The Human Eye
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Transcript of The Human Eye
The human eyeSense organs are receptors that receive stimuli and inform the body of changes in the environment.
The structure of the human eye
Each eyeball lies in a hollow in the skull called the orbit and is attached to the skull by rectus muscles which controls eye movement.
Cornea
Dome-shaped transparent layer continuous with the sclera or the white part of the eye.
Specialised form of the conjunctiva.
Refracts or bends light rays into the eye.
Conjunctiva
A thin transparent membrane covering the sclera in front.
Secretes mucus in order to keep the front of the eyeball moist.
Iris
The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the two sets of involuntary muscles in the iris, the circular muscles and the radial muscles.
Pupil
Allows light to enter the eye.
Eyelids
Protects the cornea from mechanical damage.
Can be close partially, preventing excessive light from entering the eye and damaging the light-sensitive tissues inside. This is known as squinting.
Blinking spreads tears over the cornea and conjunctiva and wipes dust particles off the cornea.
Eyelashes
Shields the eye from dust particles.
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Tear glands
Secretes tears which wash away dust particles, keep the cornea moist for atmospheric oxygen to dissolve which diffuses into the cornea, and lubricates the conjunctiva reducing friction when the eyelids move.
Internal structure of the eye
Sclera
The ‘white of the eye’ which protects the eye from mechanical damage.
Choroid
The middle layer of the eyeball.
Pigmented black to prevent internal reflection of light.
Contains blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eyeball and remove metabolic waste products.
Ciliary body
Contains ciliary muscles which control the curvature or thickness of the lens.
Lens
Transparent, circular, and biconcave structure.
Elastic and changes its shape or thickness in order to refract light onto the retina.
Suspensory ligament
Attaches the edge of the lens to the ciliary body.
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Aqueous chamber
Space between the lens and the cornea.
Filled with a transparent, watery fluid known as aqueous humour which keeps the front of the eyeball firm and helps to refract light into the retina.
Vitreous chamber
Space behind the lens.
Filled with vitreous humour which is transparent and jelly-like. Vitreous humour keeps the eyeball firm and helps to refract light into the retina.
Retina
The light-sensitive layer on which images are formed.
Contains photoreceptors which are light-sensitive. They consists of rods and cones.
Cones enable us to see colours in bright light. Each cones contains a different pigment which absorbs light of different wavelengths, working together to allow us to see a variety of colours. They do not work well in dim light.
Rods enable us to see in black and white in dim light. They contain a pigment called visual purple. When the eye is exposed to bright light, all the visual purple is bleached and must be re-formed for a person to see in the dark.
Photoreceptors are connected to the nerve-endings from the optic nerve.
Fovea (yellow spot)
Small yellow depression in the retina which is situated directly behind the lens.
Images are normally focused at the yellow spot.
Contains the greatest concentration of cones, but no rods. Hence, the yellow spot enables a person to have detailed colour vision in bright light.
Optic nerve
Transmits nerve impulses to the brain when the photoreceptors in the retina are stimulated.
Blind spot
The region where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
Does not contain rods nor cones, therefore it is not sensitive to light.
The size of the pupil is controlled by two sets of involuntary muscles (circular and radial muscles) in the iris.
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Controlling the amount of light entering the eye
The size of the pupil determines how much light enters the eye.
In bright light, the circular muscles of the iris contract and the radial muscles relax. The pupil becomes smaller or constricts, reducing the amount of light entering the eye.
In dim light, the circular muscles of the iris relax and the radial muscles contract. The pupil enlarges or dilates, increasing the amount of light entering the eye.
The ciliary and radial muscles are antagonistic muscles because when one set contracts, the other set relaxes.
Sight
Process• Light rays are refracted through the cornea and the aqueous humour onto the lens• Lens causes further refraction and the rays converge to a focus on the retina• Image on retina stimulates either the rods or cones, depending on light intensity• Image formed on retina is - Inverted- Laterally inverted- Smaller in size than the actual object
Focus
Distant object1) Ciliary muscles relax, pulling on the suspensory ligaments2) Suspensory ligaments become taut, pulling on the edge of the lens3) Lens becomes thinner and less convex, increasing its focal length4) Light rays from the distant object are sharply focused on the retina5) Photoreceptors are stimulated6) Nerve impulses produced are transmitted by the optic nerve to the brain which
interprets the impulses and the person sees the distant object
Near object
Ur,--
Foeusing art a flear on:iect
When a person is looking at a near object, for
example, when reading a book, diverging light
rays reflecting off the near object are
refracted through the cornea and
the aqueous humour into the pupil.
The following changes occur in the
eye when focusing on a near object:,
'
raysfromnearobject
@ ci l iary muscles contract
fi suspensory ligaments
- slacken
@ lens,becomestnrcKer
focus onretina
focal length oflens deireases
Vertical section of the eye
Figure 14.9 Focusing on a near object
Enlarged portion of eye
{front view)
What is the near point of
your eye?
The nearer an object is to
your eye, the more your
cil iary muscles wil l contract
and the thicker your lens
will be. However, there is
a point where the object
is so close to the eye that
the cil iary muscles must
contract fully in order for
you to see the object clearly.
At this point the lens is most
convex.This ooint is called
the near point of the eye.
lf the object is moved even
nearer to the eye, the image
formed on the retina will be
blurred as the lens cannot
adjust further. Move this
page towards your eye.At
what distance from your eye
does the text blur? Estimate
the near point of your eye.
@ Ciliaty muscles contract, relaxing their pull on the
suspensory ligaments.
@ S,trpensory ligaments slacken, relaxing their pull on the lens.
@ fne lens, being elastic, becomes thicker and more convex,
decreasing its focal length.
@ Ught rays from the near object are sharply focused on
the retina.
@ Photoreceptors are stimulated.
@ Netrre impulses produced are transmitted by the optic nerve
to the brain. The brain interprers the impulses and the
person sees the near object.
Focusing or accommodation is necessary so that objects at different
distances can be seen clearly. In focusing, the thickness or curvature
of the lens is adjusted.
To focus on a distant object, the cil iary muscles relax, the suspensory
Iigaments become taut, and the lens becomes thinner and less
convex.
To focus on a near object, the cil iary muscles contract, the
suspensory l igaments slacken, and the lens becomes thicker and
more convex.
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