The hypothesis that most people already think is true. Ex. Eating a good breakfast before a test...
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![Page 1: The hypothesis that most people already think is true. Ex. Eating a good breakfast before a test will help you focus Notation NULL HYPOTHESIS HoHo.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649f225503460f94c3b286/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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The hypothesis that most people already think is true. Ex. Eating a good breakfast before a test will help you focus
Notation
NULL HYPOTHESIS
Ho
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The hypothesis that goes against the current held belief. Ex. Eating a big breakfast does not help you focus before a test.
Notation
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
Ha
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The entire group you want information about.
POPULATION
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A characteristic is observed and data is collected. No outside factors are placed on the population.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
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A treatment is assigned to a group in order to study a specific characteristic. Data is then compared based on the results of the treatment.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
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In an experimental study, the treatment is what is changed or added to the population or sample.
TREATMENT
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In an experimental study, the variable of interest is what characteristic the surveyor wants to know about. NOTE- this is NOT the treatment
VARIABLE OF INTEREST
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In a study, this group has no treatment done on them.
CONTROL GROUP
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A treatment that has no ingredient to cause an effect, however, the subject(s) does not know this. Often times in medical studies, the placebo is a sugar pill.
PLACEBO
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This occurs when subjects on a placebo show change because they think they are on an actual treatment.
PLACEBO EFFECT
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Data that cannot be arranged numerically. For example: hair color, gender, ethnicity, religious affiliation, etc.
CATEGORICAL DATA
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Data that can be arranged numerically. For example: height, age, income, number of children, etc.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
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In a survey, this type of question requires the subject to choose an answer based on listed choices.
CLOSED QUESTION
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In a survey, this question has no answer choices and leaves the subject to answer freely.
OPEN QUESTION
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In a survey, a biased question is worded so that the subject would tend to answer in a certain way.
BIASED QUESTION
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When some members of a population are more likely to be selected than others.
BIASED SAMPLING
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A sample that does not reflect the makeup of the population (a biased sample). For example population: High SchoolSample: Only Freshmen
NON-REPRESENTATIVE
SAMPLING
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Responders do not give accurate answers. For example: The subject might be embarrassed or trying to impress.
RESPONSE BIAS
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Refusal to answer a question.
NON-RESPONSE BIAS
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Similar to response bias. Subjects being observed act differently when they know they are being observed.
OBSERVER EFFECT
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When the wording of questions makes a responder lean to a certain response. This could also occur in a closed question with not enough options.
WORDING OF QUESTIONS
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When data is spread over a wide range of values.
HIGH VARIABILITY
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When data is not spread out (condensed).
LOW VARIABILITY
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When the trial outcome is NOT close to the population mean.
SAMPLE RESULTS
Population mean: 32
HIGH STATISTICAL BIAS
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When the trial outcome is close to the population mean.
SAMPLE RESULTS
Population mean: 24.5
LOW STATISTICAL BIAS
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Not enough members of the population are being studied.POPULATION: Wheeler High SchoolSample: 10 students
UNDERCOVERAGE
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A study in which the ENTIRE population is sampled.
CENSUS
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How a sample is chosen in a statistical study. If the sample is not picked correctly, all of the data collected could be inaccurate.
SAMPLING METHOD
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Every subject receives a number, and numbers are randomly selected either through a random drawing or random number generator.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE
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Population is divided into distinct groups. Then a simple random sample is done for each group.Ex. Split into boys + girls- then draw numbers out of hat.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE
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A rule is used to select members of a population. For example: Every third person who comes through the door will be selected.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLE
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Clusters are formed which are small scale representations of the population. The entire cluster is studied.Example: D lunch (has members of all parts of the school)
CLUSTER SAMPLE
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Only members of the population who are easily accessible are sampled. This generally results in poor samples.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLE
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The average of EVERY member of the population. This is generally impossible, depending on what your population is.
Notation
POPULATION MEAN
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The mean of a sample of the population.
Notation
SAMPLE MEAN
x
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When you conduct a study that only looks at one variable, you are working with univariate data.
UNIVARIATE DATA
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When you conduct a study that looks at the relationship between two variables, you are working with bivariate data.
BIVARIATE DATA
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A diagram consisting of rectangles whose height represents the frequency of a variable, and width represents an interval. There is no spacing between the rectangles.
HISTOGRAM
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A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height of rectangles with equal width. There is spacing between the rectangles.
BAR GRAPH
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A graphic way to display the median, quartiles, and extremes of a data set on a number line to show the distribution of the data. Sometimes called a boxplot.
BOX & WHISKER PLOT
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A type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole.
PIE CHART
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The representation of data by using dots over a number line. The number of dots over each increment on the number lines represents the frequency of the data. (the dots can be Xs as well)
DOT PLOT
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A table displaying how often each value in a set of data occurs.
FREQUENCY TABLE
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A distribution with most of the observations on the left. (It has a right tail)
SKEWED RIGHT
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A distribution with most of the observations on the right. (It has a left tail)
SKEWED LEFT
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A data value that is far away from the rest of the distribution on either side.
OUTLIER
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In a histogram, this refers to the size of the intervals used at the bottom of the chart.
BIN SIZE
Bin size is in 4s