The Human Skeleton COLLEGE ANATOMY Southern Boone County High School Bill Palmer.
Transcript of The Human Skeleton COLLEGE ANATOMY Southern Boone County High School Bill Palmer.
The Human SkeletonThe Human Skeleton
COLLEGE ANATOMY
Southern Boone County High School
Bill Palmer
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Slide 5.1
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Functions of the Skeletal Functions of the Skeletal SystemSystem
Provides shape and formProvides shape and form Supporting, protecting, and allowing Supporting, protecting, and allowing
bodily movementbodily movement Produces blood for blood cellsProduces blood for blood cells Storing mineralsStoring minerals
The Skeleton Is Divided Into The Skeleton Is Divided Into Two Distinct Parts:Two Distinct Parts:
THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSISTS THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSISTS OF BONES THAT FORM THE AXIS OF BONES THAT FORM THE AXIS OF THE BODY AND SUPPORT AND OF THE BODY AND SUPPORT AND PROTECT THE ORGANS OF THE PROTECT THE ORGANS OF THE HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK.HEAD, NECK, AND TRUNK.
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON IS COMPOSED OF BONES THAT ANCHOR THE APPENDAGES TO THE AXIAL SKELETON.
B1. Human Endoskeleton B1. Human Endoskeleton made ofmade of
a.a. Axial:Axial: skull, skull, backbone, ribs, backbone, ribs, sternumsternum
b.b. Appendicular:Appendicular: arms, legs, arms, legs, shoulders, shoulders, hips,wrists, hips,wrists, anklesankles
Boo !
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Slide 5.20b
Figure 5.6
The SkullThe Skull
Slide 5.21a
Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Slide 5.22
Figure 5.11
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Slide 5.22
Figure 5.11
The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
Slide 5.27a
The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
Figure 5.13
The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
Slide 5.27b
Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
Allow the brain to grow
Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28
Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
The spine has a normal curvature
Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
Slide 5.31a
Forms a cage to protect major organs
Figure 5.19a
The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
Slide 5.31b
Made-up of three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
Slide 5.32a
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton
The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33
Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide 5.34a
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35a
The arm is formed by a single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35b
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36
The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
The PelvisThe Pelvis
Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40a
The thigh has one bone
Femur – thigh bone
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40b
The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle HIP BONES COMPOSED OF THREE PAIR OF FUSED BONES
ILIUM ISCHIUM PUBIC BONE
THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE UPPER BODY RESTS ON THE PELVIS PROTECTS SEVERAL ORGANS
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS URINARY BLADDER PART OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
Endoskeletons also Endoskeletons also have…….have…….
1c.1c. Ligaments Ligaments that hold bone to that hold bone to bonebone
1d. 1d. TendonsTendons that hold muscle to that hold muscle to bone, “muscle tenders”bone, “muscle tenders”
1e.1e. Joints Joints where 2 bones come where 2 bones come togethertogether
Types of BonesTypes of BonesTHE BONES OF THE BODY FALL INTO FOUR
GENERAL CATEGORIES: LONG BONES, SHORT
BONES, FLAT BONES, AND IRREGULAR BONES.
LONG BONES ARE LONGER THAN THEY ARE
WIDE AND WORK AS LEVERS. THE BONES OF
THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMITIES ARE OF
THIS TYPE. SHORT BONES ARE SHORT, CUBE-
SHAPED, AND FOUND IN THE WRISTS AND
ANKLES.
FLAT BONES HAVE BROAD SURFACES FOR FLAT BONES HAVE BROAD SURFACES FOR
PROTECTION OF ORGANS AND PROTECTION OF ORGANS AND
ATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES IRREGULARATTACHMENT OF MUSCLES IRREGULAR
BONES ARE ALL OTHERS THAT DO NOT BONES ARE ALL OTHERS THAT DO NOT FALLFALL
INTO THE PREVIOUS CATEGORIES. THEYINTO THE PREVIOUS CATEGORIES. THEY
HAVE VARIED SHAPES, SIZES, AND HAVE VARIED SHAPES, SIZES, AND
SURFACES FEATURES AND INCLUDE THE SURFACES FEATURES AND INCLUDE THE
BONES OF THE VERTEBRAE AND A FEW IN BONES OF THE VERTEBRAE AND A FEW IN
THE SKULL.THE SKULL.
Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape
Bone CompositionBone Composition
Bones are composed of tissue that may take one of two forms. Compact, or dense bone, and spongy, or cancellous, bone. Most bones contain both types. Compact bone is dense, hard, and forms the protective exterior portion of all bones. Spongy bone is inside the compact bone and is very porous (full of tiny holes). Spongy bone occurs in most bones. The bone tissue is composed of several types of bone cells embedded in a web of inorganic salts (mostly calcium and phosphorus) to give the bone strength, and collagenous fibers and ground substance to give the bone flexibility.
JointsJoints
(joints are also called (joints are also called articulations)articulations)
JointsJoints
Joints are classified two ways:Joints are classified two ways: 1. Function1. Function 2. Type2. Type
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTSOF JOINTS
SYNARTHROSES – IMMOVABLE JOINTS
AMPHIARTHROSES – SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS
DIARTHROSES – FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS
SYNARTHROSIS (FIBROUS)FIBROUS) JOINTS JOINTS BONES UNITED BY FIBROUS TISSUE –
SYNARTHROSIS ARE LARGELY IMMOVABLE.
Sutures in Skull
AMPHIARTHROSISAMPHIARTHROSIS
(CARTILAGINOUS)(CARTILAGINOUS) JOINTS JOINTS Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral joints
Figure 5.27b, c
Slightly moveable
DIARTHROSES ( (SYNOVIAL)SYNOVIAL) JOINTSJOINTS
DIARTHROSES- FREELY MOVEABLE FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTSJOINTS
ENCAPSULATED BY CONNECTIVE ENCAPSULATED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUETISSUE
THE CONNCTIVE TISSUE SECRETES THE CONNCTIVE TISSUE SECRETES SYNOVIAL FLUID- for lubricationSYNOVIAL FLUID- for lubrication
THE ENDS OF THE BONE (EPIPHYSIS) THE ENDS OF THE BONE (EPIPHYSIS) ARE COVERED WITH CARTILAGEARE COVERED WITH CARTILAGE
HAVE TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS HAVE TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS AROUND THEMAROUND THEM
Types of DiarthrosesTypes of Diarthroses Gliding joints, the articulating Gliding joints, the articulating
surfaces are typically flatsurfaces are typically flat
Hinge joints, found in the fingers and Hinge joints, found in the fingers and elbow; the spoon-like surface fits into elbow; the spoon-like surface fits into a concave surfacea concave surface
Ball and socket, shoulder joint; where Ball and socket, shoulder joint; where a ball fits into a cuplike depressiona ball fits into a cuplike depression
Pivot joints, found between the Pivot joints, found between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna; proximal ends of the radius and ulna; surface fits into a ring formed by surface fits into a ring formed by bone and ligamentbone and ligament
Diarthroses JointsDiarthroses Joints
Saddle Joint-Like a rider in a saddle.Saddle Joint-Like a rider in a saddle. Only one of these in entire body-base of Only one of these in entire body-base of
thumbthumb
Diarthroses JointsDiarthroses Joints
THE DIARTHROSIS JOINTTHE DIARTHROSIS JOINT
Figure 5.28
Types of JointsTypes of Joints
SYNARTHROSIS (SYNARTHROSIS (FIBROUS)FIBROUS) JOINTS JOINTS
FONTANELLEFONTANELLESS
CHANGES IN THE HUMAN SKELETONCHANGES IN THE HUMAN SKELETON
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
BONE GROWTH-ChildrenBONE GROWTH-Children
Slide 5.13a
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
Bone Damage and DiseasesBone Damage and Diseases
ArthritisArthritis Vitamin DeficiencyVitamin Deficiency BreaksBreaks OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
Joint Damage: Joint Damage: ArthritisArthritis
Joint Damage: Joint Damage: ArthritisArthritis
Joint Damage: Joint Damage: ArthritisArthritis
ARITHRITIS
ARITHRITIS
Bone Deformation: Lack of Bone Deformation: Lack of Vitamin DVitamin D
RICKETS“Bow-legged”
CRANIOSYNOSTOSISCRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
Caused by Caused by premature fusion premature fusion of cranial sutures.of cranial sutures.
Normally, sutures Normally, sutures allow skull to allow skull to expand and brain expand and brain grow normally.grow normally.
Can be treated by Can be treated by surgerysurgery
BONE FRACTURESBONE FRACTURES A FRACTURE is a break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
Types of BreaksTypes of Breaks
Comminuted-Crushed many piecesComminuted-Crushed many pieces Compression-Bone is crushedCompression-Bone is crushed Depressed-Bone is pushed inwardDepressed-Bone is pushed inward Impacted-Broken pieces are pushed Impacted-Broken pieces are pushed
toward each othertoward each other Spiral-Bone breaks in a circular patternSpiral-Bone breaks in a circular pattern Greenstick-Bone does not break Greenstick-Bone does not break
completelycompletely
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
What Bone is this?What Bone is this?
What kind of break What kind of break is this?is this? Simple or Simple or
Compound?Compound?
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
What bone is What bone is affected?affected?
What type of break What type of break do you suspect?do you suspect? Compound or Compound or
SimpleSimple
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
What bone is What bone is affected?affected?
What is the bright What is the bright object?object?
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
Clamps are Clamps are sometimes used to sometimes used to hold broken bones hold broken bones together for together for healinghealing
What bones are What bones are affected?affected?
What are the What are the clamps doing?clamps doing?
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
This is the femur of This is the femur of a four month old a four month old baby.baby.
There is a corner or There is a corner or “bucket fracture” “bucket fracture” of the distal end of of the distal end of the femur.the femur.
What may have What may have caused this break?caused this break?
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURESCOMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
This is the humerus This is the humerus of a young male.of a young male.
Note the rotational Note the rotational break (spiral).break (spiral).
What may have What may have caused this?caused this?
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
Disease in which Disease in which bones become bones become fragile and more fragile and more likely to break.likely to break.
Affects elderly Affects elderly (more often female)(more often female)
SymptomsSymptoms nonenone
SPINAL CURVATURESPINAL CURVATURE
KYPHOSIS-KYPHOSIS-HunchbackHunchback
SPINAL CURVATURESPINAL CURVATURE
LORDOSIS-LORDOSIS-SwaybackSwayback
SPINAL CURVATURESPINAL CURVATURE
SCOLIOSIS-curved SCOLIOSIS-curved backback
HERNIATED DISCSHERNIATED DISCS
Ruptured disc Ruptured disc between vertebrabetween vertebra
Thighbones are usually stronger, pound Thighbones are usually stronger, pound for pound, than reinforced concrete.for pound, than reinforced concrete.
Men's bones tend to be larger and Men's bones tend to be larger and heavier than women's bones.heavier than women's bones.
The hip bone is actually six bones The hip bone is actually six bones joined to the sacrum to form the pelvisjoined to the sacrum to form the pelvis
There are 230 joints in the bodyThere are 230 joints in the body The femur is the longest bone in the The femur is the longest bone in the
bodybody
Weird Skeleton FactsWeird Skeleton Facts
You shrink 1/2" during the day, due You shrink 1/2" during the day, due to compression of the spinal columnto compression of the spinal column
Bones are 1/5 of the total body Bones are 1/5 of the total body weightweight
There are 26 bones in the footThere are 26 bones in the foot The last bone to mature is the collar The last bone to mature is the collar
bonebone One in 20 people has an extra ribOne in 20 people has an extra rib The smallest bone in your body, The smallest bone in your body,
located in your ear, is smaller than a located in your ear, is smaller than a grain of ricegrain of rice
Weird Skeleton FactsWeird Skeleton Facts
There is no such thing as a funny There is no such thing as a funny bone. This is the ulnar nerve and bone. This is the ulnar nerve and when you bump it there is a tingling when you bump it there is a tingling sensation. sensation.
Some people have small extra bones Some people have small extra bones in the feet or skull known as in the feet or skull known as “sesamoid” bones.“sesamoid” bones.
Most adults have 206 bones, babies Most adults have 206 bones, babies have about 350 bones.have about 350 bones.
Today, look at the femur and knee-Today, look at the femur and knee-joint of a cow.joint of a cow.
Friday, Dissect a pig foot to explore Friday, Dissect a pig foot to explore the joints.the joints.
Friday BONUS, learn to suture a pig Friday BONUS, learn to suture a pig foot.foot.