The history of international standardization for the...

Proceedingsof9thWindsorConference:MakingComfortRelevantCumberlandLodge,Windsor,UK,7-10April2016.NetworkforComfortandEnergyUseinBuildings,http://nceub.org.uk

The history of international standardization for the ergonomics of thethermalenvironment

BjarneW.Olesen1,FrancescaR.d’AmbrosioAlfano2,KenParsons3andBorisI.Palella4

1InternationalCentreforIndoorEnvironmentandEnergy,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,2DIIN-DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale–UniversitàdiSalerno,Italy3LoughboroughDesignSchool,LoughboroughUniversity,UK4DII - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale –Università degli Studi diNapoli Federico II,Italy

AbstractStandardisation in relation to the thermal environment goes back many years, where mainly nationalstandardslikeASHRAE55(thermalcomfort,firstissue1966)andACGIHestablishedin1962thefirstThresholdLimitValuesforindustrialworkplaces.Internationallythestandardizationworkstartedin1978underISOTC159Ergonomics;SC5ErgonomicsofthePhysicalEnvironmentformedanewWorkingGroupWG1Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment.Thisworkinggroupcoversallaspectsoftheinfluenceofthethermalenvironmentonpeoplelikeheatstress,coldstress,thermalcomfort,physicalandthermalphysiologicalmeasurementsetc.ThefirststandardISO7243wasdealingwithheatstressandtheuseofWBGTbasedontheACGIHstandard.ThiswassoonfollowedbythemostcitedstandardforthermalcomfortISO7730.Thepresentationwillincludeahistoricaloverviewofthisworkandthepeopleinvolved.

Keywords: thermal environment, heat stress, cold stress, measurements, thermalphysiology,standards

1 IntroductionThethermalenvironmentisoneofthecrucialfacetsoflivingandworkingenvironments.Inparticular, the physiological response of people with respect to the thermo-hygrometricparametersaffectsthethermalsensationwithitsconsequencesintermsofcomfort,well-beingandproductivity.Inaddition,itspredictionorassessmentisrequiredtoavoidhealthrisks in extreme cold and hot environments. For this reasons thermal environments areusually classified into moderate, where the main goal is achieving thermal comfortconditions,andsevere(coldandhot)whereheatstrainscanoccurandtheworkerssafetyandhealthhastobeguaranteed.

2 HistoryDuring the20th century threeof themaincontributors to thestudieson thermal comfortwere Pharo Gagge, Ralph Nevins and P. Ole Fanger (Figure 1), who gave the maincontributions to the study of thermal comfort; but there weremany researchers beforethem.

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SinceAntiquity,moreorlesscomplextheorieshavebeendevelopedtoidentifytheessentialfunctionsresponsibleforlife(e.g.respiration,heart,blood).Hippocratesbelievedthatbloodwas warm at a fixed temperature by divine will, whereas Plato concluded that bloodcirculationwasduetoafirediffusion.InthesecondhalfoftheSecondCenturyGalenruledthat – contrary to ematocentric and cardiocentric theories - there is no air in the bloodvesselsandtheorizedtheexistenceofcapillaries.Inlatercenturies,otherscientistsdevotedgreat attention to caloric theories and physiological studies, but only in theModern Ageweremeaningfulresultsachieved(d'AmbrosioandLopardo,2014).

PharoGaggeJohnB.PierceFoundation,YaleUniversity1908-1993

OleFanger RalphNevinsTechnicalUniv. KansasStateUniv.Denmark 1924-19731934-2006

Figure1Threemaincontributorstothestudiesonthermalcomfort.

Sanctorio Sanctorio obtained the first important results leading the way for themodernthermo-physiology at the beginning of the 1600. Hewas among the first to use physicalmeasurements in medicine. By means of a scale of his invention, he postulated theexistenceof theperspiratio insensibilis,which isoneof themechanismsofheatexchangebetweenmanandenvironment.

A.L Lavoisier and P.S. Laplace are among the pioneers of the studies on the response ofpeopletothethermalenvironment.Equippedwithaspecial icecalorimeter, in1780theycarried out experiments on the production of thermal energy in animals by finding arelationshipbetweenheatlossandbreathing.

In 1865 Claude Bernard was the first to realize the idea of human body homeostasisreprisedonlyin1932byW.B.Cannon.

Thanks to the evolution of knowledge in the field of physiology, in the first half of thetwentieth century studies progressed quickly. In 1923 Yaglou, assisted by F.C. Houghten,formulated the Effective Temperature index ET based on the thermal sensation felt by asubject in movement between two conditioned environments. At the beginning, ET wasreferredonlytoahomogeneousenvironmentandstandardclothingconditions.

In1924,theJohnB.PierceLaboratorywasfoundedinYale,whereundertheguidanceofC.E.A.Winslow–thefirstdirector–L.P.HerringtonandA.P.Gaggebegantheirstudiesontheenergyflowsbetweenmanandhissurroundingenvironment,creatingoneofthemostfamousandprolificschools.


In 1941 the J.B. Pierce Laboratory’s group (Gaggeet al., 1941) formulated themostused(andincoherentwithrespecttoSI)unitsforthemetabolicrateandtheclothinginsulation:themetandtheclo,respectively.Inthispaperarealsomentionedtwoimportantissues:thereductionofclothinginsulationduetowindandbodymovements(oneonthemoststudiedtopicsinthe80’s),andtheoptimaltemperaturevaluesasafunctionofmetabolicrateandclothinginsulation(stillanopenmatteramongresearchersinthefield).

In the same year, Burton in the UK formulated and validated experimentally the firstmathematicalmodelsimulatingthethermoregulatoryresponse:thebodyisassimilatedtoahomogeneouscylinderandthermalfieldwithinitisobtainedbyBessel’sfunctions(Burton,1941).

WorldWarIIandtheKoreanWarpressedsomeUSresearchcenterstoorganizesupporttothetroopswhowereengagedinmilitaryoperations innone-temperateclimaticareas(McIntyre,1980).Infact,duringthoseconflictstheUShadsignificanthumanlossesduetoextremeweatherconditionsinwhichthetroopswerefighting.Consequently,J.B.PierceandNatick’sBaselaboratoriesstartedtocarryoutaseriesofstudiesonthephysiologicalresponse of the body to extreme conditions and on the role of clothing in protectionagainst thermal stress (d'Ambrosio, 2012). These studies continued over the years(Belding et al. 1947a, 1947b) favouring the development of collateral researches asclothing.

Inthe50sotherplayerssuchasHVACengineerswereinvolvedinresearch(d’AmbrosioandLopardo,2014)and several studiesoncomfort conditions in confinedenvironmentswerecarriedout in cooperationwithASHRAE (AmericanSociety forHeating,Refrigeration,andAirConditioningEngineering).ThiscooperationhelpedGagge’steam(Y.Nishi,inparticular,Gonzales and Berglund) deepen moderate thermal environment theories and led to theformulationofET*andSETindices.

ASHRAE decided to close its research laboratory, located in Cleveland since 1924, andinvited interestedorganizations tobidonreceiving itsequipment.RalphNevinsobtainedfrom the state of Kansas $160,000 for a building and a like amount from the NationalInstitutesofHealthforinstallationandoperation.HeobtainedthechamberandpromisedtocarryonresearchinASHRAE’sinterestforatleast5years.Thenewfacilitywasnamedthe Institute for Environmental Research, and Dr. Nevins became its Director. Under hisguidance researchers likeRohles andMcNall didexperimental studies andmeasured theimpact of the thermal environment on peoples comfort. In this test facility the studiesforming thebasis for Fanger’s PMV-PPD indexwerealsomade.Nevins accepted in1973thepositionofFellowandHeadoftheEnvironmentalEngineeringGroupandMemberofthe Executive Committee of the John B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory, New Haven,Connecticut.

ASHRAEhasestablishedtheRalphG.NevinsPhysiologyandHumanEnvironmentAwardforyoungresearchersunder theageof40, thathascontributedto theknowledgeonhumanphysiologyandcomfort(Figure2).


Figure2.TogetherwithProf.FangerrecipientsoftheRalphNevinsAwardfromleftJørnToftum,BjarneW.Olesen,P.OleFanger,ByronJones,Shin-IchiTanabeandKenParsons.

European studies on moderate thermal environments were developed at the TechnicalUniversity of Denmark, thanks to Ole Fanger who published in 1970 his famous bookentitled“ThermalComfort”(Fanger,1970)wherethedefinitionofPMVandPPDindicesarereported.

Studiesonsevereenvironmentsstartedduringthewarsofthetwentiethcenturyledtothedefinition of the IREQ index, for cold environments, and WBGT and SWreq for hotenvironments.Generally,indicescanbeclassifiedintorational,-basedontheheatbalanceonthehumanbody–andempirical,derivedonexperimentalbase.

3 Standards’developmentEstablishedin1947,ISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)istheinternationalbody for regulations. It groups 162 National regulatory bodies. The European body CEN(European Committee for Standardization) in cooperation with CENELEC (EuropeanCommittee for Electrotechnical Standardization) and ETSI (European TelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute)developsstandardsinforceatEuropeanlevel.CENcooperateswithISOthankstotheVienna’sAgreement.NationalStandardizationbodies(e.g.UNIinItaly,ANSIinUS, DIN in Germany, BSI in the UK etc.) compulsorily accept within six months CENStandardswhicharepublishedasUNIEN(DINEN,BSENetc). IfaCENstandardexistyoucannothaveadifferentnationalstandardonthesametopic.ForISOstandardsthereisnoobligationtousethem,buttheycanbeadoptedbyNationalbodiesasnationalstandards(e.g.incaseofUNI)orusedincontracts.However,NationalbodiescanprepareandpublishNationalstandardsnotinconflictandnon-overlappingwithCEN.


All regulatorybodies areorganized inManagementBodies andCommissionsor TechnicalCommittees(alsoSubcommitteesifneeded),composedbyworkinggroupswhopreparethedraftstobediscussedandapprovedbytheManagementBodies.

3.1 InternationalStandardsinthefieldoftheThermalEnvironmentSince the 1980s, the working group ISO TC 159 SC5 WG1 (Ergonomics of the ThermalEnvironment) released a series of Standards aimed to regulate the field of the thermalenvironment.Thisworkinggrouphasbeenchairedbythreedifferentconveners:1978-1994G. Aubertin, France; 1994-2015 BjarneW. Olesen, Denmark and since 2015 Jørn ToftumDenmark.AtCEN level, theTC122WG11 (Ergonomicsof thePhysical Environment)wasformed later and is also active and, apart from a couple of cases, they adopt the ISOstandardsforthermalenvironmentsasENstandards.DesignersofHVACsystemshavetobeawareofthesestandards,whichrepresentthebasisrequiredfortheergonomicassessmentofenvironmentswherepeopleliveandwork.Thisisalsobecausetheyaffectthevaluesofthermo-hygrometric design parameters. In addition, the compliancewith these standardsstrongly interferes with energy saving requirements. Therefore, it is more and moreimportant to have a close cooperation among building and equipment designers,ergonomicsandoccupationalhealthexperts(d’AmbrosioAlfanoetal.,2014a).

Figure3.TC159SC5WG1meetingatDanishStandardin1980’s.

Presently,thefieldoftheThermalEnvironmentisregulatedbyasetof21StandardsdividedincategoriesaccordingtoFigure1.Thefull list isreportedinTable1.AdescriptionofthebackgroundtothestandardsandcurrentstatusisprovidedinAnnex2


Table1.Standardspresentlyunderforce.(a)ErgonomicsoftheThermalEnvironmentseries.(b)ErgonomicsofthePhysicalEnvironmentseries.

ISO/CENNumber Year Title

ISO7243(a)EN27243

19891993

HotEnvironments-Estimationoftheheatstressonworkingman,basedontheWBGT-index(wetbulbglobetemperature)

ISO11399(a)ENISO11399

19952000

PrinciplesandapplicationofrelevantInternationalStandards


19952001

Assessmentoftheinfluenceofthethermalenvironmentusingsubjectivejudgmentscales

ISO7726(a)ENISO7726

19982001

Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment-Instrumentsformeasuringphysicalquantities


20012001

Medicalsupervisionofindividualsexposedtoextremehotorcoldenvironments


20012001

Vocabularyandsymbols

ISO/TS13732-2(a)2001 Methodsfortheassessmentofhumanresponsestocontactwith

surfaces-Part2:Humancontactwithsurfacesatmoderatetemperature


20042004

Riskassessmentstrategyforthepreventionofstressordiscomfortinthermalworkingconditions

ISO7933(a)ENISO7933

20042004

Analyticaldeterminationandinterpretationofheatstressusingcalculationofthepredictedheatstrain

ENISO8996(a)ISO8996

20042004

Determinationofmetabolicrate

ENISO9886ISO9886

20042004

Ergonomics-Evaluationofthermalstrainbyphysiologicalmeasurements

ISO7730(a)ENISO7730

20052005

AnalyticaldeterminationandinterpretationofthermalcomfortusingcalculationofthePMVandPPDindicesandlocalthermalcomfortcriteria

ISO14504-2(a)ENISO14504-2

20062006

Evaluationofthermalenvironmentsinvehicles-Part2:Determinationofequivalenttemperature

ISO14504-3(a)ENISO14504-3

20062006

Evaluationofthethermalenvironmentinvehicles-Part3:Evaluationofthermalcomfortusinghumansubjects

ISO13732-1(a)ENISO13732-1

20062008

Methodsfortheassessmentofhumanresponsestocontactwithsurfaces-Part1:Hotsurfaces

ISO13732-3(a)ENISO13732-3

20062008

Methodsfortheassessmentofhumanresponsestocontactwithsurfaces-Part3:Coldsurfaces


20072007

Determinationandinterpretationofcoldstresswhenusingrequiredclothinginsulation(IREQ)andlocalcoolingeffects


20082008

Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment-Coldworkplaces-Riskassessmentandmanagement

ISO9920(a)ENISO9920

20072009

Estimationofthermalinsulationandwatervapourresistanceofaclothingensemble

ISO28802(b)ENISO28802

20122012

Assessmentofenvironmentsbymeansofanenvironmentalsurveyinvolvingphysicalmeasurementsoftheenvironmentandsubjectiveresponsesofpeople

ISO28803(b)ENISO28803

20122012

Applicationofinternationalstandardstopeoplewithspecialrequirements


In truth, the first standard on the thermal environment was the American ASHRAE 55(Conditions for thermal Comfort) issued in 1966 after two years ofwork and periodicallyreviseduntilthelastversiondated2013.BaseduponHoughten’sandYaglou(1923)studies,it prescribed the Effective Temperature as a comfort index and, firstly, it defined thethermal comfort as a condition of the mind. Since 1975, the document has been oftenrevised. The main innovation are the adoption of the two-node Gagge’s model (Gagge,1973), theNewEffectiveTemperature indexET* (Gaggeetal.,1971)and, finally, in2004theadoptionofPMV/PPDindexandlocaldiscomfortindicesbasedonISO7730.Duetoitsauthoritativeness,ASHRAE55isareferenceworldwide.

AtISOlevel,thefirstStandardwasISO7243,issuedin1982.

3.2 TheStandardsforhotenvironmentsISO7243,thefirststandardinthefieldofthethermalenvironmentwasissuedin1982andadoptedbytheCENin1993.ItwasbasedupontheWBGT(WetBulbGlobeTemperature),anempiricalindexfortheassessmentofhotenvironments.TheoriginoftheindexWBGTisusuallytracedto1957.BasedonaninvestigationtocontrolheatillnessesintrainingcampsoftheUSArmyandMarineCorps,YaglouandMinard(1957) introducedtheWBGTindex,accepted by ISO and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists as apreliminarytoolfortheassessmentofhotthermalenvironments(d’AmbrosioAlfanoetal.,2014b).

Thisempiricalindexcombinesthemeasurementoftwoderivedquantities,thenaturalwetbulbtemperatureandtheglobetemperaturetogetherwiththeairtemperatureandclaimsthereforetotakeintoaccountthemainheattransferphenomena(evaporation,convection,andradiation)affectingthethermalsensationandstrain. In1989,theearlyversionofthestandardwasrevised.Itiscurrentlyinadvancedstageofreview.

Figure4.ISOStandardsfortheassessmentofheatstress


In the same year ISO released the ISO 7933 entitled Hot environments: AnalyticaldeterminationandinterpretationofthermalstressusingcalculationofRequiredSweatRate.PublishedbytheCENin1997asEN12515,thestandardadoptedtheRequiredSweatrateindexSWreq.Thisisarationalindextakingintoaccountasimplifiedthermoregulationmodelandtheheattransfermechanismswithinthebodyandbetweentheoutersurfaceofitandthesurroundingenvironment.

Considering the major limitations of EN 15215, as well as the fact that this standardappeared to be little used in practice (Malchaire et al., 2001), a joint research projectbetween some of themain European research teams in the field of thermal factorswasstarted in the period 1996-1999. The European Union supported this project (entitledAssessmentoftheriskofheatdisordersencounteredduringworkinhotconditions)withintheProgramBIOMEDII.Asaresultofthisresearchanewmodelwasdeveloped:thePHS(Predicted Heat Strain) adopted since 2004 in the new version of ISO 7933 Standard.Formulated on a rational basis (Malchaire et al., 2001, 2002) with new equations andboundary conditions, and robustly validated both in the field and under laboratoryconditions,thePHSmodelprovidesresultsverydifferentfromthoseexhibitedbytheSWreq

with high levels of reliability. Nevertheless, PHS exhibits some weaknesses (Wang et al.,2011):thisisthereasonwhyISO7933ispresentlyunderrevision.

3.3 TheStandardsforcoldenvironmentsAs stressed by Leblanc (1975), the first studies devoted to the topic dealt with militaryoperationsorexpeditionactivitiesandthatonlyinthepastyearstheinteresthasmovedtothe working both outdoors and indoors (freezer rooms, special kitchens or industrialoperation carried out at lower temperature), and to the health safeguarding during theclimatic coldwaves.Asamatterof fact,working in coldenvironmentsnotonly results inaccidents and injuries but also affects the performances of work due to the requiredprotectivemeasures.

Figure5ISOStandardsfortheassessmentofcoldstress


Theonly standarddevoted to thematter, is the ISO11079, issued in1993as ISO/TRandentitled Evaluation of cold environments: Determination of required clothing insulation(IREQ). It has been revised in 2007. The standard is based upon the studies conductedprimarily intheUSandinScandinaviaanddefinestheIREQindexforglobalcoolingandaseriesofindicesoflocalrisk.IREQmodelproposedbyHolmér(1984)integratestheeffectsofairtemperature,meanradianttemperature,relativehumidity,airvelocity,andmetabolicrate and specified the required clothing insulationof the clothingensemble consistent tothe actual environmental conditions and activity of the body to maintain its thermalequilibrium.

3.4 TheStandardsformoderateenvironmentsISO7730wasthefirstInternationalStandardaddressedtomoderatethermalenvironments.EntitledDeterminationof thePMVandPPD indicesandspecificationof theconditions forthermalcomfort,itwaspublishedonAugust15,1984.TheconvenoroftheISOworkgroup(TC159SC5WG1)onthethermalenvironmentswasledbyAubertin,whiletheworkonISO7730wasledbyProf.Fanger.ItwasbasedontheuseofPMVandPPDindices(forthermalcomfortconditionsforthebodyasawhole)formulatedonarationalbasisinthewellknowFanger’s book entitled Thermal Comfort. These indices depend upon four environmentalparameters(airtemperature,airvelocity,relativehumidity,meanradianttemperature)andtwo personal quantities (metabolic rate and clothing insulation). Concerning localdiscomfortISO7730wasbaseduponthedraughtratemodelalsoreportingdiscomfortdueto vertical difference of air temperature and radiant asymmetries. All the recommendedcriteriawasbasedonstudieswithhumansubjects(Fangeret.al1980,1986,OlesenS.et.al.1973,OlesenB.W,1977a,1977b,OlesenB.Wet.al.,1979).

,Figure6ISOStandardsfortheassessmentofthermalcomfort

The development of studies on comfort, in particular those concerning the naturallyventilatedenvironmentandonclothing,hasledtosomefundamentalchangesthatcanbe


found in the2006versionpresently in force (italsoexhibitadifferent titleas reported intable1).In2015,anewrevisionprocesshasstartedaccountingallobservationsarisingfromthepractice (d’AmbrosioAlfanoet al., 2014a) and thenewscientific achievements in thefieldofmoderateenvironments(HalawaandvanHoof,2012).

AccordingtoASHRAE’sdefinition,thermalcomfortisaffectedbythesubjectiveperceptionof theenvironment. This is the reasonwhy, as complementaryapproach to theobjectiveassessmentofthermalcomfort(ISO7730),ISOStandard10551waspublishedin1995.Thisdocument,alsorevisedbyCENin2001,definesthescalesforthesubjectiveevaluationofmoderate thermalenvironmentsandgives important information for the formulationandtheelaborationofquestionnaires.

3.5 StandardsforvehiclesDue to small volumes, wide transparent envelope and highly variable and non-uniformconditions all vehicles have to be considered as special environments. Consequently, it isnotpossibledirectlytousethePMVandPPDindices.Toprovideeffectivemethodsfortheirassessment,in1996startedtheEuropeanProgramDevelopmentofstandardtestmethodsforevaluationofthermalclimateinvehicles,whoseresultsledtothepublicationoftheISOStandards14505-2and-3.Thepart2definesfourEquivalentTemperatureIndices(global,segmental, directional, and omnidirectional) and illustrates respective measurementmethods, alsobasedupon theuseof thermalmanikins. Thepart3providesamethod toassessthethermalcomfortperformanceofavehicleundercertainconditionsonthebaseofquestionnairesadministeredwithspecialcriteria.

3.6 StandardsforpeoplewithspecialrequirementsThefirstdraftof the ISO28803Standard isdated2007andhasrequireda longperiodofpreparation.ThishighsocialvaluedocumentisaimedtoapplytheStandardsinthefieldoftheIndoorEnvironmentalQuality(asaresultofthermal,visual,acousticcomfortandindoorair quality) to categories of subjects with particular requirements (e.g age, gender,disabilities). Consequently, it deals with many issues (e.g. the difference in thermalsensation generally felt by an elderly person compared to that experienced by a youngperson,changesinthetemperatureperceptiondotospinalcorddiseases,etc.).

3.7 StandardsforcontactwithsurfacesSince the early 2000s, there has been an increasing interest in the issues related to thetemperatureofsurfacesthehumanbodyoritspartsmaycomeincontactwith.MainresultsfromthestudieshavemergedintotheISO13732seriesofstandards,whichallarebasedonexperiments,withsomeweaknesses.

3.8 StandardsfortheassessmentofthermalenvironmentsThe increased interest in occupational safety and health gave rise to the update oflegislationandthepromotionofpublicawareness,educationandinvestigationinthisfield(CounciloftheEuropeanCommunity,1989).Thisapproachresultedintheformulationofaspecialfour-phasestrategycalledSOBANE(Malchaireetal.,1999),whichresultedinanewstandardISO15265devotedtotheevaluationoftheriskforthepreventionofconstraintsor discomfort under thermal working conditions. This Standard provides a protocol ofanalysis characterizedbyan in-depthanalysisof theworkingconditionsaimed to identifyquicksolutionsforeasyproblemsorspecialinvestigationsincomplexsituations.

Someyears later ISOStandard15743,addressedtocoldenvironmentand inspiredby theSOBANE’sStrategyadaptedtocoldstressrisks,waspublished.


Thesearevery importantdocumentsespeciallybecausetheassessmentofnon-residentialenvironments as industrial workplaces or technical spaces of ships (Palella et al., 2016)shouldbeassessedwithspecialprotocolstominimizehealthrisksandaccident(mainlyforpeople with special requirements). It is important to highlight that both ISO and ENworkgroups are preparing two other standards for the assessment ofmoderate and hotenvironment.

3.9 SupportingStandardsThese documents are crucial because they provides basic input parameters for themeasurement/assessment,thecalculationofindicesand,finally,formedicalissuesrelatedtotheassessmentofthermalenvironments.

3.9.1 ISOEN11399Thepurposeofthisdocument,issuedin1995,istospecifyinformationtoallowthecorrect,effectiveandpracticaluseofall standardsconcernedwith theergonomicsof thethermalenvironments. Despite several standards here mentioned have been revised and newstandardshavebeenpublished,thisstandardisnowoutofdate.

3.9.2 ISOEN13731Thefirsttraceofthisstandard–issuedin2001andpresentlyunderrevision–isadocumentpreparedbyISO/TC159/SC5/WG1in1979.ThepeculiarityofISO13731istheunificationof terms and definitions adopted by the standards of the field. Consequently, users andworkgroupswhohavethetaskofwritingtheruleshaveaclearpictureonthenameofthedifferentquantities,theirsignificanceandthesymbols.Thisisnoteasy,especiallybecausethe field of the thermal environment involves a wide variety of skills (e.g. ergonomists,architects, doctors, engineers) and creating a common language is the precondition for amutualcomprehensionandacorrectapplication.

3.9.3 ISOEN9920Clothingcanbeconsideredabehavioralthermoregulationfactor:itaffectstheheatbalanceonthehumanbody(intermsofthermalinsulationandvaporresistance)and,consequently,comfortandstressindices(Alfanoandd’Ambrosio,1991).

The first versionof ISO Standard9920appeared in 1995with the titleErgonomics of thethermalenvironment:Estimationofthethermal insulationandevaporativeresistanceofaclothingensemble. Itwasmainlybaseduponstudiescarriedout inUSattheKansasStateUniversity (McCulloughetal.,1982)andJ.B.PierceLaboratories (Nishietal.,1975)and inDenmarkattheDTU(Olesenetal.,1982).

Thedocumenthasbeenstronglyrevisedtakingintoaccountresultsfromresearchesontheeffectsofbodymovementsandwind(Havenithetal.,1999;Parsonsetal.,1999;Havenithand Nilsson, 2004) and the characterization of thermo-physical properties of clothing(ASTM,2010).Thepresentversionhas issued in2007, revised in2008adadoptedby theCEN in 2009. It is an exhaustive document about clothing, withmore than one hundredpagesandabout60references. It reports thedefinitionandthemeaningof thewholeofphysical quantities involved in the thermo-physical characterization of clothing (e.g. airinsulation,totalinsulation,basicinsulation),themeasurementmethods,theformulastobeusedforthecorrectionofbasicvaluesand,finally,specialtablesreportingclothingthermalinsulationandthewatervaporresistanceofgarmentsandclothingensemblewithdifferentlevelsofdetail.


3.9.4 ISOEN8996Metabolicrateisoneofthetwopersonalparametersaffectingtheheatbalanceonhumanbody and related comfort/stress indices. ISO Standard8996, issued in 1990with the titleErgonomics-Determinationofmetabolicheatproduction,ithasbeenrevisedandpublishedin2004.Atscreening level, itprovidesthedatatouseforsimplyandeasilycharacterizingthemeanworkloadforagivenoccupationorforagivenactivitybymeansofspecialtables(mainly based upon studies carried out by Spitzer et al., 1982) at different detail. It ispresentlyunderrevision.

3.9.5 ISOEN7726ISO Standard 7726, firstly issued in 1985, has remained unchanged since 1988. Newadvances of the research on instruments, measurement methods and more and moreminiaturizedsensorshaveleadedtoarevision,presentlyunderprogress.

3.9.6 ISO12894andISO9886StandardsTheapplicationofISO12894andISO8996Standardsisrestrictedtosevereenvironments.Thefirstdealswithscreeningmethodsforpersonsexposedtohotandcoldconditions,thesecondwithmeasurementandinterpretationmethodsofphysiologicalquantities(e.g.skintemperature,coretemperature,heartrateandgrossbodymassloss).

4 FutureofstandardsrelatedtohumanresponsetothermalenvironmentsAt the time of writing an integrated strategy is being developed internationally forstandardsintheareaofErgonomics(ISOTC159)includingphysicalenvironments(SC5)andthermal environments (WG1). This will identify progress so far and what standards arerequiredandhow theywill integrate as a system in the future (next 10 to20 years). Forthermalenvironmentsexistingstandardsarecontinuallyunderreviewandrevision,asnewinformationandrequirementsbecomeavailable.NewparticipatingcountriessuchasChinawill bring their considerable expertise to support developments. Consideration is beinggiventothermalresponsetospecialenvironments(e.gvehiclesincludingspace,hypo-andhyper-baric environments, sustainablebuildings etc) and special populations (peoplewithdisabilities,vulnerablepeople,children,elderlypeople, thesickandpeople fromdifferentregions and cultures). Energy use will be a driver for change. Standards for humanperformance and productivity provide new challenges. Newmethods including computeraideddesign,modelsofhumanthermoregulationandadaptiveandbehaviouralapproacheswill be investigated for their contribution to standards. How standards are applied andintegrated into user-centred organisations will also influence standards of the future forwhich there aremanyopportunitieswithmuchwork todo in a changing anddevelopingworld.

5 ConclusionsDespitethehistory,standardizationinthefieldofthethermalenvironmentisquiteyoung,itisverycomplexandincontinuousevolution.ThisismainlyduetotheprogressinresearchandtheimpressiveactivityofISOandCENgroups.

ReferencesAlfano G., d’Ambrosio F.R. 1991. Clothing: an essential individual adjustment factor forobtaininggeneralthermalcomfort.EnvironmentInternational,17(4),205-209.


ASTM.2010. StandardTestMethodforMeasuringtheEvaporativeResistanceofClothingUsing a SweatingManikin – ASTM F2370-10 Standard – American Society of Testing andMaterialsInternational,Philadelphia,Pa.BeldingH.S.,RusselH.D.,DarlingR.C.,FolkG.E.1947a.Thermalresponsesandefficiencyofsweatingwhenmenaredressed inartic clothingandexposed toextremecold.AmericanJournalofPhysiology,149,204-222.Belding H.S., Russel H.D., Darling R.C., Folk G.E. 1947b. Analysis of factors concerned inmaintaining energy balance for dresse men in extreme cold; effects of activity on theprotectivevalueandcomfortofanarcticuniform.AmericanJournalofPhysiology,149,223-239.BurtonA.C.1941.Theoperatingcharacteristicsofthehumanthermoregulatorymechanism.In:TemperatureitsmeasurementandControlinScienceandIndustry,522-528.NewYork:ReinholdsPublishingCorporation.CounciloftheEuropeanCommunity,1989.CouncilDirective89/391/EECof12June1989onthe introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health ofworkersatwork.d’AmbrosioAlfano,F.R.,Olesen,B.W.,PalellaB.I.,RiccioG.2014a.ThermalComfort:DesignandAssessmentforEnergySaving.EnergyandBuildings81,326-336.d’AmbrosioAlfano, F.R.,Malchaire, J., Palella B.I., RiccioG. 2014b.WBGT Index Revisitedafter60YearsofUse.AnnalsofOccupationalHygiene,58(8),955–970.FangerP.O.1970.ThermalComfort.NewYork:McGraw-HillBookCompany.Fanger, P.O.,Olesen, B.W., Langkilde,G. and Banhidi, L. 1980, Comfort Limits forHeatedCeilings,ASHRAETransactions86,pp.141-156.Fanger, P.O. and Christensen, N.K. 1986, Perception of Draught in Ventilated Spaces,Ergonomics,29:pp.215-235.GaggeA.P.,BurtonA.C.,BazettH.C.1941.Apracticalsystemofunitsforthedescriptionoftheheatexchangeofmanwithhisenvironment.Science.94,428-430.Gagge,A.P.,J.Stolwijk,andY.Nishi.1971.Aneffectivetemperaturescalebasedonasimplemodelofhumanphysiologicalregulatoryresponse.ASHRAETransactions,77(1),247-262.GaggeA.P.1973.Rationaltemperatureindicesofman’sthermalenvironmentandtheirusewitha2-nodemodelofhistemperatureregulation.FederationProc.,32(5),1572-1582.Halawa, E., van Hoof, J. 2012. The adaptive approach to thermal comfort: A criticaloverview.EnergyandBuildings51,101–110.Havenith, G., Holmér, I., den Hartog, E.A,, Parsons, K.C. 1999. Clothing evaporative heatresistance. Proposal for improved representation in standards and models. Annals ofOccupationalHygiene43,339–46.Havenith,G.,Nilsson,H.Correctionofclothinginsulationformovementandwindeffects,ameta-analysis.EuropeanJournalofAppliedPhysiology92,636‒640.Holmér, I. 1984. Required Clothing Insulation (IREQ) as an Analytical Index of the ColdStress.ASHRAETransactions90(1),1116–1128.HoughtenF.C.,YaglouC.P.1923.Determiningequalcomfort lines.ASHVETransactions,29,165-176.


Malchaire,J.B.,Gebhardt,H.J.,Piette,A.1999.Strategyforevaluationandpreventionofriskduetoworkinthermalenvironment.AnnalsofOccupationalHygiene43(5),367–376.Malchaire, J., Piette, A., Kampmann, B., Menhert, P., Gebhardt, H.J., Havenith, G. DenHartog,E.,Holmér,I.,Parsons,K.,Alfano,G.,Griefahn,B.2001.DevelopmentandValidationofthePredictedHeatStrainModel.AnnalsofOccupationalHygiene45(2),123-135.Leblanc,J.1975.ManintheCold.Springfield,IL:CharlesC.Thomas.McCullough, E.A., Arpin, E.J., Jones, B.W., Konz, S.A., Rohles, F.H., 1982. Heat TransferCharacteristicsofClothingWorninHotIndustrialEnvironments.ASHRAETransactions88(1),1077-1094.McIntyre,D.A.1980.Indoorclimate.AppliedSciencePublishers,London.NevinsR.G.,McNallJr.P.E.1973.ASHRAEthermalcomfortstandards.BuildingresearchandPractice.Nishi, Y., Gonzalez, R.R., Gagge, A.P. 1975. Directmeasurement of clothing heat transferproperties during sensible and insensible heat exchange with thermal environments.ASHRAETransactions81(2),183-199.Olesen,B.W.,1977aThermalComfortRequirementsforFloors,ProceedingsofTheMeetingofCommissionsB1,B2,E1ofIIR,Belgrade,,pp.307-313Olesen, B.W., 1977b, Thermal Comfort Requirements for FloorsOccupied by PeoplewithBareFeet,ASHRAETransactions83,pp.41-57,Olesen, B.W., Scholer, M. and Fanger, P.O., 1979, Discomfort Caused by Vertical AirTemperatureDifferences,IndoorClimate,P.O.FangerandO.Valbjorn,eds.,DanishBuildingResearchInstitute,CopenhagenOlesen, B.W., Sliwinska, E., Madsen, T.L. Fanger, P.O. 1982. Effect of Body Posture andActivity on the Thermal Insulation of Clothing: Measurements by a Movable ThermalManikin.ASHRAETransactions88(2),791-805.Olesen,S.,Fanger,P.O., Jemsen,P.B.andNielsen,O.J.,Comfort limitsformanexposedtoasymmetric thermal radiation. Proc. of CIB Commission W45 (Human Requirements)Symposium:ThermalcomfortandModerateHeatStress,BuildingResearchStation,London,September1971,HMSO,1973,pp.133-148Palella,B.I.Quaranta,F.,Riccio,G.2016.Onthemanagementandpreventionofheatstressforcrewsonboardships.OceanEngineering112,277-286.Parsons,K.,Havenith,G.,Holmér, I.,Nilsson,H.,Malchaire, J.B.1999.TheEffectsofWindandHumanMovementontheHeatandVapourTransferPropertiesofClothing.AnnalsofOccupationalHygiene43(5),347‒352.Spitzer,H.,Hettinger,T.,Kaminsky,G.1982,TafelnfürdenEnergieumsatzbeikörperlicherArbeit,Beuthverlag,Berlin.Wang, F., Kuklane, K., Gao, C., Holmér I. 2011. Can the PHS model (ISO7933) predictreasonable thermophysiological responses while wearing protective clothing in hotenvironments?PhysiologicalMeasurements32,239–249.Yaglou,C.P.,Minard,D.1957.Controlofheat casualtiesatmilitary training centers.AMAArchivesofIndustrialHealth;16:302–316.


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Annex1MembersofTC159SC5WG1

ISO TC159SC5WG1

Members-2016 Members1980-90's

Affiliation

Country Name

Belgium Malchaire Malchaire Univ. Catholique deLouvain

Brazil Caetano

Canada White,Matthew

China Ran,Linghua

LI,Baizhan

Denmark Fanger DTU

Langkilde DTU

Olesen Olesen DTU

Toftum DTU

Finland Ilmarinen Inst. OccupationalHealth

Kähkönen Inst. OccupationalHealth

Rintamäki,Hannu Inst. OccupationalHealth

France Aubertin INRS

Grivel CRNS

Candas CRNS

Gabay RATP

Muzet CRNS

Azar Renault

Germany Hettinger Inst.Arbeitsmedizin

Hahne BAA

Gebhart Inst.Arbeitsmedizin

Kampmann Kampmann RuhrkohleAG

Griefhan UNIDortmund

Bröde

vanTreeck


Wölki

India Sen,Dibakar

Iqbal,Rauf

De,Amitabh

Israel Epstein,Yoram

Italy D’Ambrosio-Alfano

Palella

Alfano UNI.Napoli

Japan Yoshida NihonUniv.

Tochihara KyushuInst.Design

Yokoyama

Matsui NihonUniv.

SapporoUniv

Korea Lee,Inseok

Kwon,Ju-youn

Kwak,JaeKeun

Jang,HyukJo

Netherlands Lammers

Havenith TNO

Sweden Holmer Inst. OccupationalHealth

Kuklane,Kalev LundUniversity

UK Parsons Parsons LoughboroughUniv.

Graves

McCaig MagdalenHouse

Crockford Inst.TropicalMedicin

Hodder LoughboroughUniv

Havenith LoughboroughUniv.

Graveling IoMEdinburgh

UnitedStates

Dukes-Dobos

NIOSH

Bernard UnivSouthernFlorida


Annex2Backgroundandcurrentstatus

ISOTC159SC5WG1‘ErgonomicsoftheThermalEnvironment’Backgroundtodevelopmentandcurrentstatusofpublishedandlikelyfuturestandards.

Note 1. The ‘parallel’ European committee is CEN TC122 WG11. All work items andstandardsdevelopedundertheViennaagreementwithISOlead.

Note2.Theexpertsidentifiedasbeinginvolvedinthedevelopmentofstandardsarefromthememoryoftheauthorswhohaveattendedalmostallof

themeetingsofWG1.ManyWG1members contributeandweapologise if thereareanyomissionsormisrepresentations.

Note3.Standardsaretheresponsibilityofthewholeworkinggroupandtheiracceptanceisbyinternationalvote.

Note4. Technical Reports (TR) andTechnical Specifications (TS) arepublisheddocumentsbutarenotfullinternationalstandards.

Note5.ThedevelopmentofastandardisbyprogressiveinternationalvoteonaNewWorkItem (NWI);CommitteeDocument (CD);Draft InternationalStandard (DIS)andFinalDraftInternational Standard (FDIS). The process takes around 5 years. Standards are reviewedeveryfiveyearsandrevisionsofstandardsaremadeasrequiredthroughaNewWorkItemandbacktoCDorDISstage.

ISOstandardsrelatedtohumanresponsetothermalenvironments

ISO7243(1989)(ED2)Hotenvironments–Estimationoftheheatstressonworkingman,basedontheWBGT-index(wetbulbglobetemperature).Background: Frank Dukes-Dubos from the National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH) in the USA, led thework on producing an international standard for theassessmentofheatstressbasedupontheWBGTindex.TheWBGTindexwasfirstproposedfortheavoidanceofheatcasualtiesduringoutdoormilitarytrainingintheUSA,andisnowused,world-wide, in industry,and forotherapplicationssuchassport. ISO7243was firstpublished in 1982 and limit values were taken from the American Conference forGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists(ACGIH)annualpublicationonenvironmentallimits.Thevalues are reviewed and revised annually but the ISO standard still has the original limitvalues. The revision of the standard is being led by Ken Parsons from LoughboroughUniversity,UKandTomBernardfromtheUniversityofSouthernFlorida,USA(supportedbyJacquesMalchaire fromBelgium, FrancescaD’ Ambrossio-Alfano from Italy and Shin-itchiSawadafromJapan).

Current status:Proposed revision, ISODIS7243wasaccepted inballotwith commentsatbothISOandCENlevel.WG1consideredproposedrepliestocommentsand,afterrevisiontotakeaccountofcomments,willsendISOFDIS7243forafinalvote.NoteJapan’sconcernthat the existing standard has been incorporated into Japanese regulations, so sensitiveaboutunnecessarychange.HencenegativevotebyJapan.15of16countriesvotedpositiveatDISlevel.


ISO7726(1998)(ED2)Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment–Instrumentsformeasuringphysicalquantities.Background: This standard provides a specification of measuring instruments for theassessment of thermal comfort and heat and cold stress. The project was led by BjarneOlesenfromDenmarkwithsupportfromHans-JurgenGebhardtfromGermanyandGaetanoAlfanofromItaly.

Currentstatus:TherevisionisbeingledbyFrancescad’Ambrosio-AlfanofromItaly.

RevisionwillbeundertheViennaagreementwithISOlead.

ISO7730(2005)(ED3)Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment–AnalyticaldeterminationandinterpretationofthermalcomfortusingcalculationofthePMVandPPDindicesandlocalthermalcomfortcriteriaBackground:ThisstandardisbaseduponthethermalcomfortindicesproposedbyProfessorOle Fanger from Denmark who also led the project to produce the standard. A secondeditonwasproduced, ledbyBjarneOlesen fromDenmark,whichaddedmaterialon localdiscomfortandpracticalapplication.

Current status: A proposal has been made to revise the standard, led by Jorn Toftum from Denmark and supported by Boris Palella and Francesca d’ Ambrosio-Alfano from Italy. Revision will be under the Vienna agreement with ISO lead?

ISO7933(2004)(ED2)Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment–AnalyticaldeterminationandinterpretationofheatstressusingcalculationofthepredictedheatstrainBackground: proposed by Professor Bernard Metz and led by Jean-Jacques Vogt fromStrasbourg, France, the Required Sweat Rate (index) was validated in a series of multi-national studiesby theEuropean Iron, coal and steel associationandproducedas an ISOstandard in 1989. Limitations, many noted by the German coal mining industry andBernhard Kampmann, were addressed in a European BIOMED project led by JacquesMalchairefromBelgium.AsignificantrevisionledtothePredictedHeatStrainmethodandcurrentversionofthestandard.

Current status: Revision will be under the Vienna agreement with ISO lead and JacquesMalchaireasprojectleader.ISOTC159SC5WG1hasagreedtorevisionsandISODIS7933willbeproducedandsentforvote.

ISO 8996 (2004) (ED 2) Ergonomics of the thermal environment–Determination ofmetabolicrateBackground:ProfessorThomasHettingerfromtheUniversityofWuppertalinGermanyledthis project to provide values and methods to allow estimation of metabolic rate fordifferent activities. It included results from his previous work as well as from themulti-nationalstudiesbytheEuropeanIron,coalandsteelassociation.AsecondeditionwasledbyJacquesMalchairefromBelgium,supportedbyHans-JurgenGebhardtfromGermany.

Currentstatus:NewrevisionwillbeundertheViennaagreementwithISOlead?ISOTC159SC5WG1discussedrevisionsand ISOCD8996willbepreparedby JacquesMalchaireandsentforvote.


ISO9886(2004)(ED2)EvaluationofthermalstrainbyphysiologicalmeasurementsBackground:Where conditions are beyond the scope ofmethods proposed in standards,directphysiologicalmeasures canbeused. This standarddescribes relevantmethods andtheirinterpretation.Itcancontributetothedevelopmentofpersonalmonitoringsystems.Anumber of experts contributed to this standard including Jacques Malchaire, GeorgeHavenith,IngvarHolmer,BjarneOlesenandKenParsons.

Currentstatus:Standardacceptedandnoproposalforrevision.

ISO9920(2007)(ED2)EstimationofthermalinsulationandwatervapourresistanceofaclothingensembleBackground: This standard contains data concerning clothing properties mainly from theworkofElizabethMcCulloughandByronJonesfromKansas,USAforASHRAEandofBjarneOlesen inDenmark. Itwas led by BjarneOlesen in the first edition andGeorgeHavenith(Netherlands/UK)addedinformationforthesecondedition.

Current status: No new work item proposal for revision at ISO level. Action to considerwhether a revision is required, in particular to complement the European initiative onPersonalProtectiveClothingandEquipment(CENTC122WG14).

ISO 10551 (1995) (ED 1) Ergonomics of the thermal environment–Assessment of theinfluenceofthethermalenvironmentusingsubjectivejudgmentscalesBackground: Subjective scales foruse in theassessmentof thermalenvironments. LedbyFrancoisGrivelfromStrasboug,France.

Current status: New work item for revision accepted at ISO level to cover all indoorenvironmentalcomponents,notjustthermal.RevisionwillbethroughISOTC159SC5WG4.ISOCD10551producedbyprojectleader,JuYounKwonfromKorea.TobesentforvoteatlevelofCD.

ISO 11079 (2007) (ED 1) Ergonomics of the thermal environment–Determination andinterpretation of cold stress when using required clothing insulation (IREQ) and localcoolingeffectsBackground: A method for assessing cold environments using a new index proposed byIngvar Holmer from the National Institute forWorking Life in Stockholm, Sweden. Baseduponacalculationoftheclothing insulationrequiredtomaintaincomfortandsurvival.AstheindexwasnewitwasfirstpublishedasaTechnicalReport,thenasastandard.ProjectleaderIngvarHolmerwholatermovedtotheUniversityofLund.

Current status: Revision about to begin. Project leader will be Kalev Kuklane from theUniversityofLund,Sweden.

ISO 11399 (1995) (ED 1) Ergonomics of the thermal environment–Principles andapplicationofrelevantInternationalStandardsBackground: Standard to describe the series of standards and how they can be applied.Often called the ‘umbrella document’. Rod Graves from the UK initial project leaderfollowedbyKenParsons.

Currentstatus:Nonewworkitemproposed.ActionISOTC159SC5toconsiderrevisionatlevel of Ergonomics of the Physical environment. Under consideration by ISO TC159 SC5


WG4 (integrated environments). Current standard out of date but not withdrawn asconsideredofsomeuse.

ISO12894 (2001) (ED1)Ergonomicsof the thermalenvironment–Medical supervisionofindividualsexposedtoextremehotorcoldenvironmentsBackground: Medical screening standard led by RonMcCaig from the Health and SafetyExecutive,UK.

Currentstatus:Standardacceptedandnorevisionproposed.

ISO13731(2001)(ED1)Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment–VocabularyandsymbolsBackground:Standardthatprovidesdefinitionsandsymbolsandensuresthatstandardsareconsistentwith the use of terms across the series. LedbyGaetanoAlfano and FrancescaD’Ambrossio-AlfanofromItaly.

Currentstatus:RevisionwillbeundertheViennaagreementwithISOlead.ISODIS13731tobesentforvote.FrancescaD’Ambrossio-Alfanoisprojectleader.

ISO 13732–1 (2001) (ED 1) Ergonomics of the thermal environment–Methods for theassessmentofhumanresponsestocontactwithsurfaces–Part1:HotsurfacesBackground:CENTC122WG3usedBritishPublisheddocumentBSPD6504andresearchbyHaraldSiekmann fromBonn,Germany, toproduceEuropeanStandardEN563 to supporttheEuropeanMachineryDirective.Muchneeded informationonburnscausedbycontactbetweenmachinesandhotsurfaces.LatertransferredtoISO13732-1withCENleadandamorebroadscopethanjustmachinery.HaraldSiekmanprojectleader.

Currentstatus:Nonewworkitemproposed.CENTC122WG11(havingmergedwithWG3)decidednorequirementforrevisionatmeetingofCENTC122WG11inBerlin,2013.Widelyusedstandardwithinformationincorporatedintoproductstandards.

ISO/TS 13732–2 (2001) (ED 1) Ergonomics of the thermal environment–Methods for theassessment of human responses to contact with surfaces–Part 2: Human contact withsurfacesatmoderatetemperatureBackground: Japanese initiative ledby JosephYoshidaand laterbyDrMatsui toestablishthermalsensationwhenincontactwithsurfacesofmoderatetemperature.LatercompletedbyBjarneOlesen,convenorofWG1andpublishedasaTechnicalSpecification(TS).

Current status: Technical Specification accepted and no revision proposed. Not CENdocument.

ISO 13732–3 (2005) (ED1) Ergonomics of the thermal environment–Methods for theassessmentofhumanresponsestocontactwithsurfaces–Part3:ColdsurfacesBackground:Amulti-nationalEuropeanresearchprojectintoskinreactiononcontactwithcoldsurfacesledtotheproductionofthisstandard.TheprojectleaderwasIngvarHolmerfromStockholm,Sweden.

Currentstatus:Standardacceptedandnorevisionproposed.


ISO/TS14505–1(2007)(ED1)Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment−Evaluationofthethermal environment in vehicles − Part 1: principles and methods for assessment ofthermalstress.Background: A multi-national European research project into vehicle comfort (EQUIV)identified the Equivalent temperature as a valid index for use in vehicle standards. ThisTechnical Specification provides backgroundmaterial andwas led by IngvarHolmer fromSweden.

Current status: No CEN document. Series of standards on vehicle environments underreviewledbyChristophvanTreeckfromGermany.

ISO 14505–2 (2006) (ED 1) Ergonomics of the thermal environment − Evaluation of thethermalenvironment invehicles−Part2:DeterminationofEquivalentTemperature(seealsoISO14505–2(2006)/Cor1:2007:(ED1)TechnicalCorrigendum1.)Background: A multi-national European research project into vehicle comfort (EQUIV)identified the Equivalent temperature as a valid index for use in vehicle standards. ThisstandardprovidesdefinitionsofEquivalentTemperatureandhowitcanbedetermined. ItwasledbyInvarHolmerfromSweden.

Current status: No CEN document. Series of standards on vehicle environments underreview led by Christoph van Treeck from Germany. Discussed byWG1 with proposal toincludethepropertiesoftheseatasapartoftheindex,inafuturerevision.

ISO 14505–3 (2006) (ED 1) Ergonomics of the thermal environment − Evaluation of thethermal environment in vehicles − Part 3: Evaluation of thermal comfort using humansubjects.Background: User performance method, using a representative group of passengers, fordetermining whether a vehicle environment can be considered comfortable. Led by KenParsonsfromtheUK.

Currentstatus:ENISO14505-3published.Nonewworkitemproposed.SeriesofstandardsonvehicleenvironmentsunderreviewledbyChristophvanTreeckfromGermany.

ISO 14505–4 Ergonomics of the thermal environment − Evaluation of the thermalenvironment in vehicles − Part 4: Determination of equivalent temperature using anumericalmanikin.Background:Detailed computermodel of how to determine the Equivalent Temperature.Foruseincomputeraideddesign.LedbyProfessorKorifromJapan.

CurrentStatus:Nostandardorformaldocumenttodate.Discussionstill inWG1.Seriesofstandards on vehicle environments under review led by Christoph van Treeck fromGermany.

ISO 15265 (2004) (ED 1) Ergonomics of the thermal environment − Risk assessmentstrategyforthepreventionofstressordiscomfortinthermalworkingconditions.Background:Originallyariskassessmentmethodologyforuseinhotconditions,ithasbeenadoptedmorewidelyasanunderlyingapplicationsmethodology.LedbyJacquesMalchairefrom Belgium as a practical method for performing risk assessment from simpleassessmentstotheuseofexperts.

Currentstatus:ENISO15265published.Nonewworkitemproposed.


ISO15743(2008)(ED1)Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment−Coldworkplaces−RiskassessmentandmanagementBackground:Partofaseriesonworkingpractices,wherestandardsareusedalongwiththerisk assessment strategy (ISO 15265) in practical assessment (related to ‘processstandards’).ConcernedwithcoldworkplacesandledbyJohaniHassiandHannuRintamakifromFinland.

Currentstatus:Standardaccepted.Nonewworkitemproposed.

ISO/TS16418Ergonomicsofthethermalenvironment–Mathematicalmodelforpredictingandevaluatingthedynamichumanphysiologicalresponsestothethermalenvironment.Background: Newwork item to develop an ISOmodel for use in computer aided design.Professor ‘Shin’ Yokoyama led the project. Successful CD vote but WG1 recommendedpublishasTS.

Currentstatus:NewdocumenttobeproducedleadingtoaTechnicalSpecidifcation.LedbyBorisPallelaandFrancescad’Ambrosio-AlfanofromItaly.

ISO/TR16594WorkingpracticesformoderatethermalenvironmentsBackground:Technical reportonpracticalmethods forachieving thermal comfort.Partoftheprocessstandardsseries.LedbyBjarneOlesenfromDenmark.

Current status: Work progressing towards TR through ISO TC159 SC5 WG1. DocumentavailableandnewprojectleaderJornToftumfromDenmark.

ISO/TR16595WorkingpracticesforhotenvironmentsBackground: Part of the process standard series. Technical report based upon riskassessmentstandard(ISO15265).LedbyJacquesMalchairefromBelgium.

Current status:Documenthasbeenpreparedby theproject leader JacquesMalchaire.Tobesentforvote.

ISO/TR16596PersonalizedenvironmentBackground: Thedevelopmentofworkstationswith individual control andother adaptivebehaviourhasledtoarequirementforaspecificationoftherangeofconditionsoverwhichcontrolcanbeachieved.BjarneOlesenfromDenmarkistheprojectleader.

Currentstatus:Nonewdocumenthasbeenproducedsofar,howeveralinkwithaseparatecommittee concerned with buildings and indoor environments will provide a draftdocument.ThiswillbeledbyBjarneOlesen.

ISO28802(2012)Ergonomicsofthephysicalenvironment–Assessmentofenvironmentsbymeansofanenvironmental survey involvingphysicalmeasurementsof theenvironmentandsubjectiveresponsesofpeopleBackground: Developed by ISO TC 159 SC5WG4: Integrated environments. This standardincludes methods for the assessment of thermal environments as well as otherenvironmentalcomponents.ItisapracticalmethodandtheprojectwasledbyKenParsonsfromtheUKsupportedbySimonHodder(UK)andHiroSato(Japan).

Currentstatus:Standardaccepted.Noproposalforrevision.


ISO 28803 (2012) Ergonomics of the physical environment–Application of InternationalStandardstopeoplewithspecialrequirementsBackground: Developed by ISO TC 159 SC5 WG5: Environments for people with specialrequirementsandbaseduponthedocumentISOTS14515thatwasledbyJosephYoshidafromJapan,throughWG1.Developedtoconsiderstandards inphysicalenvironments,notjust thermal. Project led by Ken Parsons from theUKwith support fromHiro Sato, KenjiKurakataandKenSegawafromJapan.Firststandardinthisareaonaccessibilityforwhichthereisnowa24500’series.

Currentstatus:Standardacceptedandnoproposalforrevision.Initiallyconsideredtobeatransition standard as accessibility becomesprogressively included inmain standards andresearchleadstogreaterknowledge.

ISO/TR15742Ergonomicsofthephysicalenvironment--DeterminationofthecombinedeffectsofenvironmentalcomponentsonpeopleBackground: Technical Report to document what is known about how environmentalcomponents (thermal, light, noise etc) combine and interact to form responses to ‘total’environments. Initial early attempt led by Ken Parsons did not reach CD due to lack ofknowledgeinthearea.ASHRAEproduceda‘Guide10’baseduponsimilarconsiderations.

Currentstatus:ISOre-startedworkthroughISOTC159SC5WG4‘integratedEnvironments’andledbySimonHodder,UK.


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