology of the research. Finally, the organisations of research was
described.
1.1 Background of Research
Rapid growth of construction industry in Malaysia becomes one of the major
industries contributing significant growth to socio-economic development. The
Architecture/Engineering/Construction (AEC) industry is one of the
multidisciplinary domains in which collaboration among related parties is of utmost
importance. With the advent of computers, many material and technological
improvements have been made to building design in the last four decades and many
builders and designers saw their drafting load lightened because repetitive tasks
could be automated. After six centuries of manually conveying lines and texts on
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paper, computers were first adopted as an aid for automating certain aspects of the
design process to Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems which generate digital
files. Though, conventional two-dimensional (2D) CAD technology has dominated
the industry, and technological progress has been severely constrained by the limited
intelligence of such applications in representing buildings and the capability to
extract the relevant information from the representation that is needed for building
design. Drawings are no longer done manually, but the ubiquitous use of CAD
applications in creating drawings has not revolutionized the construction industry in
any way. With the automation of design tasks using computers, the essential nature
of documentation did not change. The same drawings and documents describing the
project are still used.
Architectural design is a complex and open process. Design process starts
from the abstract stage to solve a design problem until it reaches the design solution
in the form of design product. Designing activities is a repetitive problem solving
process (Demirkan 1998). Watanabe (1994) describes designing process as a process
to fulfill human needs through new idea produced. According to French (1998),
architecture design is a response to human special needs which is refuge and
comfort. Lawson (1997), states that architectural design is a process where an
architect produced a space, place and building which has a big amount of effects on
the quality of human life. Most architects agreed with Sanders (1996) whom stated
that architectural design is a repetitive process where the process scheme can be
recognized, valued, repeated, explored and repaired until the best solution is
achieved. Decision making activities in architectural design process happens at
sketching stage, schematic design stage and final design stage. At the details stage,
design process is focused on producing drawings activity and planned building
construction activity.
Currently, the work within the design process is split into several temporary
sequences, and it is delivered to different specialists for its execution. In building
projects, first the owner selects the architects who prepare the architectural designs
and specifications, then the structural design and other specialty designs are
developed. Generally, in construction stage, a contractor selected by the owner, and
it is deliver to different consultants for its execution.
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As mentioned by Saputra et al. (2011), the time, cost and quality are the main
indicators in measuring construction project success. An assessment needed to
measure the capability to meet these three constraints before a project started. The
management can set up a set of action plans in the planning and design stage as
preventive or response based on the assessment results. It is in the design process
where the requirements of the client are identified and the constructive aspects and
the standards of quality are defined through procedures, drawings and technical
specifications.
Nowadays, the AEC (Architecture-Engineering and Construction) industry is
facing a technological change represented by the transition from CAD-based
(Computer Aided Design) documentation to BIM (Building Information Modeling).
Unlike the CAD drawings which were limited in information, BIM opens an
expanded range of possibilities due to the immense amount of information which can
be encapsulated and later extracted from the digital model. BIM involves
representing a design as objects that carry their geometry, relations and attributes
(Eastman, 2009). In addition, separate drawings for contract documents and then
developing a separate set of detail drawings are consider waste.
BIM not only helps to reduce this waste and inefficiency but also helps in
reducing the potential for litigation. It changes the base documentation used in
building design and construction to a new representations, which are machine
readable for automation as opposed to human readable for manual conducts (Smith et
al., 2009). Figure 1.1 shows the contents of building designs are transfer from paper
to digital 2D-CAD-drawings during the 1990's. Currently we are experiencing a
change from drawings towards model based technology and methods. The models
produced are more friendly then conventional method. Therefore, BIM adoption is
increasingly important in the construction industry (Penttila, 2009).
Therefore, this research is focus upon what is the impact of BIM on the
architectural design process.
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Figure 1.1: Building designs were digitalized 1990’s until present (Penttila, 2009)
1.2 Problem Statement
Due to the fragmented and complex nature of construction, also many problems
could arises every day during the process of construction cause by factors such as
weather, material delivery delay, labour dispute, equipment breakdowns, job
accidents, change orders, and numerous other conditions. Most of the people
involved in the construction project are lack of communication and less interaction
among the project teams directly contributes to the problem. The earlier the changes
are rectified, the lesser impact it will have on the project. Furthermore, conflicts over
project changes can be minimized when the problem is found at the earlier phase of
the project.
During design stage usually, planners and architects work independently with
little input and lack of communication with each other (Granroth, 2011). Due to this,
revisions of plans and designs always occur that affect government and the private
are required to have a close collaboration and working together to bring positives
changes in the industry. Lerthlakkhanakul et al. (2008), and Autodesk (2008), state
the dependency between project platforms and technical platforms saying that there
is a gap in communication between architects and users. The architect fails to explain
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his or her design how the design will look like after users are unable to imagine how
the design will be emerged after the construction phase. In the related literature, it is
also well documented that there is a lack of integration between the current computer
aided design (CAD) systems (Taslı and Sagun, 2002; Hew et al., 2001). Most of the
practical and exploratory CAD tools focus on single discipline or a single task in the
process. Therefore, the usefulness of models should be judged not against an
imaginary perfection, but in comparison with the mental and descriptive models that
could be used alternatively (Radford et al., 1988).
The problems of this work sequence have been discussed for many years. The
main problems that have been detected are the little interaction among design and
construction and among the specialists, this situation compels the following phases to
work on incomplete designs. The consequences are suboptimal solutions, lack of
constructability and a great number of change orders (design and construction
rework). The impacts of changes are not understood and rarely recognized, in terms
of costs and schedule. The work hours invested by the designers in the changes have
been estimated in a 40 to 50% of the total of a project (Koskela 1992). In Latin
American countries, it is estimated that between 20 to 25% of the total construction
period is lost as a product of design deficiencies (Undurraga 1996).
On the other hand, the problem with the traditional/conventional method is
that the documents produced are same as manual and did not save the building
design and construction industry from being inefficient. CAD systems did nothing to
reduce errors and wastages which basically arise due to coordination problems.
Though, as CAD systems were further developed, additional information was added
to these systems to allow for more data and associated text. With the introduction of
conventional three-dimensional (3D) modeling technologies, advanced definition and
complex surfacing tools were added. Based on the previous argumentation it is clear
that the design-construction interface offers a great potential for improvement.
To overcome the limitations of traditional 2D designs, BIM which is a novel
technology and concept has solved many issues related in design process. To achieve
this improvement it is necessary to recommend BIM technology and its benefits
which have been playing a major role in improving time, cost and quality in design
process.
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1.3 Aim of the Research
The aim of this research is to establish the contribution of BIM on the architectural
design process.
1.4 Research Objectives
The objectives of this research are:
i. To recognize and examine the current conventional design problems in
construction projects in terms of time, cost and quality.
ii. To recommend the benefits that can be obtain by using BIM technology to
establish the impact of BIM on the architectural design process.
1.5 Significance of the Research
Today we are in a highly competitive world as far as project performance is
concerned. There is a need for construction innovation. Therefore, putting multiple
efforts in vastly integrated and complementary ways to achieve this construction
project success is required. This research will contribute to architects in particularly
on how designers can improve their work faster, effective and quality during the
design process, and identify how BIM technology can be apply in projects to realize
the impact of BIM on the architectural design process. The result from this research
will be useful to architects to practice the impact of BIM in early stage. The research
concluded that, although BIM technology do pose some shortcomings such as
interoperability issues, the use of BIM is beneficial to the construction stakeholders.
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1.6 Scope of the Research
Project success is dependent on, the performance of the design team. The designers
are the key players in the construction industry whose services are need from the
conception stage of the project to its completion. The performance of the designers is
therefore important because any decision made at the inception of the project will
affect project success. According to Minato (2003), defective designs adversely
affect project performance and the participants and are responsible for many
construction failures. Failure at the conceptual planning and design stages may lead
to significant problems in successive stages of the project. Therefore, this research
concentrates on the design stage, focusing on architects in three triangle (time, cost
and quality) practices. This research focuses on the participants of the construction
industry, which is an architect to get their opinions towards the BIM adoption in
solving the construction projects success issues. The respondents were chosen based
on the top management level and the middle management only. In addition, the
research will only focus on the construction firms that using BIM.
The major limitation is that the interview of this thesis is focusing on
Malaysian architects firm which is regarding the use of BIM practices. Thereby the
majority of architects have limited knowledge and limited practical experience on
BIM issues. To set a realistic and interesting scope for this project, it was been
chosen to do interviews on the design process only.
1.7 Research Methodology
This chapter describes the methodology used in this research. In this study a
qualitative research method was applied and is built up by a relatively small number
of semi-structured and open-ended interviews (Silverman, 2005). The qualitative
method is used when there is a wish to describe things that already exists. It started
by conducting the first stage of the literature review. The goal of this research
methodology was to collect qualitative data that could be used to compare against
findings from other research strategies. It is important to note that this research
engaged two stages of literature reviews. The first stage of the review carried two
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purposes as following: This approach is expected to understand and deliver the
interviewees’ experience, attitudes, and best practice to implement BIM in
construction projects. Both Trost (2005) and Silverman (2005) emphasize the view
of the reality as complex and our choice of study method as not always obvious.
After defining the interview questions and the data collection strategy, the
research progressed into the data collection stage. The stage was initiated by first
identifying potential representative. The identification was done by reviewing the
local job advertisements on the internet and in newspapers that offered BIM related
posts, direct communication with BIM tools providers, direct contact with
participants and speakers in a local BIM seminar and attachment and collaboration
with Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM), the research arm for
Construction Industry and Development Board of Malaysia (CIDB). As a result,
eight architects were identified and agreed to participate in the case study research.
Eight experts were interviewed. They were selected based on their knowledge
and expertise in this field. All of the eight interviewees have a long experience in
architectural practice and they are BIM users. The main techniques that were used to
collect the primary data were semi-structured interviews each organization. Each
interview was audio recorded using a Dictaphone. As for analyzing the data, it was
firstly transcribed into an interview script before content analysis was conducted.
The findings from each architect were then cross analyzed in a table of matrix form
to determine the pattern of answers. After that, the second stage literature review was
conducted to make sense, justify, and theoretically validate the research findings.
The process flow of the research is described in chapter 3, Research Methodology
Framework in Figure 3.1, Research Process Flow, as can be referred to page 64.
1.8 Organization of the Thesis
The organization of this thesis includes the following below;
Chapter I: Introduction
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This chapter aims to give an overview of the thesis. This first chapter provides an
introduction to the research issue. It presents a general view of the background and
describes briefly the main problem and what this research aims to achieve.
Chapter II: Literature Review
This chapter consists of a literature review where major research and other relevant
research with regards construction project performance, three triangles (time, cost
and quality) and time management are highlight. Authors elaborate the most
important parts of related theory found in academic literature and electronic sources.
Chapter III: Research Methodology
This chapter explains about the interview that have been use to carry out this
research. The description of each method briefly explained in the chapter. Besides
that, explains the technique used in the analysis and issues related to data collection.
Chapter IV: Problems in Design Process
This chapter explains about the first objective for the purpose of this research.
Identify the problems of design stage that currently exists in construction projects in
terms of time, cost and quality and identify the factors to overcome the problem in
construction design stage.
Chapter V: Benefit of Using BIM in Construction Design Process
This chapter consists of the second objective. It will determine the benefits that can
be obtained by using BIM technology to achieve construction project success in
design process.
Chapter VI: Conclusions and Recommendations
The chapter revisits and discusses the summary of the research, the research
objectives, and the research questions, presents the conclusions derived from the
research, highlights the contributions, points out the limitations of the study and
suggests recommendations for future research. References and appendices are
presented at the end of the thesis.
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1.9 Summary
This chapter had covered the research topic, clarify the problem statement and
emphasise the importance of the research. The research background was first
introduce and explains current situation faced by construction industry in design
stage at Malaysia. The aim and objective of the research to established as well as the
scope and method study. Outline of the thesis chapters were also discuss. On this
basis, the research continues with detailed explanations of the research and
development process. The next chapter 2 describes the research procedure and
techniques that were used literature review of the thesis. Briefly described along with
the definition and concept, BIM concept, BIM benefits particular design phases.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter is presented the literature; covering research papers, reports, white
papers, and books. The review of these studies confirms the previous discussion for
the need of detailed studies about the role and use of BIM from the project
management point of view. The first subchapter describes the basic information
regarding BIM. The second subchapter presents the construction project
management in time, cost and quality is more focused on the design process. Finally,
the chapter will zoom in on the potential of BIM for project management in
particular design phases.
2.1 Overview of the Malaysia Construction Industry
The opportunities and problems in construction are very much from those of the last
century. The demands of clients, companies and employees differ from time to time,
and thus the vision of the construction industry is always developing; to keep up,
management must change too. Based on several researches, it is known that time and
cost overruns create a bad image for the construction industry in many countries
including Malaysia. As mentioned by Adrian (2004), over the years there have been
many technological such as in the construction process that have both increased the
rate of construction, and supplemented the complexity of the construction processes.
BIM has the potential to develop the construction industry, although it is not without
its potential drawbacks, and the benefits of BIM have yet to be documented since it
is still relatively new to the construction industry. This research will address the
growing need to develop project management in design phase by using BIM, which
in turn will help in shaping the goals of the future.
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2.2 Definition and Concept
This section discusses the definition and concept of project management, design,
Building Information Modeling and BIM concept.
2.2.1 Project Management (PM)
Construction is one of the important sectors, which influence the economy of our
country. This sector creates many work opportunities to the citizen and involves
several parties such as contractors and architects. According to Kerzner (2006),
Project management defined as the short-term objective relatively in planning,
organizing, directing and controlling the company resources establishing to complete
the specific goals and objectives.
Project management is not much different from construction project
management in general; Walker (2007) defined, construction project management as
planning, coordinating and controlling of a project from the beginning to completion
on behalf of a client demanding objectives. This includes of utility, quality, function,
time and cost, and the establishment of relationship between the resources,
integrating, monitoring and controlling the contributors to the project and their
output, and evaluating and selecting alternatives in pursuit of the client’s satisfaction
with the project outcome.
Construction project management is the same main objects as project
management which are cost, time and performance, but in construction PM its cost,
time and quality as Walker mentioned, which did not change fundamentally but may
be taken at a wider range in referring to people and the importance of working
through others, also in construction project management client satisfaction is another
important key to project success besides the objectives and goals of the company
itself. Haynes (2010) defines project management as project management
concentrates on a project. A project is an undertaking that has a beginning and an end
and is carried out to meet established goals within cost, schedule and quality
objectives. Project management brings together and optimizes the resources
necessary to complete the project successfully. These resources include the skills,
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talents and co-operative efforts of a team of people, facilities, tools, equipment,
information systems, techniques and money.
2.2.2 Design
Design in general, and in architecture specifically is one of the most diverse activities
done by humans. It been approached in many ways and has been formulated using
several principles. It is very hard to define what design actually is (Miles et al.,
1994). Design could be viewed as an activity that translates an idea into a blueprint
for something useful, whether it is a car, a building, a graphic, a service or a process.
The important part is the translation of the idea, though design's ability to spark the
idea in the first place should not be overlooked. Good design begins with the needs
of the user (Shedroff, 2009).
Details in Figure 2.1 show, the views of the design in different perspective.
An architect’s designs could solve a lot of problem in the construction industry,
where decision making during this design stage even during presentation of the
design stage is very important. Besides then that design also could reduce and
fulfilled constraint and direct the designer’s team to meet the objective of their
designs. Therefore, designs search of what the client’s requirement and as an early
stage of the planning in the construction industry. The most important part of the
design is by mapping a functional phase into a physical space.
14
Figure 2.1: The Different Views of Design (Miles et al., 1994)
2.2.3 Building Information Modeling (BIM)
According to National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS, 2007), BIM is
consider as a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a
facility and a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a
reliable basis for decision during its life cycle, defined as existing from earliest
conception to demolition.
BIM defined as the parametric modeling of a building. Simply stated BIM
allows the project team to virtually design and construct the building. BIM is not
only a technological innovation, but also a significant shift in the overall design
process (Hyatt, 2011). Figure 2.2 shows the trend of BIM tools in architectural,
structural and mechanical (plumbing & sanitary) and electrical model.
Design is satisfying constraints and meeting objectives
Design is problem solving
Design is decision making
Design is reasoning under uncertainty
Design is search
Design is planning
Design is an interactive process
Design is a parallel process
Design is an evolutionary process
Design is a mapping from functional space to a physical space
Design is like a game
Design is creative and inexplicable.
15
Figure 2.2: A BIM Approach (Azhar, 2008)
BIM is a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics
of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility,
forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from
earliest conception to demolition. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by
different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert,
extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of
that stakeholder (Smith, 2009).
BIM is not just the latest release of CAD software, it is an entirely new way
of looking at the design and construction of a building. It is consider as one of the
most promising developments in the AEC industry (Smith, 2009; Eastman et al.,
2008) and will become the facilitators of integration, interoperability and
collaboration in the future of AEC industry (Isikdag et al., 2008). As architects move
more rapidly to BIM, the opportunities to leverage digital design data for
downstream building asset and facilities management become more prevalent
(Bernstein & Pittman, 2004).
Furthermore, BIM is an innovative new approach to building design,
construction, and management introduced by Autodesk (2008), and has changed the
way the industry professionals worldwide think about how technology can be apply
to building design, construction, and management. BIM supports the continuous and
immediate availability of project design scope, schedule, and cost information that is
high quality, reliable, integrated, and fully coordinated (Autodesk, 2005).
16
BIM in its present state commonly used on complex projects such as high-
rise buildings, bridges, arts centre, stadiums, and medical facilities. The term is most
commonly applied for planning, design, construction, and management of buildings;
however, its capabilities are being extended to challenging and complex civil
engineering projects. 3D modeling is just another aspect of BIM that has hogged the
limelight, but its real strength and power lies in the knowledge database, which can
used in conjunction with other software’s to deliver quick and reliable information in
areas of sustainability, estimating, structural analysis, demolition and reconstruction
(Sah & Cory, 2008).
BIM is beginning to change buildings how they look, the way they function,
the ways in which they built. BIM is not a type or a thing of software but a human
activity that involves wide process changes in construction. BIM is a philosophy for
managing and accessing common building and facilities information. It is apply
throughout the facilities life cycle, from requirements definition through disposal. Its
goals are to provide installation owners with the best information available for
making best value decisions and reducing total ownership costs (TOC).
Advancements in software technology have led a new architectural drafting
revolution. BIM software provides an innovative approach to developing a set of
construction drawings for a building. Compared to CAD, the BIM software
essentially creates a drawing for the user according to the provided input, hence the
name, ‘information modeling.’ There are many additional advantages that BIM has
over CAD software. CAD drawings are often insufficient to meet the requirements of
a model-based design process, as industry expectations for analysis using a model-
based approach are expanding (Autodesk, 2008). BIM is more than drawings. It is a
data repository for building design, construction and maintenance information
combined in one convenient model to share with all the stakeholders (Eastman,
2009).
BIM simplifies the drafting process and at the same time provides additional
assets to the drawings. Using one electronic file, an entire set of mechanical,
electrical, plumbing and structural drawings can be created from the architectural
model (Eastman, 2009). The user generated information can be modified to meet the
construction specifications. In other words, every time the user draws a wall, they
must declare the composition of the wall section. This includes products, materials
17
and sizes. Using this information the software will generate schedules and list of
materials with quantity of materials to purchase. This is where the main sustainable
aspect comes into play. Limited construction waste is a direct benefit of using BIM
software. In the construction industry, tremendous level of coordination is needed in
an environment where the collaboration of a number of organizations is crucial
during the duration of one project (Alshawi & Faraj, 2002). BIM technology can lead
to major productivity improvements by integrating the work of the construction
project network (Taylor & Bernstein, 2008).
However, NIBS (2007) notes that, the acronym BIM is used in several
different ways shows in Figure 2.3. BIM can refer to:
i. A product (Building Information Model; a structured dataset describing a
building),
ii. An activity (Building Information Modeling; the act of creating a Building
Information Model)
iii. A system (Building Information Management; business structures of work
and communication that increase quality and efficiency).
Figure 2.3: Different Definitions for BIM (NIBS, 2007).
18
According to Taylor & Bernstein (2008), BIM is a new industry term referring to
parametric three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) technologies and tools
to support the work in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC)
industry. However, in addition to 3D, BIM can also include dimensions of 4D or 5D
(Kraus et al., 2007). 4D means 3D CAD drawings with added dimension of time and
5D contains a 3D CAD model with the added dimension of time-based costs (Kraus
et al., 2007).
2.3 BIM Concept
BIM is basically a digital platform for creation of virtual buildings (GSA, 2007). If
BIM is to be applied in a total sense, a model should be able to contain all the
required information to collaborate, predict and make decisions regarding design,
construction, operation, cost, and maintenance of a facility prior to construction.
“BIM represents a paradigm change that will have far-reaching benefits, not only for
those in the building industry but for society at large, as better buildings are built
that consume less energy and require less labour and capital resources” (Eastman et
al., 2008). No project has yet fully realized the total scope of BIM.
BIM is considered more than just a tool or a technology it represents a whole
new way of addressing the building process in current construction practice. BIM
facilitates 3D, 4D, 5D, and 6D.
3D is object-based parametric modeling
4D is sequencing and scheduling of material, peoples, floor space, time, etc.
5D includes the part-lists and cost estimates
6D considers facilities management, the lifecycle cost, and environmental
impacts. These concepts are profoundly depending on software technology in
order to be implemented.
According to Words & Images (2009), three variants of BIM implementation in
design and construction in progressively more complex and powerful grades are:
BIM-A is the lowest level and refers to the use of BIM software to accelerate
document production within a design firm. BIM-A currently provides compelling
19
advantages over conventional CAD for design documentation. Early adopters in
large firms report savings of 30% or more in production costs and dramatic increases
in profitability.
BIM-B is the use of BIM software among partnering firms to take advantage
of data exchange opportunities to reduce communication costs. BIM-B is just
emerging in trial implementations on a few projects. BIM-B requires close, long-
term relationships among architects, consultants, and prime contractors that can
justify the standardization of documentation procedures and representations. In
theory the value can be very high but in practice there are very strong indicators of
effectiveness.
BIM-I is the conceptual model of industry-wide adoption of data exchange
protocols around standard software interfaces. BIM-I requires widespread
standardization of data exchange protocols as well as contractual and tacit
agreements to share data. The potential to reduce communication costs, reduce
construction waste, expedite schedules and increase quality are difficult to quantify
but may be several percentage points of construction cost.
According to General Services Administration (GSA) 2007), the most
important letter in BIM is therefore the I for information, as this is the revolutionary
part of BIM. The sequence of BIM-A to BIM-B to BIM-I is a natural and necessary
sequence that likely must be followed by each firm. BIM-B requires a certain
internal mastery of software and innovative processes that are representative of BIM-
A, while BIM-I requires a degree of familiarity with the data exchange necessary for
BIM-B as well as pervasive adoption of BIM technology and data exchange
protocols among consultants, contractors, and suppliers.
2.4 Current Industry Practices in PM
Construction process can be divided into three important phases; project conception,
project design and project construction. A project is a one-time task controlled by
time, cost, and quality, and its success depends on how fit these constraints are
balanced (Atkinson, 1999). All construction projects comprise two different phases:
the preconstruction phase (the period between the initial conceptions of the project to
20
awarding of the contract) and the construction phase (period from awarding the
contract to when the actual construction is completed). Delays and cost overruns
occur in both phases. However, the major instances of project overruns usually take
place in the construction phase (Frimpong et al., 2003). Before any construction can
takes place, the contractors usually need to redraw drawings so they are sufficient for
construction process. Those drawings are called “general arrangement drawings”.
Furthermore, subcontractors make their own “shop drawings” which are ready for
production of items like precast walls, steel connections, piping runs, etc. Shop
drawings are very precise and detailed. If they are based on drawings which, already
contain errors there might be conflicts on the site and costs associated with this issue
might be significant. To produce building elements offsite when detailed drawings
may not reflect real situation onsite is not rational solution. Therefore, most of the
fabrication has to take place onsite where all conditions are known. This, however, is
more costly and time consuming; quality control of produced elements is not as good
as it is in factory. In fact, the nature of the construction process is such that it requires
the timely exchange of appropriate, adequate and accurate information. It is between
the client and design teams during the brief, design interface in terms of the brief,
feasibility studies and sketch plans, and the design and building teams during the
design/construction interface in terms of the working drawings, schedules, bills of
quantities and specification.
2.4.1 Time, Cost and Quality
Management in the construction industry is considering as one of the most important
factors affecting performance of works. In the industrial world and construction
industry in particular, time, cost and quality form a triangular relationship (Figure
2.4). In the majority of decision making parts, management has to compromise in
one area in order to get the best result in the other two. Mainly, “Cost” and “Quality”
are always fighting for “Time” (Saputra, 2011).
21
Figure 2.4: Triangle relationship (Saputra, 2011)
2.4.1.1 Time
Timely completion of a construction project is frequently seen as a major criterion of
project success by clients, contractors and consultants similar. Successful companies
must deliver projects on time, within budget, and meet specifications while managing
project risk (Raymond & Bergeron, 2008). In construction, delay could be defined as
the time overrun either beyond completion date specified in a contract, or beyond the
date that the parties agreed upon for the delivery of a project.
2.4.1.2 Cost
A mentioned by Azhar et al. (2008) in his research “Cost is among the major
consideration throughout the project management life cycle and can be regarded as
one of the most important parameters of a project and the driving force of project
success”. Furthermore, cost performance is an effective technique in project
management effort expended and it is widely accepted in the literature and industry
(Gido & Clements, 2003).
22
2.4.1.3 Quality
According to Flanagan & Tate (1997), quality of the finished project one of the
components that contributes to “value for money” to the client. Vincent and Joel
(1995) define, total quality management as: “…the integration of all functions and
processes within an organisation in order to achieve continuous improvement of the
quality of goods and services. The goal is customer satisfaction.”
2.4.2 Time Management
Realistic ‘construction time’ has become increasingly important because it often
serves as a key benchmark for assessing the performance of a project and the
efficiency of the contractor (Kumaraswamy & Chan, 2002). According to
Samuelsson (2008), the use of technology that can handle 3D computer object has
doubled by architects and increased with over 30% by technical consultants (Figure
2.5).
Figure 2.5: Usage of Technology to Produce Model in 2007 (Samuelsson, 2008).
23
In the current situation, all participants in the project use a common database to store
drawings and exchange information with each other (Bergmark, 2004 & Noren,
2009). In conventional method (2D) “plain old” hidden lines views but in Revit
Architecture colour settings done and leaving the visualization studio to focus on the
high quality presentation material needed for reviews, approvals and marketing the
project save time. The platform from Revit linked to the visualization of 3D
StudioMax that minimizes the time required to coordinate the architectural design
and visualization (Autodesk, 2008).
2.4.3 Cost Management
Angelo et al. (2002) pointed out that, cost overrun is a main problem in project
development and is a regular feature in the construction industry but it is not as much
of effective compared to time management (Ramli, 2003). Categories of project cost
management include project resource planning, cost budgeting, cost control and cost
estimating. Two important components of cost control are cash flow management
and project accounting. It should determine the projected final cost and consider the
projections of future cost where it involving scope, time and quality. Normally, cost
estimation made before the start of a project so that it can be control within cost
budget. A project may require more than one person and may occur more than once
during the life of a project which, depending on the complexity of the project. It may
be very simple or extremely complex when managing the cost of project. In project
management, it should also consider the needs of project stakeholders in the project
cost (Gido & Clements, 2003).
2.4.4 Quality Management
The importance of quality management is quite noticeable in project management
literature (Choi et al., 2009; Din et al., 2010). In the success of construction projects
one of the critical factors is quality. Quality of construction projects linked with
24
proper quality management in all the phases of project life cycle (Memon, 2011). In
the project life cycle, design and construction are the two important phases of which
affect the quality outcome of construction projects significantly (Dahlia, 2010).
NEDO (National Economic Development Office), London survey found that
"design" and "poor workmanship in the construction process" combined to form
more than 90% of the total failure events (Rahman, 1996). The cost of the design
phase accounts for only about 3% to 10% of the project on average, most of the
research into and discussion of the quality of construction projects have focused on
the construction phase, and seldom on the design phase (Rahman, 2008). Quality
during the design phase has great impact on later expenditures (Memon, 2011).
In Malaysia, the application of the cost of quality concept in the construction
industry is a relatively new field of interest. Hence, the economics' sense of
improving quality not well understood within the players of the building construction
industry. It is no surprise therefore that some building contractors may avoid quality
improvement processes believing that these processes add only time and cost to the
process of construction. In the same time, less satisfactory performance in the
construction industry has led to the belief that construction projects cannot be
complete within budget and desired quality (Rahman, 1996). The findings of UK, the
BRE (Building Research Establishment) also found that, 50% of errors in buildings
had their origin in the design stage.
2.5 Issues of Construction Project Management
Projects defined by the need to complete a task on time, to budget, and with proper
technical performance/quality. A major criticism facing the Malaysian construction
industry is the growing rate of delays in project delivery. Time overrun and cost
overruns factor have contributed to the high cost of construction in many countries
for many years (Abdul Rahman et al., 2008). When projects delayed, contractor and
the project owner must plan ways to handle this unexpected delay. It causes
construction cost overrun. The research by Kaming et al. (1997) showed that, the
major factors influencing time delays are design changes, poor labour productivity,
inadequate planning, and resources shortage, while cost overruns are generally
121
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