The Human Culture

The Human CultureThe Human CultureRameshRamesh kumarkumar

Unit oneUnit oneCulture healthCulture health socitysocity

What is CultureWhat is CultureCulture is a shared, learned, symbolic system ofCulture is a shared, learned, symbolic system ofvalues, beliefs and attitudes that shapes andvalues, beliefs and attitudes that shapes andinfluences perception and behaviorinfluences perception and behavior ---- an abstractan abstract"mental blueprint" or "mental code.""mental blueprint" or "mental code."

Must be studied "indirectly" by studying behavior,Must be studied "indirectly" by studying behavior,customs, material culture (artifacts, tools,customs, material culture (artifacts, tools,technology), language, etc.technology), language, etc.

Learned.Learned. Process of learning one's culture isProcess of learning one's culture iscalledcalled enculturation.enculturation.

Shared by the members of a society.Shared by the members of a society. No "cultureNo "cultureofof one."one."

Patterned.Patterned. People in a society live and think inPeople in a society live and think inwaysways that form definite patterns.that form definite patterns.

Culture is a shared, learned, symbolic system ofCulture is a shared, learned, symbolic system ofvalues, beliefs and attitudes that shapes andvalues, beliefs and attitudes that shapes andinfluences perception and behaviorinfluences perception and behavior ---- an abstractan abstract"mental blueprint" or "mental code.""mental blueprint" or "mental code."

Must be studied "indirectly" by studying behavior,Must be studied "indirectly" by studying behavior,customs, material culture (artifacts, tools,customs, material culture (artifacts, tools,technology), language, etc.technology), language, etc.

Learned.Learned. Process of learning one's culture isProcess of learning one's culture iscalledcalled enculturation.enculturation.

Shared by the members of a society.Shared by the members of a society. No "cultureNo "cultureofof one."one."

Patterned.Patterned. People in a society live and think inPeople in a society live and think inwaysways that form definite patterns.that form definite patterns.

What is Culture……cont…What is Culture……cont… Mutually constructedMutually constructed through a constantthrough a constant

process of social interaction.process of social interaction. SymbolicSymbolic.. Culture, language and thought areCulture, language and thought are

based on symbols and symbolic meanings.based on symbols and symbolic meanings. Arbitrary.Arbitrary. Not based on "natural laws" externalNot based on "natural laws" external

to humans, but created by humans according toto humans, but created by humans according tothe "whims" of the society.the "whims" of the society. Example: standardsExample: standardsof beauty.of beauty.

Internalized.Internalized. Habitual.Habitual. TakenTaken--forforgranted.granted. Perceived as "natural."Perceived as "natural."

It is manIt is man--made environment.made environment.

3/2/20163/2/2016 P.K ChandioP.K Chandio

Mutually constructedMutually constructed through a constantthrough a constantprocess of social interaction.process of social interaction.

SymbolicSymbolic.. Culture, language and thought areCulture, language and thought arebased on symbols and symbolic meanings.based on symbols and symbolic meanings.

Arbitrary.Arbitrary. Not based on "natural laws" externalNot based on "natural laws" externalto humans, but created by humans according toto humans, but created by humans according tothe "whims" of the society.the "whims" of the society. Example: standardsExample: standardsof beauty.of beauty.

Internalized.Internalized. Habitual.Habitual. TakenTaken--forforgranted.granted. Perceived as "natural."Perceived as "natural."

It is manIt is man--made environment.made environment.

Culture…..continueCulture…..continueCultureCulture refers to the following Ways ofrefers to the following Ways ofLife, including but not limited to:Life, including but not limited to:

LanguageLanguage :: the oldest human institutionthe oldest human institutionand the most sophisticated medium ofand the most sophisticated medium ofexpression.expression.

Arts & SciencesArts & Sciences :: the most advanced andthe most advanced andrefined forms of human expression.refined forms of human expression.

ThoughtThought :: the ways in which peoplethe ways in which peopleperceive, interpret, and understand theperceive, interpret, and understand theworld around them.world around them.

SpiritualitySpirituality :: the value system transmittedthe value system transmittedthrough generations for the inner wellthrough generations for the inner well--being of human beings, expressed throughbeing of human beings, expressed throughlanguage and actions.language and actions.


CultureCulture refers to the following Ways ofrefers to the following Ways ofLife, including but not limited to:Life, including but not limited to:

LanguageLanguage :: the oldest human institutionthe oldest human institutionand the most sophisticated medium ofand the most sophisticated medium ofexpression.expression.

Arts & SciencesArts & Sciences :: the most advanced andthe most advanced andrefined forms of human expression.refined forms of human expression.

ThoughtThought :: the ways in which peoplethe ways in which peopleperceive, interpret, and understand theperceive, interpret, and understand theworld around them.world around them.

SpiritualitySpirituality :: the value system transmittedthe value system transmittedthrough generations for the inner wellthrough generations for the inner well--being of human beings, expressed throughbeing of human beings, expressed throughlanguage and actions.language and actions.

What is Culture…..continueWhat is Culture…..continue Social activitySocial activity :: the shared pursuitsthe shared pursuits

within a cultural community,within a cultural community,demonstrated in a variety of festivitiesdemonstrated in a variety of festivitiesand lifeand life--celebrating events.celebrating events.

InteractionInteraction :: the social aspects of humanthe social aspects of humancontact, including the givecontact, including the give--andand--take oftake ofsocialization, negotiation, protocol, andsocialization, negotiation, protocol, andconventions.conventions.

All of the above collectively define theAll of the above collectively define themeaning ofmeaning of CultureCulture


Social activitySocial activity :: the shared pursuitsthe shared pursuitswithin a cultural community,within a cultural community,demonstrated in a variety of festivitiesdemonstrated in a variety of festivitiesand lifeand life--celebrating events.celebrating events.

InteractionInteraction :: the social aspects of humanthe social aspects of humancontact, including the givecontact, including the give--andand--take oftake ofsocialization, negotiation, protocol, andsocialization, negotiation, protocol, andconventions.conventions.

All of the above collectively define theAll of the above collectively define themeaning ofmeaning of CultureCulture

What is Culture…..continueWhat is Culture…..continue

CultureCulture----the way of life of a groupthe way of life of a groupof peopleof people


CultureCultureCulture isCulture is “...all that“...all thathuman beings learnhuman beings learnto do, to use, toto do, to use, toproduce, to know,produce, to know,and to believe asand to believe asthey grow tothey grow tomaturity and live outmaturity and live outtheir lives in thetheir lives in thesocial groups tosocial groups towhich they belong.”which they belong.”


Culture isCulture is “...all that“...all thathuman beings learnhuman beings learnto do, to use, toto do, to use, toproduce, to know,produce, to know,and to believe asand to believe asthey grow tothey grow tomaturity and live outmaturity and live outtheir lives in thetheir lives in thesocial groups tosocial groups towhich they belong.”which they belong.”

Types of CultureTypes of Culture

Culture Graphic Organizer

Examples?

Material Culture?

Examples?

Non-Material Culture?

CultureWhat's the Definition


Culture Graphic Organizer

Examples?

Material Culture?

Examples?

Non-Material Culture?

CultureWhat's the Definition

Material CultureMaterial Culture

Material cultureMaterial culture ––physical things thatphysical things thatwe can see or touch, all the artifactswe can see or touch, all the artifactsof a group of people (artifacts of lifeof a group of people (artifacts of life… stuff).… stuff).

Everything we build or make.Everything we build or make.Utensils, tools, farming methods.Utensils, tools, farming methods.Food and clothing.Food and clothing.Buildings and communicationBuildings and communication

systems.systems.


Material cultureMaterial culture ––physical things thatphysical things thatwe can see or touch, all the artifactswe can see or touch, all the artifactsof a group of people (artifacts of lifeof a group of people (artifacts of life… stuff).… stuff).

Everything we build or make.Everything we build or make.Utensils, tools, farming methods.Utensils, tools, farming methods.Food and clothing.Food and clothing.Buildings and communicationBuildings and communication

systems.systems.

NonNon--Material CultureMaterial Culture

Nonmaterial culture is the invisibleNonmaterial culture is the invisible (eek)(eek)

and intangible parts of cultureand intangible parts of culture–– BeliefsBeliefs–– ValuesValues–– Norms/RulesNorms/Rules–– LanguageLanguage

ValuesValues are nonmaterial shared judgmentsare nonmaterial shared judgmentsabout what is desirable or undesirable,about what is desirable or undesirable,right or wrong, good or badright or wrong, good or bad


Nonmaterial culture is the invisibleNonmaterial culture is the invisible (eek)(eek)

and intangible parts of cultureand intangible parts of culture–– BeliefsBeliefs–– ValuesValues–– Norms/RulesNorms/Rules–– LanguageLanguage

ValuesValues are nonmaterial shared judgmentsare nonmaterial shared judgmentsabout what is desirable or undesirable,about what is desirable or undesirable,right or wrong, good or badright or wrong, good or bad

NonNon--Material CultureMaterial Culture

Everything we believe in or practiceEverything we believe in or practiceReligion and valuesReligion and valuesLaws and political systemsLaws and political systemsLanguage, music, and ideas.Language, music, and ideas.NormsNorms -- folkways, mores, and lawsfolkways, mores, and laws


Everything we believe in or practiceEverything we believe in or practiceReligion and valuesReligion and valuesLaws and political systemsLaws and political systemsLanguage, music, and ideas.Language, music, and ideas.NormsNorms -- folkways, mores, and lawsfolkways, mores, and laws

NormsNorms

Norms:Norms: written or unwritten guideswritten or unwritten guidesfor behavior telling one what isfor behavior telling one what isacceptable or not in social situations.acceptable or not in social situations.

Mores:Mores: Strong idea for right & wrongStrong idea for right & wrongFolkways:Folkways: Idea for right and wrongIdea for right and wrongTaboo:Taboo: Violation of mores.Violation of mores.Sanctions:Sanctions: Rewards & PunishmentsRewards & Punishments


Norms:Norms: written or unwritten guideswritten or unwritten guidesfor behavior telling one what isfor behavior telling one what isacceptable or not in social situations.acceptable or not in social situations.

Mores:Mores: Strong idea for right & wrongStrong idea for right & wrongFolkways:Folkways: Idea for right and wrongIdea for right and wrongTaboo:Taboo: Violation of mores.Violation of mores.Sanctions:Sanctions: Rewards & PunishmentsRewards & Punishments

NormsNorms::

Cultural rules:Cultural rules:shared rules of behavior (based in ashared rules of behavior (based in a

culture’s values)culture’s values)

––FolkwaysFolkways––MoresMores––TaboosTaboos––LawsLaws


Cultural rules:Cultural rules:shared rules of behavior (based in ashared rules of behavior (based in a

culture’s values)culture’s values)

––FolkwaysFolkways––MoresMores––TaboosTaboos––LawsLaws

NormsNormsMores:Mores: Strong idea for right & wrongStrong idea for right & wrongFolkways:Folkways: Idea for right and wrongIdea for right and wrongTaboo:Taboo: Violation of mores.Violation of mores.Rules:Rules: social rules to govern thesocial rules to govern the

practices and rituals of society.practices and rituals of society.Sanctions:Sanctions: Rewards & PunishmentsRewards & Punishments


Mores:Mores: Strong idea for right & wrongStrong idea for right & wrongFolkways:Folkways: Idea for right and wrongIdea for right and wrongTaboo:Taboo: Violation of mores.Violation of mores.Rules:Rules: social rules to govern thesocial rules to govern the

practices and rituals of society.practices and rituals of society.Sanctions:Sanctions: Rewards & PunishmentsRewards & Punishments

Social NormsSocial Norms

Mores and FolkwaysMores and Folkways

Religious folkway Religious more



FolkwaysFolkways----norms that apply tonorms that apply toroutine situationsroutine situations––Things dealing with daily life like how toThings dealing with daily life like how to

eat certain foodseat certain foods––How to greet othersHow to greet others


FolkwaysFolkways----norms that apply tonorms that apply toroutine situationsroutine situations––Things dealing with daily life like how toThings dealing with daily life like how to

eat certain foodseat certain foods––How to greet othersHow to greet others


MoresMores----these are powerful normsthese are powerful normsconcerning the morality of an act.concerning the morality of an act.

––These type of situations usually result inThese type of situations usually result insevere punishmentssevere punishments


MoresMores----these are powerful normsthese are powerful normsconcerning the morality of an act.concerning the morality of an act.

––These type of situations usually result inThese type of situations usually result insevere punishmentssevere punishments

The 5 Components of CultureThe 5 Components of Culture1.1. TechnologyTechnology

Physical objects we use and the rules forPhysical objects we use and the rules forusing them.using them.

2. Symbols:2. Symbols:Anything that represents somethingAnything that represents somethinglarger than itself and has a sharedlarger than itself and has a sharedmeaning.meaning.

3. Language3. LanguageOrganization of written or spokenOrganization of written or spokensymbols into a standardized systemsymbols into a standardized system


1.1. TechnologyTechnologyPhysical objects we use and the rules forPhysical objects we use and the rules for

using them.using them.2. Symbols:2. Symbols:

Anything that represents somethingAnything that represents somethinglarger than itself and has a sharedlarger than itself and has a sharedmeaning.meaning.

3. Language3. LanguageOrganization of written or spokenOrganization of written or spokensymbols into a standardized systemsymbols into a standardized system

The 5 Components of CultureThe 5 Components of Culture4. Values4. Values

Shared beliefs aboutShared beliefs aboutwhat is good or bad,what is good or bad,right or wrong,right or wrong,desirable ordesirable orundesirable.undesirable.

5. Norms5. Norms Shared rules ofShared rules of

conduct that tellconduct that tellpeople how to act inpeople how to act inspecific situations.specific situations.

NormsNorms are standards ofare standards ofexpected behaviorexpected behavior


4. Values4. ValuesShared beliefs aboutShared beliefs aboutwhat is good or bad,what is good or bad,right or wrong,right or wrong,desirable ordesirable orundesirable.undesirable.

5. Norms5. Norms Shared rules ofShared rules of

conduct that tellconduct that tellpeople how to act inpeople how to act inspecific situations.specific situations.

NormsNorms are standards ofare standards ofexpected behaviorexpected behavior

Cultures are dynamic but how &Cultures are dynamic but how &why?why?

InventionInvention -- new idea about hownew idea about howsomething can be made or done.something can be made or done.

innovationinnovation -- improvement inimprovement intechnologytechnology

cultural diffusioncultural diffusion -- ideas from oneideas from oneculture spread to another.culture spread to another.


InventionInvention -- new idea about hownew idea about howsomething can be made or done.something can be made or done.

innovationinnovation -- improvement inimprovement intechnologytechnology

cultural diffusioncultural diffusion -- ideas from oneideas from oneculture spread to another.culture spread to another.

Terms used in CultureTerms used in CultureCultural Shock:Cultural Shock:

what happens when you are exposed to a completelywhat happens when you are exposed to a completelynew societynew society----living in a primitive society and then beingliving in a primitive society and then beingtransported to a modern/industrial society.transported to a modern/industrial society.

Cultural Lag:Cultural Lag: It is difference b/w old and new adopted culture ofIt is difference b/w old and new adopted culture of

group.group. it is also called generation gap.it is also called generation gap. Difference b/w two cultureDifference b/w two culture Cultural Conflict.Cultural Conflict. Culture shockCulture shock refers to the difficulty that peoplerefers to the difficulty that people

have when they encounter cultures very differenthave when they encounter cultures very differentfrom their ownfrom their own


Cultural Shock:Cultural Shock:what happens when you are exposed to a completelywhat happens when you are exposed to a completelynew societynew society----living in a primitive society and then beingliving in a primitive society and then beingtransported to a modern/industrial society.transported to a modern/industrial society.

Cultural Lag:Cultural Lag: It is difference b/w old and new adopted culture ofIt is difference b/w old and new adopted culture of

group.group. it is also called generation gap.it is also called generation gap. Difference b/w two cultureDifference b/w two culture Cultural Conflict.Cultural Conflict. Culture shockCulture shock refers to the difficulty that peoplerefers to the difficulty that people

have when they encounter cultures very differenthave when they encounter cultures very differentfrom their ownfrom their own

Terms used in CultureTerms used in Culture

BeliefsBeliefs——concepts people accept asconcepts people accept astrue about how the world operates.true about how the world operates.

ValuesValues----a general feeling among aa general feeling among asociety about what is good or bad,society about what is good or bad,appropriate or inappropriate.appropriate or inappropriate.


BeliefsBeliefs——concepts people accept asconcepts people accept astrue about how the world operates.true about how the world operates.

ValuesValues----a general feeling among aa general feeling among asociety about what is good or bad,society about what is good or bad,appropriate or inappropriate.appropriate or inappropriate.

SymbolsSymbols

A symbol is anything that representsA symbol is anything that representssomething other than itselfsomething other than itself


A symbol is anything that representsA symbol is anything that representssomething other than itselfsomething other than itself

Cultural LogCultural Log

Cultural LagCultural Lag is a term coined by Williamis a term coined by WilliamOgburn to refer to the tendency forOgburn to refer to the tendency forcertain aspects of culture to changecertain aspects of culture to changemore quickly than others, often causingmore quickly than others, often causingconflictconflict

Material culture tends to change moreMaterial culture tends to change morerapidly than nonrapidly than non--material culturematerial culture


Cultural LagCultural Lag is a term coined by Williamis a term coined by WilliamOgburn to refer to the tendency forOgburn to refer to the tendency forcertain aspects of culture to changecertain aspects of culture to changemore quickly than others, often causingmore quickly than others, often causingconflictconflict

Material culture tends to change moreMaterial culture tends to change morerapidly than nonrapidly than non--material culturematerial culture

SubcultureSubculture SubculturesSubcultures consist ofconsist of

certain segments of thecertain segments of thepopulation who sharepopulation who sharecertain beliefs,certain beliefs,lifestyles, values andlifestyles, values andnorms which arenorms which aredistinctive from thedistinctive from thepopulation.population.

The notion ofThe notion ofsubsubculture does notculture does notsuggest an inferiorsuggest an inferiorcultureculture——rather, that itrather, that itis a distinctive cultureis a distinctive culturewithin a larger culturewithin a larger culture


SubculturesSubcultures consist ofconsist ofcertain segments of thecertain segments of thepopulation who sharepopulation who sharecertain beliefs,certain beliefs,lifestyles, values andlifestyles, values andnorms which arenorms which aredistinctive from thedistinctive from thepopulation.population.

The notion ofThe notion ofsubsubculture does notculture does notsuggest an inferiorsuggest an inferiorcultureculture——rather, that itrather, that itis a distinctive cultureis a distinctive culturewithin a larger culturewithin a larger culture

Relationship betweenculture and subculture

Types of SubculturesTypes of Subcultures


The Human Culture

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