Chapter 1The Human Body: An Orientation

Anatomy Concrete structure that can be seen, felt and examined

Physiology

Function of the body; explains how the body parts work and carry out activities

12 Body Systems, pages 6-71. Integumentary 7. Nervous2. Skeletal 8. Endocrine3. Muscular 9. Cardiovascular4. Lymphatic 10. Urinary5. Respiratory 11. Male Reproductive6. Digestive 12. Female Reproductive

1st Body System: IntegumentaryAnatomy: skin, nail, hair, sweat/oil glands

Physio: 1. first line of defense to protect organism

2. Synthesizes vita D

3. Contains receptors for TOUCH sense

2nd Body System: SkeletalAnatomy: bones, cartilage, joints, bone markings

Physio: 1. Protects and supports body organs

2. Provides a framework for muscles

3. Blood cell formation

3rd Body System: Muscular

Anatomy: muscles

Physio: 1. Locomotion

2. Facial expression

3. Maintains posture

4. Produces heat

4th Body System: Lymphatic System

Anatomy: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes

Physio: 1. returns leaked fluids to bloodstream

2. Disposes of debris

3. Stores white blood cells

4. Attacks foreign substances

5th Body System: Respiratory

Anatomy: lung, air sac, alveoli, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchus,

Physio: 1. Supplies O2 and removes CO2

2. Gas exchange

6th Body System: Digestive

Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, mouth, saliva, rectum, anus, esophagus

Physio: 1. Breaks down food into absorbable units entering bloodstream

2. Distributes to body cells

3. Forms and disposes waste as feces

7th Body System: Nervous

Anatomy: brain, nerves, spine

Physio: responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate glands and/or muscles

8th Body System: Endocrine System

Anatomy: pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaray, testis

Physio: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes:

a. Growth c. Metabolismb. Reproduction

9th Body System: Cardiovascular

Anatomy: heart, blood vessels

Physio: 1. Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc

2. Heart pumps blood

10th Body System: Urinary System

Anatomy: urine, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Physio: 1. Eliminates nitrogenous waste

2. Regulates water, elecrolyte and pH balance of blood

11th Body System: Male Reproductive System

Anatomy: prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

Physio: 1. Vital to produce offspring

2. Produce sperm & testosterone

12th Body System: Female Reproductive System

Anatomy: mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube

Physio: 1. Production AND development of offspring

2. Produces female sex hormones

3. Production of ovules

4. Formation of the placenta

6 Types of Anatomy

1. Gross2. Regional3. Systemic4. Surface5. Microscopic6. Developmental

Gross Anatomy

The study of large body parts

Regional Anatomy

A particular area studying all of the parts that make up a specific region of the body

EX: muscles, skin, tissue, bone, joint, cartilage that make up the leg

Systemic Anatomy

The study of a body system- all of its related organs and/or vessels

Surface Anatomy

An example of gross anatomy that studies the general form and superficial markings

EX: identifying vessels to determine a pulse

Microscopic Anatomy

Structures that require a microscope and/or technology to magnify its composition

CYTOLOGY: the study of cells

HISTOLOGY: the study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy

Structural changes throughout the organism’s life span

CHAPTER 1 TEST IS ONTuesday, 8/30= AWednesday, 8/31= B

TEST SECURITY

● Long sleeves must be rolled up to elbows● No hoodies/garmets with front pocket● Cell phone NOT be in pocket and/or worn

on the body during testing

Consequence for CHEATING

● YOU WILL CONFESS YOUR PARENT/GUARDIAN WHAT YOU DID

● A ZERO WILL BE GIVEN FOR THE BREACHED TEST

Orientation and Directional Terms pg. 12

Superior

Inferior

Orientation and Directional Terms pg. 12

ventral/anterior dorsal/posterior

Orientation and Directional Terms, pg. 12

Medial: towards the center; INNER side

Lateral: away from the center; OUTER side

Orientation and Directional Terms, pg.12

Proximal: closer to shoulder/thigh

Distal: away from shoulder/thigh

Orientation and Directional Terms, pg.12

Superficial: on the surface; external

Deep: internal

His Holiness- the 14th Dali Lama

Cavities

Cavities are internal spaces made up of a layer of membranes (lining) providing degrees of protection. Types of cavities:

1. Dorsal: protects the nervous sytem made up ofa. Cranial cavity: helmet for the SKULLb. Spinal cavity: cape for the VERTEBRAE

Ventral Body Cavity protects VISCERAL ORGANS

Refers to the BELLY view of an organism as it is lying on its back.

2 major cavities that are found in the VBC:

a. Thoracicb. Abdominopelvic

VENTRAL CAVITY

a. Thoracic: CHEST area includesi. Pleural cavity- lungs

ii. Superior Mediastinum- esophagus, trachea, etciii. Pericardial Mediastinum- heart

b. Abdominopelvici. Abdomen: digestive

ii. Pelvic: bladder, reproductive, rectum

4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

RUQ LUQRLQ LLQ

9 Abdominopelvic Regions: organs

R. Hypochondriac Epigastric L. Hypochondriac

Liver, Gallbladder Stomach Diaphragm

R. Lumbar Umbilical L. Lumbar

Ascend. Colon Small intestine Descend. Colon

R. iliac/inguinal Hypogastric L. iliac/inguinal

Cecum, appendix pubic, bladder

Planes & SectionsSagittal

Coronal

Transverse

Sagittal: vertical incision dividing in LEFT and RIGHT sections

Frontal/Coronal: vertical incision dividing a specimen by its FRONT and BACK sides

Transverse: a horizontal incision to divide an organism by TOP vs BOTTOM

Ch. 2Chemistry Comes Alive

Common ELEMENTS Composing the Human Body

What’s an element? A substance made up only of one type of atom; it is composed by its atomic weight, atomic and mass number.

3 Categories of ELEMENTS: Major, Lesser, Trace

4 MAJOR: 96.1% of the bodyELEMENT

Oxygen

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

ATOMIC SYMBOL

O

C

H

N

% BODY MASS

65%

18.5

9.5

3.2

FUNCTIONS

Found in organic and inorganic compounds

Main ingredient in organic compounds

Influences pH of body fluids

Found in proteins and nucleic acids

9 Lesser Elements= 3.9%

Element Atomic Symbol

Body Mass %

Functions

Calcium Ca 1.5 Salts in bones, teeth; used for muscle contraction & blood

clotting

Phosphorus P 1.0 Bones, teeth, nucleic acids and ATP

Potassium K .4 Conducts nerve impulse and muscle contraction

Lesser Elements: 3.9%

Element Atomic Symbol

Body Mass

Functions

Sulfur S .3 Found in muscle proteins

Sodium Na .2 Found in the outer fluid of cells; vital in nerve conduction, muscle contraction, water balance

Chlorine Cl .2 Found in outer fluid of cells

Lesser Elements: 3.9%

Element Atomic Symbol

Body Mass %

Functions

Magnesium Mg .1 Present bone; metabolic reactions

Iodine I .1 Used to produce thyroid hormones

Iron Fe .1 Found in hemoglobin (oxygenated red blood cells)

11 Trace Elements (<.01%) found in enzymes or are required for enzyme action

Element Atomic Symbol

Chromium Cr

Cobalt Co

Copper Cu

Fluorine F

Manganese Mn

Molybdenum Mo

11 Trace Elements-

Element Atomic Symbol

Selenium Se

Silicon Si

Tin Sn

Vanadium V

Zinc Zn

Chemical Reactions, pg. 35

Definition: occurs whenever chemical bonds are

1. Formed2. Rearranged3. Broken

Temperature, pg. 38

Increasing temperature will increase the force of their collisions; therefore, chemical reactions occur faster at higher temps.

Concentration, pg. 38

Higher percentage of reacting particles, allowing for successful interactions

Catalysts, pg. 38

Also known as enzymes, primarily function as a method to speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy

Part 2- BIOCHEMISTRY, pp 38-56

Def: study of chemical composition & reactions of living organisms.

2 Major Classes of chemicals:

A. Organic- carbon is present; large and covalently bonded

B. Inorganic- carbon is absent; ex: water, salts, acids and bases

WATER, pp 38-39

● Most abundant inorganic compound =60-80% in volume of the human body

● Hydrogen bonded molecules allow for 5 unique properties:a. High heat capacityb. High heat vaporizationc. Polar solvent propertiesd. Reactivity e. Cushioning

High Heat Capacity, pg 38

Water temperature slowly changes its temperature to prevent homeostatic imbalance of shocking the system. The water’s temp in the blood redistributes heat among body tissues

WATER is cooool! High Heat of Vaporization

● Vaporization is same as evaporation● Liquid → Gas● Homeostatic Balance: Perspiration evaporates from

skin, resulting in efficient cooling

Polar Solvent Properties, pg. 38

● All internal cells are bathed in a solution● Water’s negative region attracts a solute’s positive

region● HYDRATION LAYERS form around colloids, such as

blood and cerebral spinal fluid (csf)

Reactivity, pg. 39

Water is THE REACTANT in chemical reactions

2 Types of Chemical Reactions:

● Hydrolysis- water splitting● Dehydrating synthesis- water is removed in a

decomposition reaction

Cushioning, pg.39

A liquid protective shield to protect against trauma.

Classic example: CSF

2nd Inorganic Compound- SALT, pg. 39

● Made up of H+ and OH-● It is categorized as an Electrolyte (salts that carry an

electrical charge)● Salt in human body:

○ Calcium phoshate- hardens teeth & bones○ Sodium-Potassium pump- muscle contraction &

nerve impulse rely on the electrical charge

Electrolytes……. fyi

● Found in Na, K, Ca, Cl-, Mg● Sources:

○ FOOD○ BEVERAGES

■ Coconut water■ Produce: lime, lemon, orange, sweet potato, all

squash, tomato

Acids, pg 39

● Known as PROTON DONORS● pH scale= 1-6● Releases H+ (hydrogen ions) ● EX in the body

○ HCl= hydrochloric acid (stomach acid) helps digestion occur

Base, pp. 39-40

● PROTON ACCEPTORS● pH scale= 8-14● Releases OH- (hydroxyl ions)● EX in the body

○ Bicarbonate ion= found in blood○ ammonia = waste product in urine

4 types of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

1. Carbohydrate2. Lipid3. Protein4. Nucleic Acid

Carbohydrate- pp43-44, fig. 2.15MONO (1)

SACCHARIDE

GlucoseSimple sugarFructoseGalactoseDeoxyriboseRibose

Molecular Structure (a)

DI (2)

SACCHARIDE

SucroseMaltoseLactose

Molecular Structure (b)

POLY (MANY)

SACCHARIDE

glycogen Molecular Structure (c)

Lipids- pp.45-46, fig2.16

Triglyceride Molecular Structure (a)

● Protects/insulates organs● Major source of stored energy

Phospholipid Molecular Structure (b)

Cell membrane

Steroid Molecular Structure (c)

Cholesterol sex hormonesBile salts adrenocortical hormoneVita D

Eicosanoid Compounds made from EFA; Prostaglandins used in: blood clotting, bp, inflammation and labor contractions

Proteins- pp47-51, fig.2.17 and Table 2.3

Fibrous

Collagen Most abundant protein in the body; found in parts that have connective tissue: bone, tendons and ligaments

Keratin Hair, nails, and allows skin to be water-resistant

Elastin Coupled with collagen provides durability & flexibility in ligaments

Proteins-pp. 47-51, table 2.3

Globular

Catalyst Speeds up chemical reactions

Hemoglobin A transport protein that carries O2 in blood

Albumin Maintains blood pH

Antibodies Recognize and fight pathogens

Nucleic Acids- pp53-55, fig 2.22 & Table 2.4

DNA Molecular structure (a)

Double stranded

Genetic materialSynthesizes proteinMitosis

RNA Single strand Assists in making proteins

ATP Fig. 2.23

ATP- pp55-56, fig. 2.23

● Adenosine TriPhosphate● Chemical energy released in cellular respiration● Energy comes from breaking a phosphate tail bond