WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS Intro to Psychology.
The History of Psychology
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Transcript of The History of Psychology
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The History of Psychology
Chapter 1 Section 2
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Where did the scientific method come from?
• Wilhelm Wundt– 1879– Leipzig, Germany– First psychology laboratory – Claims: psychology has 2 elements (sensations and
feelings)– Procedure used: “introspection”– Acknowledged as establishing modern psychology
as a separate, formal field of study
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The Greeks
• 5th & 6th centuries B.C.• Started to study human behavior• gods did not control people’s lives• People’s minds controlled their lives• People were rational
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Dualism
• 1600’s (17th Century)• Mind and body are separate
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Phrenology
• 1800’s (19th century)• Studying the bumps on a person’s head to
figure out their intelligence or personality
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Rene Descartes(1596-1650)
• Mind and body are linked• The mind controls the body’s movements,
sensations, perceptions• Mind & body together create a person’s
experience
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Approaches to the Science of Behavior
Historical Approaches• Structuralism• Functionalism• Inheritable Traits• Gestalt Psychology
Contemporary Approaches• Psychoanalytic Psychology• Behavioral Psychology• Humanistic Psychology• Cognitive Psychology• Biological Psychology• Sociocultural Psychology
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Historical Approaches
• Structuralism• Functionalism• Inheritable Traits• Gestalt Psychology
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Structuralism
• Main person: Wilhelm Wundt
• Study human behavior in a systematic and scientific way
• Interested in the basic elements of the human experience
• Introspection – self observation
• Tried to map out the basic structure of thought processes
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Functionalism
• Main person: William James– Taught the first
psychology class at Harvard (1875)
– “father of psychology”– Wrote: The Principles of
Psychology– Thinking, feeling, learning,
remembering all help us survive as a species
• Focused on the functions/purpose of the mind & functions of behavior
• Study how mental processes help animals & people adapt to their environment
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Inheritable Traits
• Main person: Sir Francis Galton– English
mathematician/scientist– Studied biographies– Encouraged “good”
marriages to fill the world with talented people
– Came up with the first/primitive personality & intelligence tests
• Studies how heredity influences a person’s abilities, character & behavior
• Heredity or environment?
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Gestalt Psychology
• Main people: German psychologists– Mac Wetheimer– Wolfgang Kohler– Kurt Koffka
• Perception is more than the sum of its parts
• “whole pattern” – Gestalt
• Studies how sensations are put together into perceptual experiences
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Contemporary Approaches
• Psychoanalytic Psychology• Behavioral Psychology• Humanistic Psychology• Cognitive Psychology• Biological Psychology• Sociocultural Psychology
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Psychoanalytic Psychology
• Main person: Sigmund Freud– Vienna doctor
• Focused on unconscious mind
• Free association• Dream analysis• most of your feelings come
from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious.
• We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using defense mechanisms.
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Behavioral Psychology
• Main people: – Ivan Pavlov– John B. Watson – B.F. Skinner
• Behavior as the product of past experiences
• Stressed investigating only observable behavior
• Use of reinforcement to make behavior happen again
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Humanistic Psychology
• Main people: – Abraham Maslow– Carl Rogers– Rollo May
• Human nature evolves & is self directed
• Internal growth• Each person is unique• Each person has a self-
concept & potential to develop fully
• Growth leads to a more satisfying life
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Cognitive Psychology
• Main people: – Jean Piaget– Noam Chomsky– Leon Festinger
• Focus on how we process, store & use information
• How information influences our thinking, language, problem solving, & creativity
• Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes (perceptions, memories, expectations)
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Biological Psychology
• Biology impacts our behavior• Study how the brain, nervous system,
hormones & genetics influence our behavior
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Sociocultural Psychology
• Studies the influence of cultural & ethnic similarities/differences on behavior & social functioning
• Culture influences ways of thinking, feeling & behaving
• Looks at gender, socioeconomic status