The Immune System and ImmunityBiology EOC Review WebinarSC.912.L.14.52

SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (Level 2: Moderate Complexity)

SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health.

BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.52

Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems (40% of exam)

Standard Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms

Benchmark SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (Also assesses

SC.912.L.14.6)

Also Assesses SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health.

BenchmarkClarifications Students will identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human

immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses.Students will describe the basic functions of vaccines and/or antibiotics.Students will explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental

factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspective of both individual and public health.

Content Limits Items assessing the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health are limited to a conceptual understanding.

Items assessing the mode of action of antibiotics are limited to a conceptual understanding and will not require knowledge regarding a specific antibiotic

Stimulus Attribute Scenarios are limited to those commonly included in a biology course.

Response Attributes None specified

Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.6, SC.6.E.7.8, SC.8.N.4.1, and SC.8.N.4.2.

The immune system / immunity is complex and difficult for students to understand. Take particular care in clarifying the many terms that students encounter on this benchmark. Make sure students understand the distinction between the following pairs of terms: Leukocytes and lymphocytes Antigen, antibody, allergen and pathogen B lymphocyte and T lymphocyte Cytotoxic T cell and helper T cell

Misconception regarding vaccines and how they work

Misconception about antibiotics and their over usage

A fever is a sign of weak immune system Stress doesn’t affect the immune system Your immune system doesn’t age

Bell ringer / EngageOsmosis Jones Vaccine Clip

The Immune System is a body system that fights infection & prevents illnesses

Immunity: the ability of the body to defend itself

against infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells (ex. cancer)

1st Line: Barriers Broad, external defense

▪ “Walls and Moats” ▪ skin & mucus membranes

2nd Line: Nonspecific patrol Broad, non-specific, internal defense

▪ “Patrolling soldiers” ▪ phagocytes eating WBC’s

3rd Line: Immune System Specific, acquired immunity

▪ “Elite trained units”▪ lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies

▪ B & T cells

Lining of trachea: ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells

•Non-specific defense

•External barriers

•skin –physically blocks pathogens

• mucus membranes- traps particles

in nose and throat

•excretions

•sweat

•tears

•mucus

•stomach acids

•saliva (“lick your wounds”)

Inflammatory reactionFour outward signs (redness, heat, swelling, & pain)

Histamine is released which cause capillaries to become enlarged

and more permeable (causes redness, swelling, pain)

White Blood CellsNon-specific (macrophage)

2nd Line of Defense -Non-specific

Pathogens, cancer cells, or foreign cells have protein markers on surface (antigens) that activate the immune system to identify foreign to body

Types of White Blood Cells - all made in the bone marrow- All called in after the non-specific WBCs

B lymphocyte cells (mature in bone marrow)▪ produce antibodies that combine with antigens

and target particular pathogens – “tagging”▪ Produce memory B cells

T lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus gland)▪ directly destroy infected cells ex. cancer, viral

infection▪ produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells

(“alarm” / “conductor”), and memory T cells

Figure 1. Helper T cells regulate both humoral and cellular immunity

Figure 2. A cytotoxic T cell attacking a host cell that is expressing foreign antigens

Active Body creates an immune response after

being exposed to a pathogen or a vaccine Memory cells are produced so this

immunity lasts (sometimes even a lifetime)

Passive Antibodies in breast milk or shots of

antibodies provide a temporary immune response

Different pathogen cause common infectious diseases

•Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body

•antibiotics cause pathogens to burst

•target on specific bacterium or fungus

•not effective against viruses

• antibiotic resistance issues

Antibiotics have killed the bottom cell by weakening its cell wall and causing it to burst. (colored TEM; magnification 55,000X

Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to become ineffective.

– Some bacteria in a population have genes that make them immune to antibiotics.

– These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics useless.

– For example: Drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) now in the news

A bacterium carriesgenes for antibioticresistance on a plasmid.

A copy of the plasmid is transferredthrough conjugation.

Resistance is quicklyspread throughmany bacteria.

Vaccines also control pathogens and disease. given to prevent illness contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen

Vaccination provides acquired immunity.– stimulates a specific

immune response

– allows immune system to respond quickly to infection

– causes memory cells to be produced

– has such a fast response, a person will not get sick

A memory B cell isstimulated when the real pathogen binds to it.

2

The B cell quickly activates and makes antibodies that fight the pathogens before you get sick.

3

Antigens in a vaccinetrigger an immune response, and memory B cells are made.

1memory B cells

Vaccines are not safe.Vaccines don’t work.Vaccines are linked to chronic

diseases.Vaccines weaken the immune

system.Vaccines contain toxic substances.

Our body releases histamine which makes vessels leaky

Histamine causes the mucus membranes of the nose and eyes to release fluid as a defense against pathogens This produces cold-like

symptoms With anaphylactic shock,

the capillaries become so permeable that blood pressure drops

ENVIRONMENTAL ALLERGENS (Antigen)

HEREDITARY

Post-Quiz – moderate to high complexity questions – see materials (www.problem-attic.com)

A Case Study Involving Influenza and the Influenza Vaccine Escambia County Site for Additional Videos -

http://ecsd-fl.schoolloop.com/l.14.52 Additional activities:

Comprehensive Lesson Plan with Lab & Webquests (see materials)

Immune Response Interactive Game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immuneresponses/game/index.html#/plot1

Antibodies Virtual Lab / Immune Response Animation http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/

animation__the_immune_response.html

http://healthycanadians.gc.ca/health-sante/medicine-medicament/misconception-eng.php

http://www.meditrenz.com/busting-myths-about-the-immune-system.html

http://www.learner.org/courses/biology/textbook/hiv/hiv_3.html https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/immunology/v/h

elper-t-cells http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/immunerespon

seshttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__the_immune_response.html

www.paec.org http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html /game/index.html#/plot1