The human brain … … tricks us whenever it can!. Sensation and Perception Sensation: what occurs...
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Transcript of The human brain … … tricks us whenever it can!. Sensation and Perception Sensation: what occurs...
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The human brain …
… tricks us whenever it can!
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Sensation and Perception
Sensation: what occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor
Perception: the organization of sensory information into meaningful experiences
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Gestalt Psychology
• The brain is always trying to build a complete image or experience out of the confusion of all the stimuli it is receiving from all of the senses.
• The process of “filling in the blanks” is known as Gestalt.• The brain wants to find a meaning to everything, image,
feeling, or shape it is sensing.• Gestalt is a German word meaning patterns or
configurations.• Look at the images, shapes, and patterns in the next
slides. What do you see? What are you really seeing?
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The phenomenal power of the human mind I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg
The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid! Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer inwaht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit
pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by
istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? Yaeh, and I awlyas thought slpeling was ipmorantt.
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Sensory Thresholds
• Absolute threshold– The minimum amount of energy that can be
detected 50% of the time
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Absolute Thresholds
• Taste: 1 gram (.0356 ounce) of table salt in 500 liters (529 quarts) of water
• Smell: 1 drop of perfume diffused throughout a three-room apartment
• Touch: the wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a height of 1cm (.39 inch)
• Hearing: the tick of a watch from 6 meters (20 feet) in very quiet conditions
• Vision: a candle flame seen from 50km (30 miles) on a clear, dark night
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Sensory Thresholds
• Sensory adaptation– An adjustment of the senses to the level of
stimulation they are receiving
• Difference threshold– The smallest change in stimulation that can
be detected 50% of the time– Also called the just noticeable difference
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Sensory Thresholds
• Weber’s Law– States that the difference threshold is a
constant proportion of the specific stimulus– Senses vary in their sensitivity to changes in
stimulation
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Subliminal Perception
• The notion that we may respond to stimuli that are below our level of awareness
• Research shows that the effect only occurs in controlled laboratory studies
• Research outside the laboratory shows no significant effect of subliminal information
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Vision
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Receptor CellsCells in the retina that are sensitive to light
Visual receptors are called rods and cones
• Rods– About 120 million rods– Respond to light and
dark– Very sensitive to light– Provide our night
vision
• Cones– About 8 million cones– Respond to color as
well as light and dark– Work best in bright
light– Found mainly in the
fovea
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Theories of Color Vision
• Trichromatic theory– Three different types of cones
• Red• Green• Blue-violet
– Experience of color is the result of mixing of the signals from these receptors
– Can account for some types of colorblindness
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Forms of Colorblindness
• Approximately 10% of men and 1% of women have some form of colorblindness
• Dichromats– People who are blind to
either red-green or blue-yellow
• Monochromats– People who see no color at
all, only shades of light and dark
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Theories of Color Vision
• Trichromatic theory cannot explain all aspects of color vision– People with normal vision cannot see
“reddish-green” or “yellowish-blue”– Color afterimages
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If something‘s rotating – go home, you need a break!
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Take a look at the picture.
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Optical Illusions and Visual Phenomena Want to confuse your eyes and brain a bit?
Yes? Then you might want to have a look at the following pics ..
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It ...
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… doesn‘t move!
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... parallel or not?
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Coil or circle?
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Concentrate on the cross in the middle, after a while you will notice that this
moving purple dot will turn green!
Look at the cross a bit longer and you‘ll notice that all dots except the green one will disappear.
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Do you see gray areas in between the squares?
Now where did they come from?
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How many faces do you see?
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Do you see one man in this picture...or several people?If you look very carefully, you'll find 9 different faces in the picture;the 9th belongs to a dog.
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• You may not see it at first, but the white spaces create the word OPTICAL,while the blue landscape spells out ILLUSION.
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The Man in the Coffee BeansThe "illusion" is that this is just a picture of coffee beans; but it is not. Can you find a man's face among the beans? Some say that if you find the man in 3 seconds or less, the right half of your brain may be more well developed than most.PS: This is not a trick. A man's face is really hidden among the beans.
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Which of the figures in the picture do you think would measure the tallest with a ruler?
Don't measure -- just guess!
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You should see a man's face and also a word...
Hint: Try tilting your head to the right, the world begins with 'L'
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Impossible Planes
In this category you'll find images where different planes are in contradiction (the dimensional kind, not the flying ones). Have a look at this drawing. The left drawing is the normal situation : the upper and lower side are nicely in 1 plane. The right drawing is different however : the upper side is still nice and possible, but the right column has moved. The lower side now has a completely different orientation. By the way, if you imagine the right column has only become shorter and is floating mid-air, it can be possible.
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Impossible figures can be drawn on paper but can't exist in real life. Take "The Pool" for example : a beautifully made image of a swimming pool. The man on the ladder won't get into the pool however ... although it's taking him horizontally, the ladder is connecting the two sides of the
pool.
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The upper side of the wall is on one straight line, but the three pillars it's standing on are one three different planes. There's even enough room for seating.
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Best things last ...
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* Follow the instruction below.
* 1) Stare at the 4 little dots on the middle of the picture for 30 seconds * 2) then look at a wall near you * 3) a bright spot will appear * 4) twinkle a few times and you‘ll see a figure * 5) What do you see? Or even who do you see?