The Human Immune System Immunology and Disease. Basic Definitions Disease: – Types of diseases...
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Transcript of The Human Immune System Immunology and Disease. Basic Definitions Disease: – Types of diseases...
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The Human Immune System
Immunology and Disease
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Basic Definitions
Disease:– Types of diseases
Hereditary Materials in Environment Pathogen induced
Pathogens: Infectious Disease: Vector:
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Examples of Vector-Bourne Diseases
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A Case study
See Overhead Questions:
1. What is the cause of the disease?- Heredity, Chemicals, pathogen
2. What specific steps would you take to determine the exact cause of the disease?
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Immunology History
For thousands of years people believed that diseases were caused by the devil and medicinal techniques would rely upon spiritual cures
– Examples:
1800’s – Germ Theory of Disease– Definition:– Who was responsible?
Question still existed:
How do you identify the specific pathogen?
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Koch’s Postulates – The Guideline
Pathogen should only be found in a sick organism
Isolate the pathogen from the sick organism and grow it in a pure culture
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Koch’s Postulates – Take 2
Place purified pathogen in new host and compare symptoms
Re-isolate the pathogen and make sure it is identical to the original
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Miscellaneous Topics
Why is the human body so perfect for infection?– 3 Reasons
Normal Flora– Definition:– Example
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The Immune System
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The Immune System
2 types of responses to an invading pathogen– Non-specific Defenses:
– Specific Defenses:
Which type of response occurs first?
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Progression of a pathogen in the body:Breach the outer surface
What makes the skin so difficult to breach?
Function: Mechanism: Specific or Non-specific defense?
What if the pathogen attacks thru the mouth, nose or throat?
Mucus and lysozymes
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Progression of a pathogen in the body:The Inflammatory Response
Histamine
Histamine
Increase Blood Flow
Veins swell and release blood and WBC’s into infected area
White Blood cells attack pathogen
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The Inflammatory Response
Responds to a local infection Damaged cells release histamine Blood flow near the wound increases Blood vessels swell and release phagocytes
into surrounding area Additional white blood cells are made and
drawn towards the wound
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Progression of a pathogen in the body:The Inflammatory Response
Histamine
Histamine
Increase Blood Flow
Veins swell and release blood and WBC’s into infected area
White Blood cells attack pathogen
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Progression of a pathogen in the bodyFEVER
Definition: Why would you raise your body temperature?
(3 Reasons) What is Interferon?
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The Immune System: Progression of a pathogen in the body
What if fever does not work?– Specific Defenses
Background: Every pathogen has an antigen
The antigen triggers the immune response
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Humoral Response
Definition: Key Players:
– B-Lymphocytes (B-cells)– T-Lymphocytes (T-cells)– Plasma cells– Antibodies– Phagocyte– The pathogen (Booo!)
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Humoral Response
Antigen
THE PATHOGEN!!!
BOOOO!
HISS!!!
BOOO!
Blood vessel
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Humoral Response
1000’s of B-Cells
YEAH!!!
WE’RE SAVED!!!
MY HERO!
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Humoral Response
One Right B-Cell that recognizes the antigen
MACHO MACHO MAN
I GOT TO BE A MACHO MAN
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Humoral Response
T-Cell Helps to activate the B-Cell
P
Plasma Cell
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Humoral Response
B-cell makes specific antibody
S
Y
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Humoral Response
Antibody grabs 2 pathogens
YHelp Me!
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Humoral Response
Phagocyte engulfs and destroys both pathogens and the antibody
T
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A review of Humoral Response
A B-cell recognizes the pathogen’s antigen The B-cell is activated by the T-cell and
becomes a plasma cell The plasma cell makes antibodies The antibodies capture the pathogen and
cluster together Phagocyte destroys the entire complex
(antibodies and pathogens)
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Humoral Response
It’s better to be prepared– Memory:
Humoral Immunity Review Websitehttp://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp18/1802004.html
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CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
If the pathogen begins to infect cells Immune system must destroy the infected
cells or the entire organism will die Key Players
– Macrophage– T-cells (Killer T-cells)– Pathogen (Booo!)
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CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
THE PATHOGEN
Antigen
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CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
Macrophage
A Large WBC (Macrophage) Engulfs a Pathogen
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CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
Macrophage learns antigen of pathogen and displays it on its membrane
Learned Antigen
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CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
T-Cell Binds to macrophage and learns the antigen and in doing so BECOMES…
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CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
Well, actually only a killer t-cell
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CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
Infected Cell
Killer T-cell recognizes the infected cell, binds to the cell and destroys the cell!
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CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
YEAH, WE’RE SAVED
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CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
Macrophage engulfs the pathogen and displays the antigen for a T-cell
T-cell learns pathogen and hunts out infected cells
Once found, T-cells destroy infected cells (thru a process known as apoptosis)
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Cell mediated response
Importance of T-cells in immune system?
Cell Mediated Response Review Websitehttp://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp18/1802003.html
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Types of Immunity
Permanent Immunity
Number of pathogens
Duration of Sickness
Critical time when sickness becomes symptomatic
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Types of Immunity
Active Immunity (Vaccination)– Definition– Who invented the 1st vaccine?
– Immunity is permanent to that specific type of pathogen
– Question: Why must we get multiple vaccines during our lives?
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Types of Immunity
Passive Immunity– Definition:– Provides temporary immunity
WHY???
– Why would you get this type of immunity?