The HUMAN BODYThe HUMAN BODY

Concepts of Concepts of

ANATOMYANATOMY

andand

PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMYANATOMY

• The scientific study of structures The scientific study of structures and the relationship of structures and the relationship of structures to each other.to each other.

• FORMFORM• Other terms include:Other terms include:

• ShapeShape• StructureStructure• AppearanceAppearance

PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY

• The scientific study of The scientific study of the functioning of the functioning of specific body parts and specific body parts and systems.systems.

• FUNCTIONFUNCTION

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• Chemical LevelChemical Level• Cellular LevelCellular Level• Tissue LevelTissue Level• Organ LevelOrgan Level• System LevelSystem Level• Organism LevelOrganism Level

Chemical LevelChemical Level • All chemical substances essential for All chemical substances essential for

maintaining life – atoms-compounds-molecules.maintaining life – atoms-compounds-molecules.• Major Elements:Major Elements:

• C - carbonC - carbon• H - hydrogenH - hydrogen• O - oxygenO - oxygen• N – nitrogenN – nitrogen

• OthersOthers• NaNa• MgMg• KK• CaCa• Etc...Etc...

Cellular LevelCellular Level• The cell is the basic unit of structure The cell is the basic unit of structure

and function. and function. • Each cell has a unique structure and Each cell has a unique structure and

function.function.• Muscle cellsMuscle cells• Nerve cellsNerve cells• Blood cellsBlood cells• Cartilage cellsCartilage cells

Tissue LevelTissue Level

• Collection of similar cells grouped Collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a specific function.together to perform a specific function.

• Usually derived from a common Usually derived from a common embryonic origin.embryonic origin.

• Four Major Tissue TypesFour Major Tissue Types• Connective TissueConnective Tissue• Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue• Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue• Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

Organ LevelOrgan Level• Structures composed of two or Structures composed of two or

more different tissues.more different tissues.• Have specific functions.Have specific functions.• Usually have recognizable shapesUsually have recognizable shapes

• HeartHeart• BrainBrain• KidneyKidney• LiverLiver• And many more...And many more...

System LevelSystem Level• An association of organs that have a An association of organs that have a

common function.common function.• Skeletal SystemSkeletal System• Digestive SystemDigestive System• Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System• Muscular SystemMuscular System• Respiratory SystemRespiratory System• Endocrine SystemEndocrine System• Nervous SystemNervous System• Circulatory SystemCirculatory System• Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Organism LevelOrganism Level

All body systems are functioning All body systems are functioning

with one another with one another

as a living individual.as a living individual.

MetabolismMetabolism

The sum total of all chemical The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in the bodyprocesses that occur in the body

Metabolism refers specifically to the two processes Metabolism refers specifically to the two processes associated with converting nutrients into energyassociated with converting nutrients into energy

AnabolismAnabolismUsing energy to synthesize or Using energy to synthesize or

manufacture new tissue or manufacture new tissue or molecules.molecules.

CatabolismCatabolismThe breakdown of tissues or chemical The breakdown of tissues or chemical

structures to produce or generate structures to produce or generate energy.energy.

MetabolismMetabolism

BODY CAVITIESBODY CAVITIES

Spaces within the body that Spaces within the body that contain the internal organs.contain the internal organs.

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Dorsal Body CavityDorsal Body Cavity

• Cranial CavityCranial Cavity• Contains the brainContains the brain

• Vertebral CavityVertebral Cavity• Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae

of the spine that contains and of the spine that contains and protects the spinal cord.protects the spinal cord.

Ventral Body CavityVentral Body Cavity

• Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity• Pleural cavities (2)Pleural cavities (2)• MediastinumMediastinum• Pericardial cavityPericardial cavity

--- Diaphragm ------- Diaphragm ----• Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity

• Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity• Pelvic cavityPelvic cavity

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

CharacteristicsCharacteristics of life include:of life include:

1.1. Movement (internal or gross)Movement (internal or gross)

2.2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change)change)

3.3. Growth (increase in size without change in shape)Growth (increase in size without change in shape)

4.4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)

5.5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CORespiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO22))

6.6. Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler forms)forms)

7.7. Absorption (movement of substances through Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into membranes and into fluids)fluids)

8.8. Circulation (movement within body fluids)Circulation (movement within body fluids)

9.9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms)chemically different forms)

10.10. Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)

• Taken together, these 10 characteristics Taken together, these 10 characteristics constitute metabolismconstitute metabolism..

Requirements of OrganismsRequirements of Organisms::

• Life depends on the availability of the following:Life depends on the availability of the following:a.a. Water (required for metabolic reactions, for Water (required for metabolic reactions, for transport of transport of substances, for temperature substances, for temperature regulation)regulation)b.b. Food (nutrients needed to supply energy and raw Food (nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materialsmaterials

for building new living matter)for building new living matter)c.c. Oxygen (used in releasing energy from nutrients)Oxygen (used in releasing energy from nutrients)d.d. Heat (a byproduct of metabolism; its presence Heat (a byproduct of metabolism; its presence governs thegoverns the

rate at which reactions occur)rate at which reactions occur)e.e. Pressure (force required to facilitate movement of Pressure (force required to facilitate movement of air orair or

fluids)fluids)• Both the quality and quantity of these factors Both the quality and quantity of these factors

are important.are important.

HomeostasisHomeostasis

The ability of the body to The ability of the body to maintain a constant internal maintain a constant internal

environment within environment within prescribed physiological prescribed physiological

limits.limits.

Parameters Maintained Parameters Maintained in Homeostasisin Homeostasis

• gas concentrationsgas concentrations• temperaturetemperature• pressurepressure• pH (acidity)pH (acidity)• nutrientsnutrients• waterwater

S T R E S SS T R E S S• Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.• Any stimulus which creates an imbalance in Any stimulus which creates an imbalance in

the body’s internal environmentthe body’s internal environment• Anything that causes stress… Anything that causes stress…

• PhysicalPhysical• EmotionalEmotional• MetabolicMetabolic• EnvironmentalEnvironmental

= Stressor= Stressor

• Two main Stressor types:Two main Stressor types:• ExternalExternal• InternalInternal

External External StressorsStressors

•HeatHeat•ColdCold•NoiseNoise•LightLight•ExerciseExercise

Internal Internal StressorsStressors

•PainPain•TumorsTumors•High blood pressureHigh blood pressure•Chemical imbalancesChemical imbalances•Unpleasant thoughtsUnpleasant thoughts

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

Types of Feedback Types of Feedback MechanismsMechanisms

• Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)• The response counteracts the input.The response counteracts the input.• The most common feedback mechanism.The most common feedback mechanism.• Examples:Examples:

• blood pressureblood pressure• blood sugar regulationblood sugar regulation• cardiac outputcardiac output• temperature regulationtemperature regulation

• Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)• The response is intensified by the input.The response is intensified by the input.• Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth,

and blood clotting.and blood clotting.

Negative Feedback Negative Feedback SystemSystem

Positive Feedback Positive Feedback SystemSystem

Body QuadrantsBody Quadrants

The abdominopelvic cavity The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided can be functionally divided

into quadrants.into quadrants.

Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

• Used by clinical personnel to describe the Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.other abnormalities.

• Functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity Functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants:into four quadrants:

• RUQ - Right Upper QuadrantRUQ - Right Upper Quadrant

• LUQ - Left Upper QuadrantLUQ - Left Upper Quadrant

• RLQ - Right Lower QuadrantRLQ - Right Lower Quadrant

• LLQ - Left Lower QuadrantLLQ - Left Lower Quadrant

Quadrants and OrgansQuadrants and Organs• RUQ – RUQ –

liver, gallbladder, right kidneyliver, gallbladder, right kidney• LUQ –LUQ –

stomach, pancreas,stomach, pancreas,

spleen, left kidneyspleen, left kidney• RLQ – RLQ –

appendix, right ovaryappendix, right ovary• LLQ – LLQ –

left ovaryleft ovary