The HUMAN BODYThe HUMAN BODY

Concepts of Concepts of

ANATOMYANATOMY

andand

PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMYANATOMY

• The scientific study of The scientific study of structures and the structures and the relationship of structures to relationship of structures to each other.each other.

• FORMFORM• Other terms include shape, Other terms include shape, structure, and appearance.structure, and appearance.

PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY

• The scientific study of the The scientific study of the functioning of specific body functioning of specific body parts and systems.parts and systems.

• FUNCTIONFUNCTION

Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization

• Chemical LevelChemical Level• Cellular LevelCellular Level• Tissue LevelTissue Level• Organ LevelOrgan Level• System LevelSystem Level• Organism LevelOrganism Level

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Chemical LevelChemical Level

• All chemical substances essential All chemical substances essential for maintaining life – atoms-for maintaining life – atoms-compounds-molecules.compounds-molecules.

• Major ElementsMajor Elements• C - carbonC - carbon• H - hydrogenH - hydrogen• O - oxygenO - oxygen• N - nitrogenN - nitrogen

Cellular LevelCellular Level

• The cell is the basic unit of The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. structure and function.

• Each cell has a unique Each cell has a unique structure and function.structure and function.• Muscle cellsMuscle cells• Nerve cellsNerve cells• Blood cellsBlood cells• Cartilage cellsCartilage cells

Tissue LevelTissue Level

• Collection of similar cells Collection of similar cells grouped together to perform a grouped together to perform a specific function.specific function.

• Usually derived from a common Usually derived from a common embryonic origin.embryonic origin.

• Four Major Tissue TypesFour Major Tissue Types• Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue• Connective TissueConnective Tissue• Nervous TissueNervous Tissue• Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue

Organ LevelOrgan Level

• Structures composed of two or Structures composed of two or more different tissues.more different tissues.

• Have specific functions.Have specific functions.• Usually have recognizable Usually have recognizable shapesshapes• HeartHeart• BrainBrain• KidneyKidney• LiverLiver

System LevelSystem Level

• An association of organs that An association of organs that have a common function.have a common function.• Digestive SystemDigestive System• Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System• Nervous SystemNervous System• Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Organism LevelOrganism Level

All body systems are All body systems are functioning with one functioning with one another as a living another as a living

individual.individual.

MetabolismMetabolism

The sum total of all The sum total of all chemical processes that chemical processes that

occur in the body.occur in the body.

AnabolismAnabolism

Using energy to Using energy to synthesize or synthesize or

manufacture new tissue manufacture new tissue or molecules.or molecules.

CatabolismCatabolism

The breakdown of tissues The breakdown of tissues or chemical structures or chemical structures to produce or generate to produce or generate

energy.energy.

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

• Standing erect with feet Standing erect with feet facing forward, arms hanging facing forward, arms hanging to the sides, palms facing to the sides, palms facing forward with thumbs to the forward with thumbs to the outsideoutside

Position DescriptorsPosition Descriptors

• Superior (Cranial)Superior (Cranial)• Inferior (Caudal)Inferior (Caudal)• Anterior (Ventral)Anterior (Ventral)• Posterior (Dorsal)Posterior (Dorsal)• MedialMedial• LateralLateral

Position DescriptorsPosition Descriptors

• ProximalProximal• DistalDistal• SuperficialSuperficial• DeepDeep• ProneProne• SupineSupine

Position DescriptorsPosition Descriptors

Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms

Movement DescriptorsMovement Descriptors

• flexionflexion• extensionextension• hyperextensionhyperextension• adductionadduction• abductionabduction• plantar flexionplantar flexion• dorsiflexiondorsiflexion• Supination (LR)Supination (LR)

• pronation (MR)pronation (MR)• inversioninversion• eversioneversion• elevationelevation• depressiondepression• protractionprotraction• retractionretraction• circumductioncircumduction

PlanesPlanes

Fixed lines of reference Fixed lines of reference along which the body or along which the body or organ is often divided organ is often divided to facilitate viewing.to facilitate viewing.

Body PlanesBody Planes

Sagittal PlaneSagittal Plane

A vertical plane which A vertical plane which divides the body or divides the body or structure into right structure into right and left sections.and left sections.

Sagittal Section of Sagittal Section of ThoraxThorax

MRI of BrainMRI of Brain

Mid-Sagittal PlaneMid-Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane which A vertical plane which divides a body or divides a body or

structure into equal structure into equal right and left halves.right and left halves.

Frontal (Coronal) Frontal (Coronal) Plane Plane

A vertical plane which A vertical plane which divides a body or divides a body or

structure into anterior structure into anterior and posterior sectionsand posterior sections

X-Ray: Frontal ViewX-Ray: Frontal View

Transverse Transverse (Horizontal) Plane(Horizontal) Plane

A horizontal plane which A horizontal plane which divides a body or divides a body or

structure into superior structure into superior and inferior sections.and inferior sections.

Transverse PlaneTransverse Plane(Cross Section)(Cross Section)

Chest CT ScanChest CT Scan

Brain MRIBrain MRI

Planes - OverviewPlanes - Overview

BODY CAVITIESBODY CAVITIES

Spaces within the body Spaces within the body that contain the that contain the internal organs.internal organs.

Dorsal Body CavityDorsal Body Cavity

• Cranial CavityCranial Cavity• Contains the brainContains the brain

• Spinal (Vertebral) CavitySpinal (Vertebral) Cavity• Bony cavity formed by the Bony cavity formed by the vertebrae of the spine that vertebrae of the spine that contains and protects the spinal contains and protects the spinal cord.cord.

Ventral Body CavityVentral Body Cavity

• Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity• Pleural cavities (2)Pleural cavities (2)• MediastinumMediastinum• Pericardial cavityPericardial cavity

• Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity• Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity• Pelvic cavityPelvic cavity

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

• The abdominopelvic cavity can The abdominopelvic cavity can be functionally divided into be functionally divided into quadrants.quadrants.

• Used by clinical personnel to Used by clinical personnel to describe the location of describe the location of abdominopelvic pain, tumors, abdominopelvic pain, tumors, and other abnormalities.and other abnormalities.

Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

• Used mostly in the medical and Used mostly in the medical and clinical disciplines.clinical disciplines.

• Functionally divides the Functionally divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrantsquadrants• RUQ - Right Upper QuadrantRUQ - Right Upper Quadrant• LUQ - Left Upper QuadrantLUQ - Left Upper Quadrant• RLQ - Right Lower QuadrantRLQ - Right Lower Quadrant• LLQ - Left Lower QuadrantLLQ - Left Lower Quadrant

Quadrants and OrgansQuadrants and Organs

• RUQ – liver, gallbladder, RUQ – liver, gallbladder, right kidneyright kidney

• LUQ – stomach, spleen, LUQ – stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidneypancreas, left kidney

• RLQ – appendix, right ovaryRLQ – appendix, right ovary• LLQ – left ovaryLLQ – left ovary

Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

HomeostasisHomeostasis

The ability of the body The ability of the body to maintain a constant to maintain a constant internal environment internal environment within prescribed within prescribed

physiological limits.physiological limits.

Parameters Maintained Parameters Maintained in Homeostasisin Homeostasis

• gas concentrationsgas concentrations• temperaturetemperature• pressurepressure• pH (acidity)pH (acidity)• nutrientsnutrients• waterwater

STRESSSTRESS

• Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.Any factor which disrupts homeostasis.• Any stimulus which creates an Any stimulus which creates an imbalance in the body’s internal imbalance in the body’s internal environmentenvironment

• Anything that causes stress - StressorAnything that causes stress - Stressor• PhysicalPhysical• EmotionalEmotional• MetabolicMetabolic• EnvironmentalEnvironmental

External StressorsExternal Stressors

• HeatHeat• ColdCold• NoiseNoise• LightLight• ExerciseExercise

Internal StressorsInternal Stressors

• PainPain• TumorsTumors• High blood pressureHigh blood pressure• Chemical imbalancesChemical imbalances• Unpleasant thoughtsUnpleasant thoughts

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

Any circular situation in Any circular situation in which information about which information about something is monitored something is monitored and sent to a control and sent to a control

centercenter

Components of a Components of a Feedback MechanismFeedback Mechanism

• Control CenterControl Center• An area that receives information An area that receives information about a monitored condition and about a monitored condition and determines an appropriate response.determines an appropriate response.

• ReceptorReceptor• An area or structure that monitors a An area or structure that monitors a controlled condition.controlled condition.

• EffectorEffector• Structure that produces a response or Structure that produces a response or changes a controlled condition.changes a controlled condition.

Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms

Types of Feedback Types of Feedback MechanismsMechanisms

• Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)Negative Feedback Mechanisms (Inhibitory)• The response counteracts the input.The response counteracts the input.• The most common feedback mechanism.The most common feedback mechanism.• Examples:Examples:

• blood pressureblood pressure• blood sugar regulationblood sugar regulation• cardiac outputcardiac output• temperature regulationtemperature regulation

• Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)Positive Feedback Mechanisms (Stimulatory)• The response is intensified by the input.The response is intensified by the input.• Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, Example: Breastfeeding by an infant, childbirth, and blood clotting.childbirth, and blood clotting.

Negative Feedback Negative Feedback SystemSystem

Positive Feedback Positive Feedback SystemSystem