THE IDENTIFICATION OF LANDMARKS FOR WAYFINDING IN AN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
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THE IDENTIFICATION OF LANDMARKS FOR WAYFINDING IN AN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT Pepijn Viaene, Ann Vanclooster, Philippe De Maeyer FACULTY OF SCIENCES [email protected]
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Faculty of sciences. THE IDENTIFICATION OF LANDMARKS FOR WAYFINDING IN AN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT. Pepijn Viaene, Ann Vanclooster, Philippe De Maeyer. [email protected]. LANDMARK. FEATURES Persistent Informative Salient. OBJECT/PLACE. Prominent Identifiable Memorable. Visual - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of THE IDENTIFICATION OF LANDMARKS FOR WAYFINDING IN AN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
THE IDENTIFICATION OF LANDMARKS FOR WAYFINDING
IN AN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
Pepijn Viaene, Ann Vanclooster, Philippe De Maeyer
FACULTY OF SCIENCES
INDOOR 3D - CAPE TOWN 2
LANDMARK• FEATURES– Persistent– Informative– Salient
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OBJECT/PLACE
• WAYFINDING– Orientationpoint– Checkpoint– Cognitive model of the environment
• Prominent• Identifiable• Memorable
• Visual• Semantic• Structural
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OBJECTIVES• INDOOR = OUTDOOR ?
– Hypothesis 1: Landmarks are primarily used as orientation point and to a lesser extent as checkpoints.
– Hypothesis 2: The landmark-theory (Sorrows & Hirtle, 1999) is applicable indoor as well.
– Hypothesis 3: Individual characteristics of the test person have an impact on the selection of landmarks.
• Indoor navigation systems using landmark-based route instructions– How are landmarks described?
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METHODS• Concurrent Thinking Aloud (TA)
• Experiment– 1. Introduction to TA– 2. Completion 1 of the route: following (TA)– 3. Completion 2 of the route: independant (TA)– 4. Questionnaire
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description
location and identification
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METHODS
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22 verbal protocol
transcription
LOCATION ANALYSIS
WORD ANALYSIS
SENTENCE ANALYSIS
• 11 test persons• 3 groups
Experts Geographical Information (GI) Novices
• Gender
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RESULTS
12/12/2013
• Hypothesis 1: Landmarks are primarily used as orientation point and to a lesser extent as checkpoints.
• Outdoor research:o View-action-coupleo (possible) changes in direction
o ≤ 50 % = checkpoint
INDOOR 3D - CAPE TOWN 712/12/2013
LOCATION ANALYSIS
Noticed by …menwomenmen and womeneverybody
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RESULTS
12/12/2013
• Hypothesis 2: The landmark-theory (Sorrows & Hirtle, 1999) is applicable indoor as well.
• Outdoor research:
“object landmarks” “structural landmarks”
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WORD ANALYSIS
Visual features• Material• Age• Presence• Colours• Closets (objects)
Structural features• Stairs• Floors• Large open spaces
Semantic features• VTK
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SENTENCE ANALYSIS
GI
Experts
Novices
53%
45%
52%
47%
55%
48%
Ratio between object landmarks and structural landmarks for each group
object [%] structural [%]
• Semantic component: 23 %• Odours, sounds, temperature ?• Persistence ?
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SENTENCE ANALYSIS
1st completion
2nd completion
Both completions
63%
72%
68%
10%
10%
10%
7%
4%
5%
16%
13%
14%
3%
2%
2%
Description of landmarks per recording
noun [%] Colours and materials [%] shape [%]state [%] combination [%]
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• Hypothesis 3: Individual characteristics of the test person have an impact on the selection of landmarks.
• Outdoor research:
RESULTS
(Caduff & Timpf, 2008)
GENDER
FAMILIARITY WITH ENVIRONMENT
FAMILIARITY WITH GI
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WORD ANALYSIS
• Familiarity with the enviroment– Less additional information• Signs• Details: colours and materials (?)
• Gender– Women refer more to colours and material
• GI– Use of signs (?)
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SENTENCE ANALYSIS • Familiarity with the environment
GI
Experts
Novices
15%
20%
14%
85%
80%
86%
Annotations in tier "Comment" (2nd completion)
direction [%] landmark [%]
GI
Experts
Novices
78%
71%
71%
21%
12%
24%
1%
17%
5%
Annotations in tier "Landmark" (1st completion)object [%] sign [%] non-visual [%]
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SENTENCE ANALYSIS
• Familiarity with the environment
GI Experts Novices
11 %
1%
7 %
Need for orientation (2nd completion)
DURATION Mean [m:s] SD [m:s]Total 6:42 0:33
Experts 6:27 0:42GI 6:50 0:25
Novices 6:52 0:20Men 6:39 0:42
Women 6:47 0:18
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SENTENCE ANALYSIS• Gender
• GI– Very limited or even no influence– Preference for maps
men
women
73%
58%
6%
18%
5%
7%
15%
14%
2%
3%
landmark description with respect to gender
noun [%] colours/materials [%] shape [%]state [%] combination [%]
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• Hypothesis 1: Landmarks function primarily as orientation points
• Hypothesis 2: – Landmark theory is not refuted– Further research: odours, sound, temperature
• Hypothesis 3: Individual characteristics of the test person have an impact on the selection of landmarks.– Familiarity with the environment facilitates navigation and
wayfinding– Gender: same landmarks, colour and material– Familiarity with Geographical Information: no effect
CONCLUSION
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THE IDENTIFICATION OF LANDMARKS FOR WAYFINDING
IN AN INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
Thank you for your attention
