The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present...
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The Idea That Was Rome
I. The Origins of Rome
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A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West
1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness
2. Western “template”
language, government, law, religion
3. Republic or Empire?
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B. Early Roman Civilization
1. Greek colonization
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2. Carthage and Phoenician colonies
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C. Etruscan Civilization
1. From Asia Minor, 2000s-1500 BCE
a. De-centralized tribes
b. Eastern gods, mythology
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2. 800s BCE - confederation
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3. Etruscan life
a. sharp class division
b. hydraulic, urban society
c. high status of women
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D. Latium (Latin) Civilization
1. 700 BCE - Alban League
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2. Basic family unit - “paterfamilia”
patricians, plebians
3. Senate
4. Mythology
Cincinnatus, Horatio Cocles, Lucretia
Romulus and Remus
farmers, soldiers, and virtue
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E. Etruscan Rome
1. 600s = Etruscans conquer central Italy
a. land-use technology
b. military service/property ownership
c. class stratification
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2. Last Etruscan King - Tarquinio
3. Republic, unified Italy
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II. The Roman Republic, 509-79? BCE
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• Paradox of Republican Rome
Values espoused not values maintained by ruling Senate
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A. Republic and class compromise
1 . Law of 12 Tables (450 BCE)
2. Conquest of Italian peninsula
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B. The Punic Wars, 265 - 146 BCE
1. Nearly defeated Rome
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Livy, The Punic Wars
Hannibal Barca
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2. Long-term implications of Punic Wars would put great stress on republican Rome
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III. Culture in Republican Rome
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A. Empire of Farmers and Soldiers
1. Spokesman of republican virtue
Cato the Elder
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1. Women
2. Sons
3. Slaves
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Fear of Slave Revolt
73 BC - Spartacus leads slave revolt; 70,000
Required 3 Roman armies to defeat him
Led to “hysteria” among free Romans
Crassus v. Pompey: origins of dictatorship
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C. the Equestrian Class
1. Growing power through non-traditional means
“new men” - officers, merchants, aristocrats of the empire
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D. Senate instransigience
1. The Gracchus brothers (see Plutarch)
2. Public display
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E. Religion
1. No specific caste of priests
2. Each family had its own gods, spirits
- ancestor worship
3. Romans adopted other gods, ie the Greeks
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4. State intolerant of non-sanctioned religions
Cult of Isis, Bacchus
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Persecution of the Cult of Bacchus was endemic of larger problems
- growing class disparity; slavery
- traditional male status in decline
- no unifying public religion
- Patricians hostile to any reform
EAMUS CATULI!
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IV. Fall of the Republic
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A. Crisis of Government, ca. 100 BC
1. The Social Wars
- Livius Drusus, expansion of citizenship
2. Losing grip on Empire
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3. First Roman dictatorship, 83-79 BC
a. Sulla
b. made army loyal to
commander
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B. Last-ditch effort to save the Republic
1. Cicero = “stoicism”
2. Restore republican
virtues and accountability
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C. Republic descends into Civil Wars, 79-44 BC
1. Pompey, conquered Spain
2. Crassus, crushed Spartacan revolt
3. Julius Caesar, conquest of Gaul
59 BC, the First Triumvirate
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4. Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, 49 BC
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5. Assassination of Julius Caesar, March 15, 44 BC
6. Renewed War: Octavian v. Marc Antony
Cleopatra?
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7. Octavian defeats Marc Antony at Battle of Actium, 31 BC
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Octavian changes name to Caesar Augustus
Rules empire as an Emperor
Senate remains, but republic is lost
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V. Rome in the Augustan Age
The Pax Romana, 31 BC - 192 AD (CE)
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A. Why did Imperial system work in replacing the Republic?
1. Augustus worked within construct of law
2. Emperors could choose successors
Augustus, Tiberius: 23 BC - 37 AD
five “good Emperors”: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius: 96-180 AD
cooperated with the Senate; reformers
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***System Augustus set up could survive “bad emperors”
Caligula, Claudius, Nero
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3. Reform the Senate
4. Build Equestrian class
5. Army reform
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6. “Rounded off” the boundaries of the Empire
Height of Empire, 116 A.D.
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B. Culture of Imperial Rome
1. Augustus hoped to re-instill “republican virtues”
2. Reward soldiers with land
3. Assist urban poor of Rome with food, public works
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C. “corruption” of republican virtue
1. In Imperial system, women obtain greater influence
- marriage, court intrigue, cults, divorce, eulogies
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2. “bad” emperors hated for extravagance
Claudius gets a foot rub
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3. The longer Rome was ruled by an Emperor, the less possible it was to return to republic
- Marcus Aurelius
Roman historians of the Imperial Era longed for the old republic, but strains of empire made that impossible