The HITMAN system explained
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Transcript of The HITMAN system explained
1
HITMAN Sonic Technologyfor
Improved Profitability
North America – June 2007
Peter Carter – Chief Executive, Fibre-genNigel Sharplin – Director, Fibre-gen
2
Contents
• Fibre-gen and sonic technology• Values and contribution to profit• The value chain – integrating the technology• Results and value models• Opportunity analysis and implementation• The tools and how they work• Conclusions
3
Financial values
What is stiffness worth – a couple of examples• Verified visual grading – batch pass/fail
– VSG8 lumber premium is NZ$100/m3 ($450 vs $350)– At 55% conversion, 80% structural, equates to $36/m3 log– At 600m3/ha, 70% sawlog, 27 yrs, 8%, equates to $1,893/ha
• MSG lumber – incremental benefit– MGP8 lumber premium is NZ$250/m3
– 0.1km/sec gives 5% more MGP8, worth $12.50/m3
– At 600m3/ha, 70% sawlog, 27 yrs, 8%, equates to $657/ha
Measuring and managing stiffness will increase profit
4
Financial valuesWhat is stiffness worth – more examples• Sitka Spruce – United Kingdom
– Structural £150, Industrial £100• Spruce – Sweden
– MSR 1,450kr, Visual structural 1,350kr• Douglas fir – Oregon, USA
– MSR $350, Visual structural $310– LVL $350, Ply $230
• Southern Yellow Pine – Arkansas– MSR $195, Visual structural $178
Absolute differences vary with market conditions – premiums remain
Measuring and managing stiffness will increase profit
5
Financial values
Other values are significant too• Microfibril angle
– R2 in range 0.8 – 0.9– MFA is key predictor of solid wood stability and fibre stiffness
• Pulp & Paper properties– Fibre length and paper strength– Coarseness and sheet quality– Energy consumption and yield
• Eucalypt stiffness • Ash group Eucalypt internal collapse
Measuring and managing stiffness will increase profit
6
Feasibility
Hitman ST300• New tools are quick, non-destructive, easy and efficient
– Less than 1 minute/tree for testing– Wireless, with no cables to tangle or fail– Quick and easy insertion and removal of probes– No cores needed– No significant damage to young trees
• Mechanical and software enhancements improve precision• Variability and heritability are high• Breeding program on 10,000ha/annum could deliver >$10m/annum
Measuring and managing stiffness will increase profit
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Feasible and valuable - BreedingHitman ST300• Variability and heritability are
high• Example mean 3.2 km/sec with
SD 0.2• Top 10% mean is 3.5 km/sec• Top 2% mean is 3.63km/sec• With heritability of 60%,
delivered gain is 0.18 and 0.26 respectively
• MSG example values this at $1,180 and $1,700/ha NPV at time of planting
Normal Distribution
0%2%4%6%8%
10%12%14%
2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
Velocity (km/sec)
8
Lo b lo lly p in e (m e a n 3 .2 , SD 0 .2 1)X <= 2 . 8 8 3 0
5 . 0%X <= 3 . 5 85 5
9 5 . 0 %
0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2
2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5 5 . 5 6
Operational segregation results – LVL veneer• Pacific NW veneer manufacturers using
tools extensively• Roseburg Forest Products adoption –
standing trees, logs in forest, logs at mill, specifying to green veneer suppliers
• D fir Log sorting trials split at 13,000ft/sec threshold 1. 62% G1&G2 compared against 47%2. 60% G1&G2 compared against 45%
• At US$300/m3 for G1 veneer, 0.1 km (300’)/sec is worth $16 on log volume, or $4.8m for a 300,000 t mill
D o u g la s fi r (M e a n 4 .0 , SD 0 .3 7)X <= 3 . 4 3 1 8
5 . 0 %X <= 4 . 6 3 4 8
9 5 . 0 %
0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1
1 . 2
2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5 5 . 5 6
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
9
• At US$40/mbf price differential on lumber, 660ft/sec improvement in log velocity (0.2 km/sec) increases MSR out-turn by 10% which is worth $0.3m for a 300,000 t mill
• Sampling cost $4,000/annum• Tool cost $10,000
Lo b lo lly p in e (m e a n 3 .2 , SD 0 .2 1)X <= 2 . 8 8 3 0
5 . 0%X <= 3 . 5 85 5
9 5 . 0 %
0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
1 . 8
2
2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5 5 . 5 6
Operational segregation results – MSR output
D o u g la s fi r (M e a n 4 .0 , SD 0 .3 7)X <= 3 . 4 3 1 8
5 . 0 %X <= 4 . 6 3 4 8
9 5 . 0 %
0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1
1 . 2
2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4 4 . 5 5 5 . 5 6
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
10
Results• Over 150 HM200 tools in use• Many trials undertaken in NZ, Aus, N America, UK, Sweden• Tools predict stiffness (MoE) across all species tested• Extensive research supports commercial application
Veneer UPT vs Director velocity
R2 = 0.99
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
2.50 2.70 2.90 3.10 3.30 3.50 3.70 3.90
Director velocity (km/ sec average of log batches)
UPT
(mic
rose
c ave
rage
of l
og
batc
hes)
Softwood species (groups)
Power (Softwood species(groups))
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
HM vs LM 2nd Hamonic
y = 0.9892xR2 = 0.9642
200220240260280300320340360
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
LM freq
HM fr
eq
11
Results – monitoring moisture content• Acoustic velocity can be used as an indicator of moisture content• Applications - fuel wood stockpiles, and pulp logs for mechanical and
semi-chemical pulps• Velocity increases as green density declines• Procedure
– Establish definitive MC start point – standard sample
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
– Mark selected logs and record velocities using a fixed assumed average log length in HM200 tool
– Re-record velocities at later date– Velocity increase defines loss of water
such that reduction in green density is proportional to increase in V2
12
New tools for measuring stiffness
• Full range of tools now available to measure stiffness• Manage quality from forest to lumber or veneer• Comprehensive research programs support users
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
Hand Automated Hand Hand Automated Automatedtool tool tool tool tool tool
Thinning Sorting Quality control Quality control Resourcing GradingPHA Log making Sorting Sorting Sorting
Genetics Sawing
VariousFibre-gen Suppliers
Timberlands
>>>>>>>
Processing
>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
13
Portables for field application
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
14
New development – processor head tool
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
15
Hitman LG640 – automated log tool
• Test 100% of logs• Longitudinal or
transverse chain• Continuous operation• Sort logs for batch
processing• Alter processing to
maximise MSR or veneer out-turn
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
16
HM200, LG640 – how they work• Stiffness = density x (velocity)2
• Velocity is derived from resonant frequency (2nd harmonic) and length
• Sensor/microphone detects frequency from hammer blow
• Green density is relatively constant
3.3
length
velocity = 2 x length / time
stiffness density x velocity≈ 2
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
17
Director ST300, PH330 – how they work• ‘Time of flight’ outerwood velocity measure – higher than
log measure• Ruggedised, waterproof, wireless, auto-distance, audible
and visual output, interface to PDA• Velocity correlates strongly with log velocity at stand
levelAcoustic speed - standing tree vs log
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
ST300 prototype on tree (ft/s)
HM
200
on lo
g (D
irect
or) (
ft/s)
Sitka spruceWestern hemlockJack pineWhite birchPonderosa pine
R2 = 0.925
Source: X Wang et al, University of Minnesota
Juvenile Wood
15 yrs 25 yrs 35 yrs
Juvenile Wood
15 yrs 25 yrs 35 yrs
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
18
Results – sales/business benefits• Capability to measure quality before processing
– On log supply– On harvest planned– On stumpage purchased
• Capability to forecast actual mill LVL or MSR lumber outturn (currently hard to predict)
• Improved ability to reliably fulfill sales orders• Potential to lower G1 & G2 veneer or MSR lumber costs• Customer satisfaction and improved profitability
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
19
Conclusions• HITMAN sonic technology available for use
in forest, yard, and mill
• Improved ability to meet orders, with higher grade out-turn and profit
• Assistance available with opportunity analysis and implementation
• For further information
www.fibre-gen.com
20
Further detail for implementation
21
Results – effect of temperature on velocityIn general• Acoustic velocity increases with lower temperatureBut• Rate of change not well defined• Moisture content changes may compensate on logs, but not in trees
Temperature Effect on Acoustic Velocity of Green Board
0200400600800
1000120014001600180020002200240026002800300032003400360038004000
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Board Temperature (C)
Aco
ustic
Wav
e Ve
loci
ty (m
/s)
Stack 6 (50 boards)Stack 2 (50 boards)
V = 2365 - 17.69T (T ? 0 °C)
V = 2365 - 41.42T (T ? 0 °C)
Density (MC) adjusted acoustic speed
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5Series6Series7Series8Series9Series10Series11Series12
Source: L Bjorklund, VMR, SDCSource: P Harris, IRLSource: X Wang, University of Minnesota
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
22
Results – log velocity within stem – butt to top• Acoustic velocity varies from butt to top although
greatest variation is between stems• Highest velocity logs are in mid section of stem• Variation follows pattern of microfibril angle
Source: X Wang et al, University of Minnesota
Radiata Pine - Log velocity within stem
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance up stem (m)
Velo
city
(km
/sec
)
Average 3.2 km/ secAverage + 2 x SDAverage - 2 x SDStand Mean 3.2
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
23
Location of boards in the log
Averagestiffness ofwood inboards upthe stems
Average stiffness of lumber cut from some 60 trees. Note the low stiffness at the base of the tree, in the butt logs.
Why not cut a short, 2.5 m butt log?
1st log 2nd log 3rd log
Ping Xu, 2002
Results – log velocity within stem – pith to bark
Source: J Walker, University of CanterburyStanding Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
24
Results – velocity and MoE correlate with ageIn general• Acoustic velocity increases with increasing ageBut• Other factors affect velocity and MoE• Wide range of velocities within stands• Strategy - harvest highest V rather than oldest age (extra 0.06km/sec)
Log age vs. average acoustic velocity
R2 = 0.66
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Log age (years)
StandLinear (Stand)
Velocity vs Stand Age
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Age (years)
Velo
city
(km
/sec
)Mean Velocity (50% oldest age) = 3.43Mean Velocity (50% highest V) = 3.37
Benefit = 0.06km/ sec
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
25
Standing tree sampling – single trees• Measure is a single sample of outerwood velocity• Sampling procedure and intensity must match need• Single tree - intensive sampling
– Variation around stem– Knot location– Transverse – Compression wood– Hit variability
• 3 sets of 3 hits, in each of 2-4 locations around stem• High productivity (>60 sample sets/hour) – faster than
density coring
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
26
Standing tree sampling – single trees• Eyrewell study – radiata pine, age 28• Correlation between standing tree and log velocity
improves as sample intensity increases
Location/s on tree taps R2
Upper side 3 0.44Upper side 3 0.48Upper side 3 0.43
Upper side (A) 9 0.50Lower side (B) 9 0.45
Random side (D) 9 0.60Mean A+B 18 0.61Mean A+D 18 0.62
Mean A+B+D 27 0.67
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
27
Standing tree sampling - stands• More extensive sampling procedure to match need• Stand average measure
– Link sampling to pre-harvest assessment– Cover the stand – plots of 5+ trees– Cover diameter range– Variability between trees > within– Sample as many trees as possible in least time
• 1 set of 3 hits/tree on 35+ trees/stand• Productivity dependent upon terrain and vegetation
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
28
Standing tree velocity• Correlation with log measures good• Absolute conversion varies primarily with velocity
Data Bank - Director HM200 vs ST300 Velocities
y = 0.7965x + 469.14R2 = 0.92
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Standing tree velocity (Scopemeter or Director ST300 - ft/s)
Log
velo
city
(Dire
ctor
HM
200
- ft/s
)
Sitka SpruceRadiata Pine NZ 8 year oldRadiata Pine NZ 16 year oldRadiata Pine NZ 25 year oldRadiata Pine Aus 10 year oldRadiata Pine Aus 20 year oldRadiata Pine Aus 28 year oldRadiata Pine Aus 37 year oldD fir A OregonW HemlockJack PineBirchPonderosa PineSlash Pine ASlash Pine BLoblolly PineD fir B OregonD fir C OregonRadiata Pine Canterbury age 8Radiata Pine Canterbury age 28Wisconsin Red PineIdaho Ponderosa PineRadiata Pine NZ CNI 26 year oldRadiata Pine NZ CNI 26 year oldRadiata Pine NZ CNI 26 year old
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
29
Standing tree velocity• Green density adjustment of log measure appears
usefulData Bank - Director HM200 (Green Density Adjusted) vs ST300 Velocities
y = 0.5887x + 2570.4R2 = 0.9624
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Standing tree velocity (Scopemeter or Director ST300 - ft/s)
Log
velo
city
(Dire
ctor
HM
200
- ft/s
)
Radiata Pine NZ 8 year oldRadiata Pine NZ 16 year oldRadiata Pine NZ 25 year oldRadiata Pine Aus 10 year oldRadiata Pine Aus 20 year oldRadiata Pine Aus 28 year oldRadiata Pine Aus 37 year oldD fir BD fir CD fir ARed Pine WisconsinRadiata Pine NZ CNI 26 year oldRadiata Pine NZ CNI 26 year oldRadiata Pine NZ CNI 26 year old
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
30
Verified Visual Grading – NZ example• Consultation and introduction in NZ in 2006 –
December deadline for adoption • Visual graded lumber sample will be proof tested
– 1 in 1000 boards sampled– Static bending and breaking tests– 30 sample rolling average must exceed standard
for MOE and MOR - average and minimum– Self-run with independent auditing
Result: Stiffness of supply is critical
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
31
Verified Visual Grading – NZ exampleCharacteristic stresses for
visually graded timber (GPa)
3.24.83.011.07.5No 1 Framing1
4.46.54.012.011.7VSG102
VSG82
G82
Radiata Pine & Douglas Fir
2. Moisture condition – Green2 (m/c = 25%)
4.06.04.015.010.0No 1 Framing1
6.75.4
10.08.0
8.06.0
20.018.0
20.014.0
VSG10VSG8
Radiata Pine & Douglas Fir
LowerBound
Modulus of Elasticity Elb
(GPa)
Modulusof Elasticity
E (GPa)
TensionStrength
ft
CompressionStrength
fc
BendingStrength
fb
GradeSpecies
1. Moisture condition – Dry (m/c = 16%).
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
32
Verified Visual Grading – NZ example• Acoustic velocity from standing trees or green log velocity
measures offer a guide to absolute stiffness • Stiffness = density x (velocity)2
• Adjustments required for– Green density and moisture content– Increase in stiffness from 30% moisture content to ‘dry’
• Dynamic MOE of 8GPa is indicative of VSG8 production and would require– Average log velocity 2.8km/sec (allowing 0.1km/sec for SE
of mean)– Green density 1000kg/m3
– Moisture content 150%• 8GPa target velocity could vary 2.70 - 3.00
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>
33
Example program - Scotland• Preliminary tests to familiarise with tools• Forest survey – map acoustic speed at stand level across
topography, altitude, soils, age, silviculture (>50 stands)• Confirm relationship between average
standing tree velocity and average log velocity. Confirm velocity pattern up tree (>15 stands)
• Saw sample of logs and confirm static MOE and MOR of lumber, and grade out-turn, relative to log velocity
• Correlate static MOE with predicted MOE from commercial testing devices (x-ray density, acoustic, mechanical bending)
Standing Harvesting Stem Log Log Deck Lumber orTree Processor to Mill Veneer
ST300 PH330 HM200 HM200 LM600 Grader
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>>