The Immune System The Immune System

Part 3Part 3

What Could Go Wrong?What Could Go Wrong?

A. Immune Deficiency Disorder

B. Hypersensitivity Disorder

C. Autoimmune Disorder

D. Immunoproliferative Disorder

Hypersensitivity ReactionsHypersensitivity Reactions

While it is clear that immune responses serve as a protective and adaptive function, they may also prove to be damaging to the host tissue.

HypersensitivityHypersensitivity

•Body finds pollen or other substances antigenic triggering antibody production

•Antigen/antibody complexing occurs on mast cells

•Mast cells release histamines that cause allergies

•Histamines trigger inflammation due to antigen and/or antibody complexing

HypersensitivityHypersensitivity

Treatment for Allergies

1. Environmental Control

2. Food elimination diet

3. Steroids

4. Antihistamines

5. Immunotherapy

I. Type I- Anaphalactic Reactions (Atopic*)

Allergens

1. Inhaled2. Ingested- food & drugs3. Skin Contact

Outcomes (may be localized or generalized)

1. Allergic Rhinitis2. Asthma3. Atopic Dermatitis

Treatment (avoidance of allergen)

1. Immunotherapy

2. Antihistamines

3. Corticosteroids

Anaphylaxis (generalized)

1. Signs

2. Examples

a. Drugs (penicillin) reactions

b. Insect bites

c. Treatment

More Atopic ConditionsMore Atopic Conditions Condition Commonly Associated Allergens

Urticaria-angioedema Insect bites

Food allergies

Gastrointestinal Allergy Food Allergy (cereals, milk, eggs, shellfish, fruit)

Drug hypersensitivities

Serum sickness syndrome Drugs, especially penicillin

Atopic ConditionsAtopic ConditionsCondition Commonly Associated AllergensAnaphylaxis Heterologous antisera

Vaccines

Iodinated radiographic material

Allergic rhinitis Inhalants (spores, pollens,

animal dander)

Extrinsic asthma Mold spores

Atopic or Allergic Reactions

Autoimmunity - Auto allergy

Diseases that result from antibodies or immune cells produces by the host that react with some of the host’s own antigens.

May be in serum or a particular cell type

Autoimmune DisordersAutoimmune DisordersThe body cannot distinguish between self and non-self external factors

The body begins to destroy itself

The body begins to produce antibodies against it’s own normal cells

The disorders are destructive with little treatment

Women are more susceptibleExamples: 1. Multiple Sclerosis--Attacks lining of CNS 2. Type I Diabetes--Attacks Beta cells

3. Systemic Lupus--Attacks DNA, body kills itself

Organ SpecificOrgan SpecificMultiple Sclerosis

•150,000 in the U. S.

•Appears as a genetic & environmental determiner

•Demyelinization of the sheath of CNS nerves

Organ SpecificOrgan SpecificMyasthenia Gravis

Breakdown of conduction @ neuromuscular junction 85% of victims show anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibodies

(Incidence) = 5 / 100,000

(F) = 30 yr olds (M) = 70 yr olds

1. Clinical Features

2. Pathogenesis

3. Treatment

4. Prognosis

GeneralizedGeneralized

• Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Scleroderma

• Systemic Lupus